Use Of Hip Arthroscopy Research Articles

The role of cell therapies and hip arthroscopy in the management of osteonecrosis: an update.

ABSTRACTThe exact pathophysiology of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is still unknown. There is evidence to suggest that in ON there is decreased population and altered function of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the femoral head. This could influence both the actual occurrence of ON itself and the repair process that follows. Hence, in such an environment it only is rational to consider the use of cell-based treatments to potentially regenerate lost or damaged bone. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based information in the use of cell therapies in the treatment of nontraumatic ONFH and the use of hip arthroscopy in the field.

Arthroscopy of the pediatric hip

The use of hip arthroscopy in pediatric patients has grown considerably in recent years, and many pediatric and adolescent hip pathologies are now being addressed surgically using various arthroscopic techniques. Visualization of the articular surface through a minimally invasive approach makes it a particularly powerful tool, and surgical indications have grown to include everything from labral tears and femoroacetabular impingement through to septic arthritis and deformity. It is important for the pediatric hip arthroscopist to be comfortable with the necessary tools and techniques, but even more so to understand the technical limitations and situations where complementary open and reconstructive approaches are indicated. As techniques and equipment continue to improve and develop, we can expect pediatric hip arthroscopy to progressively expand in scope and popularity.

Hip Cartilage Restoration: Available Evidence and Current Trends

AbstractTreatment of cartilage pathology is controversial. In the hip, it is even more so as identification and treatment of early cartilage disease are relatively new and little evidence exists. With the advent and more widespread use of hip arthroscopy, easier access to the hip joint is available, and adequate treatment is possible with less morbidity. Many treatment options exist for cartilage lesions including nonoperative treatment, debridement, microfracture, acetabuloplasty, cartilage fixation, cartilage scaffolds, autologous chondrocyte implantation, and osteochondral grafting. While far from definitive, the current evidence suggests that smaller cartilage lesions (< 4 cm2) have good results with most treatments while larger lesions fare better with treatments that produce hyaline-like cartilage. The most cost-effective arthroscopic treatments of smaller cartilage lesions include acetabuloplasty and microfracture, while larger lesions should be considered for autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis or matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation. Larger cartilage lesions with bone disease are more adequately treated with open procedures such as osteochondral grafting or total hip arthroplasty.

Strategies in revision hip arthroscopy

With the recent increase in the use of hip arthroscopy, revision hip arthroscopy has also become more prevalent. Managing patients with residual and/or recurrent symptoms following hip arthroscopy is diagnostically and technically challenging. It is important to be aware of the most common reasons for failure, such as bony under-resection, labral tear or re-tear, progression of degenerative joint disease, and missed concurrent disorders such as subspine impingement, snapping hip syndrome, and athletic pubalgia. It is also important to rule out extra-articular causes of hip pain, such as referred pain from the spine or trochanteric bursitis. Pre-operative planning is of paramount importance if revision surgery is being considered, and three-dimensional modalities [such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) with 3D reconstruction] are often required. Appropriate patient selection, honest discussions about potential outcomes, and management of patient expectations are important before proceeding with revision surgery. Intra-operatively, there are specific techniques and assistive technologies (e.g., fluoroscopy, navigation) that can aid in achieving a successful revision. Specific techniques have been developed for use in revision settings, such as labral and/or capsular reconstruction/grafting, remplissage for bony under-resection, and chondral implantation.

A Technique for Arthroscopic-Assisted Ligamentum Teres Augmentation Using a Suture Tape Augmentation

Ligamentum teres (LT) tears are a pathologic condition being identified at increasing frequency because of growing use of hip arthroscopy. The exact role of the LT is not well understood, but it has been shown in recent biomechanical studies to contribute to hip stability. Patients with hip pain, instability, and/or mechanical symptoms with advanced imaging findings showing LT pathology may benefit from an LT augmentation. We present an arthroscopic-assisted LT augmentation technique, which can be performed as an isolated procedure or in conjunction with an arthroscopic labral repair and/or debridement, chondroplasty, and femoroplasty.

Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Femoroacetabular Impingement: Part 2, Plain Radiography

The use of hip arthroscopy to treat various forms of hip pathology continues to grow. As part of a standard evaluation for eligibility for hip arthroscopy, we routinely obtain standard radiographs to assess the hip joint. These include orthogonal projections of the acetabulum and proximal femur, which can be obtained with a standing false profile, supine anteroposterior pelvis, and a lateral view of the proximal femur (either Dunn 45° or 90°, frog-leg lateral, or cross-table lateral). A comprehensive analysis of the radiographs is of utmost importance in order to indicate a patient for hip arthroscopy, for preoperative planning, and to determine prognosis. The purpose of this Technical Note is to provide a comprehensive guide of how our group performs qualitative and quantitative analysis of hip radiographs in a potential candidate for hip arthroscopy.

A pilot randomised clinical trial of physiotherapy (manual therapy, exercise, and education) for early-onset hip osteoarthritis post-hip arthroscopy

BackgroundDespite the increasing use of hip arthroscopy for hip pain, there is no level 1 evidence to support physiotherapy rehabilitation programs following this procedure. The aims of this study were to determine (i) what is the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating a targeted physiotherapy intervention for early-onset hip osteoarthritis (OA) post-hip arthroscopy? and (ii) what are the within-group treatment effects of the physiotherapy intervention and a health-education control group?MethodsThis study was a pilot single-blind RCT conducted in a private physiotherapy clinic in Hobart, Australia. Patients included 17 volunteers (nine women; age 32 ± 8 years; body mass index = 25.6 ± 5.1 kg/m2) who were recruited 4–14 months post-hip arthroscopy, with chondropathy and/or labral pathology at the time of surgery. Interventions included a physiotherapy treatment program that was semi-standardised and consisted of (i) manual therapy; (ii) hip strengthening and functional retraining; and (iii) health education. Control treatment encompassed individualised health education sessions. The primary outcome measure was feasibility, which was reported as percentage of eligible participants enrolled, adherence with the intervention, and losses to follow-up. The research process was evaluated using interviews, and an estimated sample size for a definitive study is offered. Secondary outcomes included the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) and the International Hip Outcome Tool (IHOT-33) patient-reported outcomes.ResultsSeventeen out of 48 eligible patients (35%) were randomised. Adherence to the intervention was 100%, with no losses to follow-up. The estimated sample size for a full-scale RCT was 142 patients. The within-group (95% confidence intervals) change scores for the physiotherapy group were HOOS-Symptoms 6 points (−4 to 16); HOOS-Pain 10 points (−2 to 22); HOOS-Activity of Daily Living 8 points (0 to 16); HOOS-Sport 3 points (−12 to 19); HOOS-Quality of Life 3 points (−7 to 13); and IHOT-33 7 points (−10 to 25). The within-group (95% confidence intervals) change scores for the control group were HOOS-Symptoms −4 points (−17 to 9); HOOS-Pain −2 points (−18 to 13); HOOS-Activity of Daily Living −7 points (−17 to 4); HOOS-Sport 4 points (−16 to 23); HOOS-Quality of Life −5 points (−18 to 9); and IHOT-33 −4 points (−27 to 19). Suggestions to improve study design included greater supervision of exercises and increased access to physiotherapy appointments.ConclusionsResults support the feasibility of a full-scale RCT, and recommendations for an adequately powered and improved study to determine the efficacy of this physiotherapy intervention post-hip arthroscopy to reduce pain and improve function are provided.Trial registrationAustralian Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614000426684

Independent Risk Factors for Revision Surgery or Conversion to THA after Hip Arthroscopy: An Analysis of 3,957 Patients

Objectives:The use of hip arthroscopy for the management of hip pathology has increased dramatically in recent years. Despite evidence demonstrating excellent outcomes, there are some patients that may require revision arthroscopy or conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Data regarding risk factors for poor outcomes after hip arthroscopy is limited. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rates of revision hip arthroscopy and conversion to THA in order to identify risk factors for suboptimal outcomes.Methods:New York State Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative Systems database was queried from 2011 through 2014 to identify patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Patients were longitudinally followed for a minimum of two years to determine the incidence and nature of subsequent hip procedures. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for revision surgery or conversion to THA.Results:We identified 3,957 patients who underwent hip arthroscopy. Mean age of the sample was 35.8 years (SD±13.1). After a minimum follow-up of two years, overall failure rate was 9.6%: 3.7% (n=148) had revision hip arthroscopy at an average of 15.8 months, while 5.9% (n=235) converted to THA at 14.7 months. Index surgery performed by surgeons in the lowest volume tertile was an independent risk factor for both revision (p=0.001) and conversion to THA (p<0.001). Females (p<0.001), older patients (p<0.001) and those with a history of obesity (p<0.001) converted to THA at a significantly higher rate than other patients. Young patients (p<0.001) and females (p<0.001) were more likely to undergo revision hip arthroscopy.Conclusion:Hip arthroscopy may be better performed by medium to high volume surgeons. Additionally, patients with identified risk factors for revision or THA conversion should be counseled pre-operatively on potentially adverse outcomes, thus allowing patient-physician engagement during the shared decision-making process.Revision Hip ArthroscopyRisk FactorOdds Ratio (95% CI)SignificanceAge younger than 404.4 (1.8 - 18.0)p<0.001Age between 40 - 503.4 (0.9 - 12.0)p=0.070Age between 50 - 601.5 (0.3 - 6.1)p=0.246Age greater than 60 Reference N/A Female Gender1.6 (1.1 - 2.3)p=0.001Absence of Labral Repair at Initial Hip Arthroscopy1.75 (1.09 - 2.8)p=0.02Initial Hip Arthroscopy by procedure in 3rd Tertile1.71 (1.1 - 2.8)p<0.001 Conversion to THA Risk Factor Odds Ratio (95% CI) Significance Age younger than 40 Reference N/A Age between 40 - 501.07 (0.28 - 1.38)p=0.620Age between 50 - 601.03 (0.46 - 1.2)p=0.458Age older than 601.8 (1.3 - 2.4)p=0.001Female Gender1.8 (1.3 - 2.4)p=0.001Initial Hip Arthroscopy by procedure in 3rd, Tertile1.9 (1.2 - 2.8)p<0.001Tobacco Use1.9 (1.2 - 3.2)P<0.001Obesity5.6 (2.7 - 12.1)p<0.001Osteoarthritis2.4 (1.7 - 3.4)p<0.001

Independent Risk Factors for Revision Surgery or Conversion to THA after Hip Arthroscopy: An Analysis of 3,957 Patients

Objectives:The use of hip arthroscopy for the management of hip pathology has increased dramatically in recent years. Despite evidence demonstrating excellent outcomes, there are some patients that...

Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis Affects Younger People, Too.

Synopsis Although osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been considered a disease of older age, hip and knee OA can and does affect younger adults, with a profound impact on psychosocial well-being and work capacity. Obesity and a history of traumatic knee injury (eg, anterior cruciate ligament rupture and/or meniscal tear) are key risk factors for the accelerated development of knee OA, while structural hip deformities (including those contributing to femoroacetabular impingement syndrome) are strong predictors of early-onset hip OA. In view of these associations, rising rates of obesity and sports injuries are concerning, and may signal a future surge in OA incidence among younger people. Assessment of hip and knee OA in younger people should focus on a patient-centered history, comprehensive physical examination, performance-based measures, and patient-reported outcome measures to enable monitoring of symptoms and function over time. Referral for imaging should be reserved for people presenting with atypical signs or symptoms that may indicate diagnoses other than OA. Nonpharmacological approaches are core strategies for the management of hip and knee OA in younger people, and these include appropriate disease-related education, activity modification (including for work-related tasks), physical therapist- prescribed exercise programs to address identified physical impairments, and weight control or weight loss. High-quality evidence has shown no benefit of arthroscopy for knee OA, and there are no published clinical trials to support the use of hip arthroscopy for OA. Referral for joint-conserving or joint replacement surgery should be considered when nonpharmacological and pharmacological management strategies are no longer effective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(2):67-79. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7286.

Clinical Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in Patients 60 or Older: A Minimum of 2-Year Follow-up

To examine clinical outcomes and survivorship in patients aged 60 years or older who underwent hip arthroscopy for management of hip pain. Prospectively collected data for patients 60 or older undergoing hip arthroscopy were obtained. All patients were indicated for hip arthroscopy based on standard preoperative examination as well as routine and advanced imaging. Demographic data, diagnosis, and details regarding operative procedures were collected. Baseline preoperative modified Harris Hip Scores (mHHS) and Non-arthritic Hip Scores (NAHS) were compared to mHHS and NAHS at the 2-year follow-up. Survivorship was assessed to determine failure rates, with failure defined as any subsequent ipsilateral revision arthroscopic surgery and/or hip arthroplasty. Forty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age (standard deviation) and body mass index were 65.8 years (4.5 years) and 26.1 (4.7), respectively. Baseline mean mHHS and NAHS for all patients improved from 47.8 (±12.5) and 47.3 (±13.6) to 75.6 (±17.6) and 78.3 (±18.6), respectively (P < .001 for both). Five patients (11.9%) met failure criteria and underwent additional surgery at an average of 14.8 (8-30) months. Three underwent conversion to total hip arthroplasty (7.1%), whereas 2 had revision arthroscopy with cam/pincer resection and labral repair for recurrent symptoms (4.7%). One- and 2-year survival rates were 95.2% and 88.9%, respectively. Our results suggest that in patients 60 or older with Tonnis grade 0 or 1 osteoarthritic changes on initial radiographs-treatment with hip arthroscopy can lead to reliable improvement in early outcomes. As use of hip arthroscopy for treatment of mechanical hip pain increases, additional studies with long-term follow-up are needed. Level IV, therapeutic case series.

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during hip arthroscopic surgery.

The use of hip arthroscopy has been widely increasing. Although deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is thought to be a serious complication of orthopaedic surgery, there were few reports discussing DVT related to hip arthroscopic surgery. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of DVT related to hip arthroscopic surgery. This retrospective study included 72 patients. Clinical diagnosis of DVT was confirmed through ultrasonography performed preoperatively and 3days postoperatively. Additionally, D-dimer levels were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Age, body mass index, operation time, procedure type, and D-dimer levels were statistically compared between the two groups (identified DVT vs. no identified DVT). Five patients (6.94%) were diagnosed with DVT clinically, although all cases were asymptomatic. The mean age of the patients with identified DVT was 62.0±6.1years; significantly higher than the mean age of the patients without DVT (45.1±1.7years; P=0.0188). The incidence of DVT during hip arthroscopy, investigated by ultrasound, was 6.94%. From our results, we recommend screening for and treatment of asymptomatic DVT, especially in older patients, during hip arthroscopic surgery.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Traumatic Hip Dislocation.

Traumatic hip dislocations are high-energy injuries that often result in considerable morbidity. Although appropriate management improves outcomes, associated hip pathology may complicate the recovery and lead to future disability and pain. Historically, open reduction has been the standard of care for treating hip dislocations that require surgical intervention. The use of hip arthroscopy to treat the sequelae and symptoms resulting from traumatic hip dislocations recently has increased, however. When used appropriately, hip arthroscopy is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment option for intra-articular pathology secondary to traumatic hip dislocation.

Artroscopia de cadera en patología traumática

Hip arthroscopy has increased in popularity in recent years as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosis and treatment of various intrinsic hip-related pathologies. From 2006 to 2010, hip arthroscopic procedures have increased by over 600% in the United States.Hip arthroscopy in trauma cases is often performed after the initial treatment and if the patient continues with symptoms, usually related to physical activity, and sometimes accompanied by mechanical symptoms. Another advantage of arthroscopy in traumatic hip injury is the repair of the soft tissues that are damaged at the time or with the initial treatment, the extraction of loose fragments between the joints, and to visualise incongruent joint reductions directly. Although there are no specific indications, the use of hip arthroscopy in trauma cases is a very useful tool that will continue to increase its indications and treatment options.

Despite its current widespread use, evidence to support the indications for hip arthroscopy lags behind: a review of current literature

ImportanceHip arthroscopy is commonly used for diagnostic purposes and for treatment of a variety of hip pathologies. Despite its current widespread use, evidence to support the indications for its application may lag behind.ObjectiveReview the body of evidence for commonly accepted indications (ie, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), labral tear, septic hip, loose bodies, extra-articular lesions, mild/moderate osteoarthritis, extra-articular impingement, abductor tendon tears and labral reconstruction) for hip arthroscopy based on recent systematic reviews.Evidence reviewA literature review was performed (in August 2015) using the PubMed database. The search results were filtered to include only the most recent (past 4 years 2012–2015) systematic reviews. Only articles that were selected for inclusion by these systematic reviews were included in this review of indications. Articles were then combined by indication and sorted by level of evidence and assigned a Grade of Recommendation.FindingsFair evidence exists to support the arthroscopic repair of acetabular labral tears and for the treatment of symptomatic FAI. Poor-quality evidence exists to support the use of hip arthroscopy in the treatment of extra-articular impingement, septic arthritis, mild/moderate osteoarthritis, abductor tendon tears and labral reconstruction. No recommendation could be made on the use of hip arthroscopy for ischiofemoral impingement, greater trochanter pelvic impingement and treatment for asymptomatic FAI.Conclusions and relevanceThere has been a large increase in published studies on hip arthroscopy; however, the studies published hitherto are generally of lesser quality and as such do not provide a higher Grade of Recommendation for most hip arthroscopy procedures.

Open Reduction by Fenestration to the Ilium for Central Acetabular Depression Fractures: A Case Report and Operative Technique

Aim: The aim was to report a fenestration technique for gap reduction of acetabular depression fractures. Case presentation: A 76-year-old man suffered from severe left leg pain. The computed tomography scanning showed a displaced acetabular depression fracture, including a third fracture fragment in the center of the acetabular weight-bearing area. We performed a fenestration technique to fenestrate the outer plate of ilium to push down the dislocated fragment of the fracture. The patient was pain-free with good functional outcome of the hip joint at three years after operation. Conclusion: The fenestration technique is useful for displaced acetabular depression fractures. We performed open reduction in this particular case, but the technique may be done less invasively with the use of hip arthroscopy.

The use of hip arthroscopy in the management of the pediatric hip.

Arthroscopy of the pediatric hip began in 1977 with a publication by Gross. Interest was relatively slow to develop in the 1980s and 1990s. Coupled with the success of hip arthroscopy in the adult, interest heightened in applying the procedure to a variety of pediatric hip disorders, given that the alternative was an open surgical hip dislocation. The success of this initial group of pediatric hip arthroscopist’s has further expanded the application of hip arthroscopy as the primary or adjunct procedure for the management of intra-articular problems of the pediatric hip.

Use of Hip Arthroscopy and Risk of Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Population-Based Analysis

To use population-level data to (1) evaluate the conversion rate of total hip arthroplasty (THA) within 2 years of hip arthroscopy and (2) assess the influence of age, arthritis, and obesity on the rate of conversion to THA. We used the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases and State Inpatient Databases for California and Florida from 2005 through 2012, which contain 100% of patient visits. Hip arthroscopy patients were tracked for subsequent primary THA within 2 years. Out-of-state patients and patients with less than 2 years follow-up were excluded. Multivariate analysis identified risks for subsequent hip arthroplasty after arthroscopy. We identified 7,351 patients who underwent hip arthroscopy with 2 years follow-up. The mean age was 43.9 ± 13.7 years, and 58.8% were female patients. Overall, 11.7% of patients underwent THA conversion within 2 years. The conversion rate was lowest in patients aged younger than 40 years (3.0%) and highest in the 60- to 69-year-old group (35.0%) (P < .001). We found an increased risk of THA conversion in older patients and in patients with osteoarthritis or obesity at the time of hip arthroscopy. Patients treated at high-volume hip arthroscopy centers had a lower THA conversion rate than those treated at low-volume centers (15.1% v 9.7%, P < .001). Hip arthroscopy is performed in patients of various ages, including middle-aged and elderly patients. Older patients have a higher rate of conversion to THA, as do patients with osteoarthritis or obesity. Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Adhesive capsulitis of the hip: a review addressing diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.

Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the hip (i.e. ‘Frozen Hip’), in part due to its difficulty in diagnosis, is an often overlooked and underappreciated entity of hip morbidity. This review aimed to elucidate a diagnostic approach and the surgical treatment options (with associated outcomes) of employing hip arthroscopy in the setting of AC. Electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE and PubMed) were searched for available sources for all relevant clinical studies addressing the surgical management of AC. Additionally, reference lists of studies were hand-searched to find all relevant articles. Articles were systematically screened in duplicate, with agreement and descriptive statistics presented. Ten studies satisfied inclusion criteria. A total of 40 patients (mean age of 47.1 ± 14.8 years) were included. Diagnosis of AC of the hip commonly encompassed a combination of: decreased joint capacity; hip pain exacerbated by weight bearing or activity; and progressive decrease in global range of motion. Diagnostic arthroscopy was utilized in nine patients, and successful diagnosis of AC was achieved in all nine patients. Common treatments included pressure dilation (11 cases) and manipulation under anesthesia (11 cases). AC continues to be a difficult clinical entity to diagnose. Similarities are seen between hip AC and shoulder AC as diagnosis is often a result of ruling out all other possible conditions, and treatment options and outcomes resemble those of the shoulder counterpart. With successful outcomes harping on timely diagnosis and effective treatment, the use of hip arthroscopy may be of benefit to achieving this.

Biomechanical Evaluation of Capsulotomy and Capsular Repair in the Hip

Objectives:The use of hip arthroscopy has increased over recent years to treat various forms of hip pathologies including femoroacetabular impingement. While a capsulotomy facilitates adequate visualization and access for diagnostic and interventional purposes, the current literature remains divided over the use of routine capsular closure to address the iatrogenic instability that may be induced by an excessive or unclosed capsulotomy. The purpose of this biomechanical study was to determine if hip capsulotomy creates significant alterations in rotational range of motion and stability measures. Additionally, does a capsular repair return these variables to normal?Methods:Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric hip specimens consisting of the hemipelvis, femur, and overlying soft tissues were used for this study. All specimens were screened by computed tomography (CT) to assess for the absence of significant bony pathology. Each hip was then tested under torsional loads of 6 N·m applied via a pulley system in conjunction with a vertical force exerted by a servohydraulic frame. Conditions tested were as follows: 1) neutral flexion with the capsule intact 2) neutral flexion with a 4 cm inter-portal capsulotomy 3) neutral flexion with a 6 cm inter-portal capsulotomy 4) neutral flexion with capsulotomy repair. Soft tissue was retained during all interventions. Range of motion (from external to internal rotation), hysteresis area, and neutral zones were the outcome measures for stability obtained in each condition.Results:While the data demonstrated a positive and statistically significant correlation between the sizes of the capsulotomy and measures of joint instability (range of motion (ROM), hysteresis area, and neutral zone), no significant differences were seen between the intact and repaired hips with regards to such measures (Table). Larger size capsulotomies were accompanied by significant increases in all three measures of joint instability while the repair effectively restored the capsule to conditions similar to its intact state.Conclusion:To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the biomechanical consequences of sequentially increasing capsulotomy incisions and their repair on a hip joint that still contains its surrounding soft tissue. The results of this study not only confirm the notion of introducing iatrogenic joint instability with larger sized capsulotomies, but also propose the complete capsular closure as an appropriate solution.