Use Of Industrial Waste Research Articles

Optimizing the use of industrial wastes for sustainable spatial development within the framework of the eco-friendly concept


 
 
 Addressing the issue of using wastes as secondary raw materials allows solving the problems of greening the environment, ensures sustainable development of territories and, at the same time, increases the potential of construction companies, contributes to reducing the area of ash dumps from heat and electricity production plants (HEPPs) and state district electricity production plants (SDEPPs). In view of this, the study proposes an optimized scheme of recycling secondary raw materials, which implies defining the effective radii of these products transportation and creating a demand between the manufacturing and prospective consumption of wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs. Such a scheme solves the problems associated with the reduction of the area of ash dumps of HEPPs and SDEPPs; tactical level of development of the construction sector due to expanding the range of building materials; improvement of the territorial distribution of construction enterprises; and enhancement of the quality of construction and installation work. At the operating level, it implies using innovative resource-saving design, product and material technologies; creating an efficient structure of material resources of the construction sector; reducing cost of construction and installation work, etc. To address the problem of using wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs, the paper analyzes a model that accounts for the optimal capacity and specialization of the enterprise using secondary raw materials. The model provides for determining what types of materials and in what quantity should be produced by the enterprises included in the optimal plan, creating a rational scheme of recycling secondary raw materials that includes establishing the optimal radius of transportation. Moreover, with the help of the model, transport coefficients are obtained, and dependences showing the relationship between the transport costs and the optimal transportation distance for eachtype of construction product are composed. As a result of the calculations, optimized perspective schemes of recycling wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs are created. The schemes involve defining the effective transportation radius, which is calculated as a weighted average volume of the freight transported. Furthermore, due to the usage of secondary raw materials, the balance of manufacturing and prospective consumption of the products considered is obtained.
 
 

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ КОМПЛЕКСНОЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ТЕХНОГЕННИХ ВІДХОДІВ

This article provides information on the possibility of integrated use of phosphogypsum, metal sludge and red bauxite sludge in the manufacture of construction products.
 The aggravation of the ecological and economic situation in Ukraine requires the development of new efficient technologies for processing and use of man-made industrial waste from the chemical industry. Such technologies should ensure their maximum degree of use in the manufacture of construction products. The choice of technology for the preparation, processing and use of industrial waste depends on a number of factors, namely the chemical-mineralogical and particle size distribution and method of production. Although such wastes are mostly used as aggregates, their overall use remains low. The share of their use in the manufacture of construction products is only 10 - 12%.
 It has been established that in the presence of open dumps phosphogypsum and red bauxite sludge are a source of pollution of the surrounding areas. 
 Large-scale use of phosphogypsum is hampered by its specific features: the presence in its composition of phosphoric and sulfuric acid and water-soluble harmful compounds of phosphorus and fluorine. Therefore, before using phosphogypsum, it is necessary to neutralize harmful impurities and reduce the concentration of acid residues. The most effective method of using phosphogypsum, fine powders of sludge steel SHH-15 and red bauxite sludge is the integrated use of such waste, resulting in metal-phosphate and metal-ash-phosphate binder.
 Key words: industrial waste; building materials; complex binder.

Utilization of industrial waste banana chips in feed towards morphometrics and characteristics of thin-tailed sheep carcass

This study aimed at the biomass of industrial waste banana chips as animal feed and its effects on morphometric size and carcass characteristics. Research materials in the form of 20 male thin tailed sheep were fed by (P0): 40% of industrial waste banana chips without fermentation in the ration, (P1): 20%, (P2): 40% and (P3): 60% of fermented industrial waste banana chips in ration. This study used a complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The results showed that the use of industrial waste from banana chips as a thin-tailed sheep feed had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the morphometry size of the sheep body. Likewise in the assessment of carcass quality, the use of industrial waste banana chips as feed had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the thickness GR or the thickness of longissimus dorsi muscle on rib 12 and the thickness of back fat, but it did not affect the conformation score, kidney fat score, and subcutaneous fat scores. It is recommended to use 40% of fermented biomass of industrial waste banana chips in the ration (P2) because it had the best results on the morphometric characteristics and the quantitative thin-tailed sheep carcass.

Creation of a Nanomodified Backfill Based on the Waste from Enrichment of Water-Soluble Ores

The paper analyzes losses during the development of low-value water-soluble ore deposits. The importance of development systems with backfill is shown. The use of industrial wastes of water-soluble ores to replace specially produced inert components in the preparation of backfill seems to be a good way to utilize them. The aim of the work was to create a fill mass with improved strength properties based on industrial wastes of water-soluble ores activated with a nanomodifying material. The characteristics (chemical and granulometric compositions) of an aggregate of the backfill based on the waste from enrichment of water-soluble ores are given. The validation of the hardening mixture compositions for various mining systems was carried out considering: the specified strength, the time of the artificial mass erection, the time to achieve the required strength properties of the material, which determine the possible intensity of the mining operations; method of transporting the backfill. The expediency of using a multilayer fulleroid nanomodifier astralene as a nanomodifying additive has been proved. The effect of the backfill activation with a nanomodifying additive, astralene, on the structural changes of halite wastes from the halurgic enrichment of water-soluble ores (potash) was investigated. To study the strength properties of the fill mass, the comparative analytical method was used. The strength properties of the backfill were measured in standard test periods, taking into account the intensity of hardening of the backfill material (after 7, 14, 28, 60, 90 days). To obtain reliable results, 10 backfill samples were tested at each of the scheduled dates. The shape and chemical composition of crystalline new forms were studied. Studies were performed using X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy. As a result of uniaxial compression of hardening backfill samples, the dependence of the ultimate strength on the astralene content and the hardening time were established. It has been experimentally proved that the use of a nanomodifying additive, astralene, in the backfill allows an increase in the strength properties of the created artificial mass by 1.76–2.36 times while reducing binder consumption.

BASALT FIBER AS A COMPONENT OF CEMENT CONCRETE

In the article we consider. The analysis of the main fibers currently used in theproduction of building materials as a microreinforcing component is presented. A comparativeanalysis of fibers on a set of indicators: geometry, chemical composition, physical and mechanicalcharacteristics.Recently, there has been a steady trend towards finding ways to reduce the cost of roadconstruction caused by higher prices for materials and energy. That is why modern road constructionconditions dictate the widespread use of industrial waste - slag, burnt shale dumps of coal mines, flyash, as well as virtually inexhaustible resources - chalk deposits and igneous rocks (basalts).Properties of basalt fibers open wide prospects for their use for reinforcement of concretestructures in the construction of bridges, tunnels, dams, floor structures, runways and otherstructures, where exposure to moisture, salt solutions and alkaline concrete media leads to corrosionof metal reinforcement.Based on the properties, basalt fibers have an extremely broad prospect of application invarious industries and construction: as structural building elements: bridges, tunnels, railwaysleepers and subways; as facing materials: facing mixes and reinforcing grids; as reinforcingmaterials: in the production of cement and asphalt pavements, building blocks and foam concretematerials; as a reinforcing material for the construction of dams, materials for land irrigation andother hydraulic structures.Thus, basalt fiber is a promising material with which it is possible to obtain a new class ofbuilding materialsAnalysis of the main fibers currently used in the production of building materials as amicroreinforcing component, according to a number of variable criteria, allowed to identify basaltfiber as the most rational in terms of its use in obtaining fine-grained microreinforced cement,including for road construction. The comparative analysis of fibers of 4 manufacturers on set of indicators: geometry, chemical composition, physical and mechanical characteristics, allowed toallocate fibers of LLC Armbud which most corresponds to the shown requirements.It is established that the basalt fiber in the process of keeping in an aggressive and alkalineenvironment with a pH corresponding to the hydration of cement stone, is subject to significantdissolution. After 28 days of exposure in an alkali solution, the weight loss is about 30%. Prolongedstorage of fiber (72 days) in solution leads to weight loss of up to 59%. It becomes obvious the needto develop a method of increasing the alkali resistance of basalt fiber to increase its durability.

Climate Change Impact Assessment of Geopolymer Mortars

The awareness of environmental protection, with the conservation of resources and the efficient use of industrial waste, has attracted the attention in recent decades as both the overexploitation of natural resources and the disposal of industrial waste have a negative impact on the environment and sustainability [1]. Under such circumstances, replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with industrial waste has been shown as a sustainable and practical way to reduce the use of natural resources, as well as landfill waste and pollution [2]. The discussion of this issue is part of a path, which sees as its starting point the design of a hydraulic pipeline prototype (Figure 1) made of geopolymer mortar instead of conventional concrete pipes. The environmental sustainability of geopolymer mortars was demonstrated through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Analysis results indicate that the use of eco-friendly materials contributes to minimizing the environmental impact of new technologies for engineering sector.

Bioconversion of plant wastes into feed and nutritional yeast preparations

The lack of protein in the diet of humans and animals, the presence of a large amount of plant waste, which have further potential for use, but are now almost not used, are serious problems that require immediate solutions. Modern methods of biotechnology are able to solve this issue. The purpose of this review was to study the existing technologies for using yeast to produce protein from plant waste. Waste of plant biomass, which are initially indigestible polysaccharides, when using special processing methods, break down into easily fermentable sugars, which can serve as a good substrate for the accumulation of full-fledged yeast protein, and the yeast cell wall is able to bind toxins, undesirable microorganisms and remove them from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, allowing them to be included in the composition of biologically active additives for functional purposes. The review examines the advantages of using yeast in comparison with other microorganisms and the technology of the process. It is possible to use deep and solid-phase cultivation, the first of which is technologically preferable. The products and preparations produced by foreign and domestic manufacturers are considered. Yeast is used for feed preparations:Candida, Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Torulopsis, Rhodotorula, etc.; for the food industry – mainlySaccharomices cerevisiae, Torula. The resulting products, enriched with protein and components of yeast cells, differ significantly from analogues in nutritional value. This approach to the use of industrial waste at enterprises can make many production cycles closed, increase the environmental friendliness of plants, reduce unnecessary waste disposal costs and increase total revenue.

Mechanical and Characterization Behavior of Light Weight Aggregate Concrete Using Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates and Synthetic Fibers

This study focuses into the usage of sintered fly ash aggregate in the production of lightweight concrete. To minimize the environmental impacts would alleviate the waste disposal issues related with fly ash and contribute in the decrease of environmental pollution. Construction materials are in high need in the domestic sector, which is growing increasingly rare day by day. In India, the power sector is currently reliant on thermal power plants, which generate a massive amount of fly ash, estimated to be roughly 200 million tons each year. Fly ash is a waste product produced by thermal power stations when pulverized coal is burned. The use of industrial waste as a building material is a significant step towards long-term sustainability. The mechanical characteristics of sintered fly ash aggregates were discussed. According to the results, the specific gravity of these aggregates is 16–46% lower than that of regular weight aggregates, and they have higher water absorption. The 28-day comp strengths of sintered fly ash aggregate concretes range from 27 to 74MPa, with densities ranging from 1651 to 2017 kg/m3. According to the study, sintered fly ash aggregate concrete is also one of the materials that might be used to develop structural concrete. Sintered fly ash aggregate was used to replace natural aggregate (12%). The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete produced with natural aggregate and sintered fly ash aggregate were compared. Also, concretes were conducted to a microstructure test and a SEM analysis.

Evaluation of Engineering Behaviour of Expansive Soil with Addition of Lime and Quarry Dust

The Kota city, which is situated in Rajasthan state of India, is having a major problem of disposing the quarry dust. Quarry dust is a waste product produced by the stone industry during the cutting and crushing of stone. This byproduct is affecting the environment and land fertility as well. One of the innovative techniques for ground improvement can be practiced by using quarry dust as soil stabilizing agent. This technique may simultaneously offer the environmental sustainability, use of industrial waste, and space saving. The Expansive Soil (ES) deposits in Kota district and its neighboring districts, Jhalawar and Baran, make it difficult to build large constructions. In order to make the soil suitable for construction, quarry dust and lime are used for stabilization of the ES in this study. The UCS and CBR value was increased after adding of quarry dust with 6% lime and stabilized soil has superior load bearing capacity.

Comparative lead adsorptions in synthetic wastewater by synthesized zeolite A of recycled industrial wastes from sugar factory and power plant

Increasing of industrializations causes of waste management problems, so use of industrial wastes for other purposes is an alternative option not only reducing industrial wastes but also providing benefit applications. Water contaminated by heavy metals is concerned because of their toxicity, so the water treatment is required. Sugar factory and power plant create big loads of wastes which are bagasse fly ash (BFA) and coal fly ash (CFA). Since BFA and CFA have good chemical properties, they are possible to apply as raw materials for synthesis of zeolite–type adsorbents. Thus, use of these industrial wastes for heavy metal adsorptions is a good idea to accomplish for the waste management and water quality. This study presented the modified method of zeolite A synthesis by BFA and CFA for lead removals, characteristic identifications of synthesized zeolite A adsorbents, their lead adsorption efficiencies, and their adsorption isotherm and kinetics were investigated. ZBG and ZCF were synthesized, and all analytic characterizations were determined that ZBG and ZCF corresponded to zeolite A standard (STD). ZBG and ZCF were demonstrated lead removal efficiencies of 100%. The highest negatively charged of ZBG and ZCF were found at pH of 5 matched to the highest lead removal efficiencies of both zeolite A adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of ZBG and ZCF were corresponded to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Therefore, ZBG and ZCF are potential adsorbents for environmental applications along with reducing of industrial wastes.

Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete Production Instead of Natural River Sand: A Review.

The by-product of the foundry industry is waste foundry sand (WFS). The use of WFS in building materials will safeguard the ecosystem and environmental assets while also durable construction. The use of industrial waste in concrete offsets a shortage of environmental sources, solves the waste dumping trouble and provides another method of protecting the environment. Several researchers have investigated the suitability of WFS in concrete production instead of natural river sand in the last few decades to discover a way out of the trouble of WFS in the foundry region and accomplish its recycling in concrete production. However, a lack of knowledge about the progress of WFS in concrete production is observed and compressive review is required. The current paper examines several properties, such as the physical and chemical composition of WFS, fresh properties, mechanical and durability performance of concrete with partially substituting WFS. The findings from various studies show that replacing WFS up to 30% enhanced the durability and mechanical strength of concrete to some extent, but at the same time reduced the workability of fresh concrete as the replacement level of WFS increased. In addition, this review recommended pozzolanic material or fibre reinforcement in combination with WFS for future research.

Reducing the Road Construction Anthropogenic Impact by Using Ash and Slag from Thermal Power Plans: Economist’s View

Industrial waste involvement in road construction projects is one of the most prospective areas for waste management industry development in Russia. The introduction and scaling up of this practice will simultaneously reduce the costs of both road construction and waste storage. In the article, the authors attempted to evaluate the economic potential of using industrial by-products (using the example of ash and slag waste) in the road construction industry as an embankment of a roadbed. As the result, it was revealed that the economic potential for utilizing ash and slag waste as a road embankment can be up to 7,9 million tons annually. At the same time, it will be economically feasible to involve ash and slag waste in road construction only if the ash dump is located at a distance of no more than 130–150 kilometer from the construction site. The study also discovers that depending on the ash dump and open pits with traditional resources location, the effect in reducing the building highways costs across the country can range from 104,70 million to 30 359,48 million rubles. The authors concluded that to reduce the anthropogenic impact of the road construction industry, the government should form a mechanism stimulating the use of industrial waste keeping technological capabilities and economic feasibility of the process. Based on foreign experience, the authors proposed to use the effective disposal radius mechanism, which preserves the principle of economic feasibility of using ash and slag waste in the road construction projects.

Use of industrial wastes as a filling materials in foam concrete: A short review

The building sector is concerned about the environment, so dedicated to fabricating more strong and durable concrete is a responsibility for the new era. As a result, normal concrete materials can be replaced with innovative and sustainable materials, reducing environmental issues. Foam Concrete (FC) is one such material, which is a lightweight substance made from cement, sand, water, and a foaming agent. It has numerous benefits. Yet, it fails to offer enough strength and shrinkage behavior to concrete. The paper's major goal is to look at industrial wastes as a filler material for concrete that can substitute for the shortcomings of foam concrete. The review also looks at the stability, bulk densities, strength qualities, pore size and pore structure, and other aspects of the material.

Mechanical Properties and Microcosmic Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Modified by Compound Admixtures

It has become a research hotspot to explore raw material substitutes of concrete. It is important to research the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with slag powder (SP) and rubber particle (RP) replacing cement and coarse aggregate, respectively. 12 kinds of composite modified self-compacting concrete (CMSCC) specimens were prepared by using 10%, 20% and 30% SP and 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% RP. The rheological properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of the CMSCC were investigated. Results indicate that the workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of CMSCC prepared by 20% SP and less than 40% RP are improved. In order to maximize the utilization of waste materials, 20% SP and 40% RP can be used as the optimal ratio of the combined modifier. The microstructure shows that the addition of proper amount of SP is conducive to the formation of increasingly more uniform C-S-H gel. C-S-H gel can fill the internal pores of the sample and enhance the adhesion between the aggregate, thus improving the mechanical properties of CMSCC. RP has a rougher surface and lower density and stiffness, which inhibits the workability and mechanical properties of CMSCC. The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the selection of raw materials of self-compacting concrete and the rational use of industrial wastes.

Effect of industrial wastes on self-cleaning properties of concrete containing anatase-TiO2

Concrete decomposing the organic compounds on because of natural or anthropogenic contaminating sources with photocatalysis existing in its structure is called self-cleaning concrete. In this study, the self-cleaning concrete with industrial waste has been searched from the point of mechanical and physical characteristics. Fly ash, blast furnace slag and sepiolite materials has been used as industrial waste in concrete. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used as photocatalysis material. Specimens with the dimensions 15×15×15 cm were produced using 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % industrial wastes and 0 %, 1 %, 3 %, 5 % TiO2 by weight instead of cement. Compressive strength, unit weight, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on the specimens after 28 days standard cure. Rhodamine-B test in Italian UNI 11259 standard and additional Phenantroquinone test have been performed as self-cleaning test. XRF test also has been made on some of the samples for the chemical analysis. The best photocatalysis performance has showed in the concrete including 5 % TiO2. Test results show that 10 % use of industrial wastes in self-cleaning concrete production is recommended from the point of economic and environmental benefits

Sustainable Use of Industrial Waste (Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Red Mud) in Pet Modified Methyl Methacrylate Polymer Concrete Composite: Mechanical and Durability Properties Evaluation at High Temperature

Sustainable Use of Industrial Waste (Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Red Mud) in Pet Modified Methyl Methacrylate Polymer Concrete Composite: Mechanical and Durability Properties Evaluation at High Temperature

Evaluation of different types of soil subgrade using glass powder for Low-Volume Roads (LVRs)

Flexible pavement structure consists of number of layer to pose the various function required to maintain a durable pavement over long durability. In order to provide the durable pavement structure over the week subgrade, it consumes larger thickness of natural materials. To avoid such problem and stabilize the available week sub-grade soil. The use of industrial waste in pavement structure gains attention to reduce the natural resource in pavement structure. Last few decades, the utilization of industrial material waste had become immensely in the growing world of construction. In pavement to strengthen the weak sub-grade soil, these products are fulfil the requirements and also showed the outmost performance in pavement structure. In view of the above, this study was conducted on weak sub-grade soil with the different other practically with the additives of glass powder. The glass powder were added in various percentages to the soil mass of sub grade. The experimental study were carried-out The Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Shear Strength (SS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test to determine the optimum (%) of glass powder with the different type of sub-grade soil. This study concluded that, the use of glass is pozzolanic material improved the strength of weak sub-grade soil. The optimum glass powder is found as 15% for the both the types of soil sub-grade.

Use of Industrial Waste – (Red Mud) in the Production of Self Compacting Concrete

Abstract: Red mud is industrial waste and causing threat to environment so to reduce the cost of the construction also to make structure more durable. Aluminium is now consumed during manufacture red mud, which is used and while remaining red mud has been undertaken sothat it can be used for construction fashion of the concrete by blending or by replacing the cement by red mud. Keywords: Red mud, self-compacting concrete, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength

Purification of wastewater of industrial enterprises from phenols by modified energy waste

With the development of engineering and technology, industrial enterprises have an increasing impact on the environment. One of the problems of our time is the pollution of water bodies with industrial toxic waste. Innovative in the field of environmental protection are methods of using inexpensive adsorbents for wastewater treatment, where cost factors play a major role. For quite a long time, an urgent task has been the development of inexpensive adsorbents that can be alternative to those existing at wastewater treatment facilities. Inexpensive alternative adsorbents can be obtained from a wide range of raw materials that are abundant, cheap, and highly absorbent. The article discusses the possibility of purification of industrial wastewater from phenols of oil refining industries on the example of LLP Aktobe Oil Refining. In the treatment of industrial wastewater, the method of adsorption treatment is widely used, which allows not only to purify from pollutants to maximum permissible concentrations (maximum permissible concentrations), but is also cost-effective when introduced. Economic efficiency is characterized by the use of industrial waste as adsorption materials, which in turn show high cleaning efficiency and resolve the issue of disposal of production waste. In this work, energy waste is used as an adsorption material - carbonate sludge from the chemical water treatment of the Aktobe TPP. To achieve a high degree of purification from pollutants, a modified carbonate sludge was obtained, which is used as an adsorption material in filters. A method for obtaining modified carbonate sludge from chemical water treatment is considered. A basic technological scheme of wastewater treatment from phenols has been proposed, a sorption filter for wastewater treatment with a filler - modified carbonate sludge has been selected and calculated. To implement the technology of purification of wastewater from phenols, the economic efficiency and the prevented environmental harm were calculated using the example of the enterprise LLP Aktobe Oil Refining. The technology of regeneration of waste carbonate sludge is considered. The heat effects of combustion of spent carbonate sludge as a fuel material are calculated using the example of Aktobe TPP.

Effective utilisation of ultrafine slag to improve mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregates geopolymer concrete

Eco-friendly materials like recycled aggregates (RA) and geopolymer binders play a key role in the path towards sustainable construction. However, the literature suggests that the properties of recycled aggregates geopolymer concrete (RGPC) are inferior to normal concrete. The primary objective of this study is to improve the characteristics of recycled aggregates geopolymer concrete (RGPC) cured at ambient temperature by using low-emission binding agents and ultrafine slag (UFS). A total of twenty-four mixes were prepared in two series, in which natural aggregates (NA) were replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) at various replacement levels up to 100%, and the UFS inclusion varied from 0 to 30%. For Series I, UFS was used as a replacement to fly ash, whereas UFS was used as an addition to fly ash in Series II. The mechanical properties of all the mixes were satisfactory. Mix a-R100S30 with 100% RCA and 30% UFS addition showed the highest compressive strength of 46.24 MPa among all the mixes. The water absorption, chloride ion penetration, and electrical resistivity were also investigated. Mix r-R100S15 with 100% RCA in Series I exhibited the highest water absorption of 5.61%. In general, increasing the UFS content resulted in an overall improvement in the RGPC's characteristics, whereas increasing RCA% resulted in a degradation in the RGPC's performance. RCA formed a weaker zone in the matrix, whereas UFS served as a filler, increasing the availability of nucleation sites at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and resulting in a denser matrix structure. The results showed that a high percentage (up to 100%) of RCA with 30% of UFS can be incorporated into RGPC to provide sufficient strength for practical applications. Overall, with the UFS incorporation, the mechanical and durability properties of RGPC improved while its susceptibility to water and chloride attacks reduced. • Recycled coarse aggregates were used to replace natural aggregates. • Use of industrial wastes, i.e., fly ash and ultrafine slag to produce recycled aggregates geopolymer concrete (RGPC). • Investigating the mechanical and durability characteristics of ambient cured RGPC. • Feasibility study of using recycled coarse aggregates in RGPC production.