Use Of High Heels Research Articles

Comparison of Balance in Habitual High Heels Wearers and Flat Shoe Wearers by Star Excursion Balance Test

Background: The capacity to maintain a stable and upright posture, or balance, is influenced by footwear type. High heel shoes (HHS) alter foot alignment and weight distribution, potentially impacting balance and increasing fall risk. Despite the popularity of high heels, the balance effects compared to flat shoes remain underexplored. Objective: To compare the balance between habitual high heel wearers and flat shoe wearers using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to January 2023, including 70 female participants aged 18-35 years. Participants were habitual wearers of high heels or flat shoes for at least six months. Individuals seeking medical care for lower extremity issues or with a history of lower extremity fractures or surgeries were excluded. Balance was assessed using the SEBT, which involves reaching in eight directions from a central stance. Each participant performed three trials per direction. Leg length was measured to normalize reach distances. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare balance between groups, with a significance threshold of p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.83 years (SD = 3.43). For the anterior reach on the dominant side, flat shoe wearers had a significantly better balance with a mean rank of 38.93 compared to 27.50 for high heel wearers (p=0.031). No significant differences were observed in other directions: anterior reach non-dominant side (p=0.499), anteromedial reach dominant side (p=0.384), anteromedial reach non-dominant side (p=0.887), medial reach dominant side (p=0.174), medial reach non-dominant side (p=0.524), posteromedial reach dominant side (p=0.544), posteromedial reach non-dominant side (p=0.913), posterior reach dominant side (p=0.704), posterior reach non-dominant side (p=0.350), posterolateral reach dominant side (p=0.177), and posterolateral reach non-dominant side (p=0.934). Conclusion: Habitual high heel wearers and flat shoe wearers showed no significant differences in balance across most SEBT directions, except for a significantly poorer anterior reach in high heel wearers. These findings suggest that high heel use may specifically impact anterior balance, highlighting the need for further investigation into the biomechanical and physiological impacts of high heels on balance.

Habitually wearing high heels may improve user walking economy in any footwear.

The habitual use of high-heeled footwear may structurally remodel user leg muscle tendons, thereby altering their functional capabilities. High heels set users' ankles in relatively plantarflexed positions, causing calf muscle tendons to operate at relatively short lengths. Habitually operating muscle tendons at relatively short lengths induces structural remodeling that theoretically affects muscle metabolism. Because structural changes occur within the body, the user's locomotor metabolism may change in any footwear condition (e.g., conventional shoes, barefoot). Here, we studied the influence of habitual high-heel use on users' leg muscle-tendon structure and metabolism during walking in flat-soled footwear. We tested eight participants before and after 14 wk of agreeing to wear high heels as their daily shoes. Overall, participants who wore high heels >1,500 steps per day, experienced a 9% decrease in their net metabolic power during walking in flat-soled footwear (d = 1.66, P ≤ 0.049), whereas participants who took <1,000 daily steps in high heels did not (d = 0.44; P = 0.524). Across participants, for every 1,000 daily steps in high heels, net metabolic power during walking in flat-soled footwear decreased 5.3% (r = -0.73; P = 0.040). Metabolic findings were partially explained (r2 = 0.43; P = 0.478) by trending shorter medial gastrocnemius fascicle lengths (d = 0.500, P = 0.327) and increased Achilles tendon stiffness (d = 2.889, P = 0.088). The high-heel intervention did not alter user walking stride kinematics in flat-soled footwear (d ≤ 0.567, P ≥ 0.387). While our limited dataset is unable to establish the mechanisms underlying the high-heel-induced walking economy improvement, it appears that prescribing specific footwear use can be implemented to alter user muscle-tendon properties and augment their function in any shoes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Habitually wearing high-heeled footwear structurally remodels leg muscle tendons and improves user walking economy, regardless of worn attire.

Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Prolonged Use of High Heels on Low Back Pain in Female Sales Employees

Background: Low Back Pain is the pain that is felt from the lower back area to the lower buttocks crease area (Gluteal inferior fold). One of the causes of Low Back Pain is a prolonged and excessive use of high heels. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of the use of high heels on Low Back Pain in sales promotion girls. Subjects and Method: Meta-analyses were carried out according to the PICO model. Population: female sales promotion employee. Intervention: Wearing High Heels. Comparison: Not using High Heels. Outcome: Low Back Pain. The article search in this study was conducted through databases that included PubMed, Google Schoolar, ScienceDirect. The keywords included: "Low Back Pain" AND "Low Back Pain" AND "High Heels" AND "Low Back Pain" "Employee sales" AND "High Heels" "Sales Low Back Pain" (aOR) "Employee sales" And "Employe sales" "Low Back Pain" AND "High Heels" AND "Employe sales", "High Heels AND High Heels" "Low Back pain Employee Sales" AND "High Heels". Full-paper articles with cross-sectional study design. The subjects of the study were users of high heels toward low back pain, the measure of association used was the adjusted odd ratio. The article selection used was PRISMA flow diagram. The analysis was performed using Revman 5.3 Results: A meta-analyss included 10 cross-sectional studies from Africa and Asia. Prolonged use of high heels increased the risk of low back pain in female sales promotion employee (aOR= 1.41; 95% CI= 1.16 to 1.171 p=0.001). Conclusion: Female sales promotion employee who wear high heels have a higher risk of experiencing low back pain. Keywords: sales promotion girl, high heels, low back pain. Correspondence:Fadhila Firmanurulita. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: missdhila18@gmail.com. Mobile. +6285740045026.

Work Fatigue Due to the Use of High Heels on Promotion Girls Workers

During working hours, Sales Promotion Girl (SPG) is standing in a shopping center, which can cause work fatigue. The objective of this study was to examine the work fatigue of SPG who wore high heels in various variations. The research design was cross-sectional, with the research subjects being 60 employees from the SPG in Pontianak Indonesia Mall. The L 77 reaction timer was employed to measure fatigue before and after work. The findings revealed that workers who wore 7 cm heels experienced higher levels of fatigue than those who wore 5 cm or 3 cm heels. The study results revealed no significant difference in fatigue before and after working various variations of high heels (p ≤ 0.001). When wearing high heels, the average level of fatigue increases. However, there was no statistically significant difference in heel height variation on fatigue level (p=0.173). When working in a standing position, wearing shoes with low heels increases comfort and reduces worker fatigue. The results of this study can be used as a starting point for future research by other researchers. Moreover, the findings of this study can also serve as a starting point for other researchers to conduct additional research.

Contributing factors to musculoskeletal disorders in women who routinely use high heels

Introduction: High heels are still the top choice of women's footwear and have an aesthetic function. A previous study showed that high heels were the potential to give musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to find the presence of musculoskeletal disorders and the factors influencing the routine and long-term use of high heels amongst bank employees. Methods: This is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The research study participant collection was carried out in November - December 2020 in several Bank branches; 233 participants were obtained. Each participant was given a questionnaire about musculoskeletal disorders and the factors influencing high heels used. Results: It was found that there is a relationship between body mass index (BMI), shoe height, and the length of time used per week for the pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the use of high heels. However, it was found that there is no relationship between the type of shoes and the pain VAS using high heels. Conclusion: The higher BMI, shoe height, and the longer time using high heels per week contribute to the increasing pain VAS amongst high heel users.

Association Between Foot Pain and High Heeled Shoes in Working Women

Women have been wearing high heels for decades and they remain a must-have for females going out on the town or to the workplace every day. It causes prolonged pressure on the muscles, bones, and tissues of the feet and ankles, on the other hand, may cause chronic foot discomfort or abrupt injuries that need surgical intervention in the feet and ankle. Objective: To determine an association between foot pain and high-heeled shoes in working women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the prevalence of foot pain among females wearing heeled footwear, focusing only working women. A sample size of 285 was taken. Foot Health Status Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents from different areas of Lahore. The data was collected from office workers and school teachers. Considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. females were requested to participate. The questionnaire consisted of 13 questions that were used in this survey. The questionnaire had multiple options out of which only one option was to be selected which was nearest to representing their condition of foot. All the data was analyzed on SPSS (version 25) software. A scoring of 0-100 was used to calculate the results. Results: According to this study, a majority of 162 females had mild to moderate foot pain, 84.4% of females had foot pain and 15.6% of females had no pain. Foot pain had a statistically significant association with walking, climbing stairs, and doing work or activities, (P-value 0.000). Respondents having foot pain couldn’t do all the above activities normally. Restrictions and limitations were found among the respondents with foot pain. A P-value of less than 0.05 indicates that there is a significant association between the severity of foot pain and difficulties during work or activities of daily life Conclusions: The study concluded that there is very high prevalence of foot pain (96%) among females wearing high heels. Long term use of high heels significantly affects the foot health and activities of respondents.

HUBUNGAN SIKAP KERJA BERDIRI, KARAKTERISTIK PEKERJA, DAN PENGGUNAAN HIGH HEELS TERHADAP TINGKAT KELELAHAN KERJA PADA SALES PROMOTION GIRL (SPG) DI SWALAYAN KOTA SEMARANG

This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship among standing work attitude, worker characteristics, and the use of high heels on work fatigue experienced by Sales Promotion Girl (SPG) in Semarang City Supermarkets. The background of the research is that a SPG who works with a standing work position and wears high heels will experience an incidence of work fatigue. This is quantitative research with a cross-sectional study approach. The instruments in this study were the IFRC questionnaire, ruler, microtoise, body scale, and REBA Method Sheet. The population in this research consists of 150 people. The research employed an incidental sampling with a total sample of 38 people. Data analysis in this research made use of the Spearman rank correlation test. The findings of the research showed that among the 38 Sales Promotion Girls (SPG) who had a standing work position; 16 people were with low risk and 22 people were very low. Based on their ages, 9 people were 30 years old and 29 people were below 30 years old. As with their service time category, as many as 24 people had a long time experience and 14 people were with short period of service time. The results of the statistical test showed that there is a significant correlation between standing work position, wearing of high heels with work fatigue. In addition, there is no significant correlation between worker characteristics (Age, Work Period, Body Mass Index) and work fatigue on SPG at Supermarkets in Semarang City.

The effect of wearing high-heels and carrying a backpack on trunk biomechanics

Carrying a bag while wearing high-heels during daily life could potentially cause back pain. No study has investigated the combined effects of wearing a backpack and high-heels on trunk biomechanics from a system-level interaction viewpoint. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the effects of high-heel height, backpack weight, and habituation in high-heels use on upper body biomechanics. Sixteen female study participants, all in their 20s, were divided into high-heel USER and NON-USER groups, and asked to carry a backpack with 0%, 5% and 10% of their body weight while either not wearing or wearing (0 cm and 9 cm) high-heels. Trunk kinematics and muscle activations were measured under the neutral standing posture while gazing straight ahead in experimental trials. First, the USERS tended to show hyper-lumbar lordosis when wearing high-heels, but the NON-USERS experienced lumbar kyphosis. In line with this, the USERS showed significantly greater recruitment of back muscles (35.5%), but the NON-USERS tended to recruit significantly more abdominal muscles (80%) to control their posture. Second, carrying a backpack sequentially induced posterior pelvic tilting, lumbar kyphosis, and forward head posture which is a stereotype posture of the hyper-kyphotic back and which suggests a system-level interaction from the lower extremity to the head. Third, the backpack weight eliminated the effect of wearing high-heels in the lumbar flexion angle, which may act as a counterbalance to pull the center of gravity (CoG) posteriorly. Relevance to industryCaution must be taken in the long-term use of high-heels and a backpack. Carrying a backpack weighing about 5% of the body weight is recommended to counterbalance the hyper-lordotic lumbar posture when wearing high-heels if unavoidable.

Description The Nerve Conduction Velocity Of Tibial Nerve To The Use Of High Heels On Students 2017 Faculty Of Medicine UKRIDA

High heels are used by women from teenagers to adults to increase the attractiveness of men to their users. Based on the size of the heel height and the duration of the use of high heels can cause musculoskeletal complaints and changes in the shape of the feet. In general, the muscles of the lower leg are innervated mainly by the tibial nerve. One of the neurophysiological examinations to assess the activity of the peripheral nervous system is to examine the value of Nerve Conduction Velocity (KHS) using a tool in the form of Electroneuromyography (ENMG). There are two main factors that affect the results of the KHS value, namely physiological factors such as age, body mass index, height, weight, and gender. The second factor is non-physiological in the form of nerve fiber diameter, degree of myelination and stimulation distance. Throughout the search, no research has been found that discusses the effect of using high heels based on the size of the heel height and duration of use on the quality of the tibial nerve. The research methodology used in this study is a descriptive study with approach cross-sectional. The results of the average value of the conduction velocity of the tibial motor nerve based on the size of the heel height 1-4 cm is 56,43 m/s, 5-7 cm is 52,77 m/s and &gt;7 cm is 69,39 m/s. The results based on the duration of using high heels &lt;1 year were 54,96 m/d, 2-3 years were 57,41 m/d and &gt;3 years were 56,09 m/d. It can be seen clearly that based on the size of the heel height and the duration of the use of shoes on the average value of the speed of tibial motor nerve conduction, there was no significant difference in this study.

Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Knowledge Regarding the Ill Effects of Wearing High Heels among Adolescence Girls

Introduction: Fashion is like a circle; after some time it keeps changing and gets to the same position. Highheels are frequently worn by many women and form an important part of female gender identity, with highheels, the center with gravity shifts against a person wearing high heels and the buttocks and spine are outof balance.Long use of High Heels tends to increase buttock size. Aims: Assess the effectiveness of plannedteaching on knowledge regarding the ill effects of wearing high heels among adolescence girls. Materialsand methods : Present study is Pre experimental one group pretest ,post test design was used study has beenconducted among 60 adolescence girls in R.S. Mundle Dharampeth, Arts and Commerce college, Nagpur.Structured questionnaires given to assess the existing knowledge and the planned teaching were given afterthe pre test and assess the post test knowledge to see the effectiveness of planned teaching. Results: Thelevels of knowledge were seen into 4 categories, poor, average, good and excellent of antenatal mothers,frequency and percentage wise distribution of antenatal mothers according to post test level of knowledgeregarding ill effects of wearing high heels. The Mean score of knowledge in post test was 16.10 ± 0.70 andof excellent knowledge score in post-test was 94.70 ± 4.15.Conclusion- Present study identify the existingknowledge of adolescence girls structure teaching It was found that adolescence girls having a good levelof knowledge regarding ill effects of wearing high heels in pre test and which were significantly moreimprovement after attending structured teaching and they have been more gained knowledge about the illeffects of high heels with scientific rationale. So planned teaching was effective in enhancing the knowledgeof ill effects of wearing high heels.

A representatividade do salto alto

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo compreender como o salto alto esteve presente por tanto tempo no processo evolutivo sociocultural, abordando as consequências que esse tipo de calçado produzia, principalmente no ambiente de trabalho, desmitificando o poder de fascinação que ele provoca nas mulheres e compreender a questão do fetiche masculino com relação a esse objeto. Como metodologia, foi realizada uma pesquisa na qual se analisou fatos históricos, blogs e artigos científicos para o desenvolvimento teórico. Como resultado, obteve-se que o uso do salto alto no cotidiano pode ser muito prejudicial à coluna e às pernas da mulher e que o uso desse calçado é fruto de uma cultura machista, fundamentada no fetichismo do imaginário masculino.

Association of musculoskeletal discomfort with the use of high heeled shoes in females.

To determine the association of musculoskeletal discomfort with the high heeled shoes related variables in females who use such footwear frequently. A cross sectional study was conducted on 174 female residents of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, for a time period stretching from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. The participants aged between 18 and 55 years appeared as the frequent users of high heeled shoes. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were used as outcome measures to assess the musculoskeletal discomfort and a self-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information related to the high heeled shoes e.g. duration and frequency of high heeled shoe use. Data was analysed by using SPSS version 21. The data analysis showed a positive association of shoulders' discomfort with the length of high heeled shoes used by women (p value= 0.03<0.05). A positive association was also found between an occurrence of upper back discomfort and length of the heeled shoes (p value= 0.01<0.05). However, no significant association was found between pain intensity and length of the shoe' heel, frequency and duration of high heeled shoe use. The shoulders' and upper back discomfort in females who frequently used high heeled shoes was associated with the length of the heels in shoes.

Bahasa Indonesia

Background: Bunion or Hallux Valgus (HV) is a chronic joint inflammation that occurs when the thumb toward the other fingers. The age mostly to experiencing bunions is the elderly age. Decrease of various body functions in the elderly, especially in the musculoskeletal system, can changes the body balance. Impaired body balance errors in eldery have a high risk of falling. 1 in 3 elderly who are over 65 years old experience falls every year and one of the causes is because use of high heels, shoes with slippery soles, and shoes with an imbalance between the height of the midsole and the heel. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between Bunion (Hallux Valgus) and body balance in women who use high heels. Research Methods: Using an analytic survey method with a cross sectional design. Univariate analysis describe of frequency distribution and proportion. Bivariate analysis using the Kendal Tau test. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between bunions and body balance in the elderly (p = 0.041) and 25% of bunion sufferers experienced 85% of body balance disorders. Conclusion: Bunions have an important role in body balance of elderly person. Abnormal foot shape serves the proper and correct use of footwear. Suggestion: The shape of the legs has an important role in maintaining one's body balance. Use of shoes with high heels can be avoided to prevent bunions, especially in women. Keywords: Bunion, woman, elderly, high heels, body balanc

Characteristics of Shoes with Musculoskeletal Complaints on Foot and Ankle of Sales Promotion Girl

Musculoskeletal complaints are a series of aches in the tendons, muscles, and nerves due to activities with high repetition rates resulting in tissue damage and pain in the muscles. Musculoskeletal complaints are experienced by many female workers due to work demands. Job demands such as the obligation to use high heels when working. Jobs related to the use of high heels are sales promotion girl (SPG). This study uses a quantitative approach. This type of research is observational analytic with cross sectional design. The assessment of musculoskeletal complaints in this study used the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score (FAOS) questionnaire. Based on the results of the Spearman test factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints on feet and ankles of SPG at Golden Market Jember include individual factors consisting of length of work (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.617; negative direction), BMI (ρ = 0.022; r = 0.314; unidirectional), and sports habits (ρ = 0.045; r = 0.617, opposite). The work factor is static position (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.530; opposite). Shoe characteristic variables consist of shoes type (ρ = 0.022; r = 0.313, opposite), duration of use (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.547; direction), high heels (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.855; direction), and suitability shoe size (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.584; unidirectional). Factors not related to musculoskeletal complaints on the feet and ankles are age (ρ = 0.027; r = 0.850; unidirectional).

High Heels sebagai Agensi bagi Tubuh Wanita

The aims of this paper is to explain the use of high heels as an agency for a woman's body. Agency context refers to pain in the body but pain is perceived as something positive. In this paper, the method used is a literature review by reviewing writings related to the use of high heels. The findings in this paper that women experience body image disturbance or anxiety because they feel themselves are not beautiful or not attractive. The use of high heels, makes women more attractive and more confident, on the other hand the use of high heels actually makes women feel pain and discomfort. However, for the achievement of beauty standards, women voluntarily allow their bodies to experience pain. However, the agency's willingness to beauty standards here is meaningless without filtering and directly accepted. Instead women keep negotiating with themselves so as to make a decision why use high heels.

Effect of Footwear on Balance and Gait Among Young Female Students

Background: Footwear provides stability and support for the foot and the type of footwear has a significant impact on balance and gait. Research has shown that high heels alter postural stability and mobility. There is limited research on type of footwear and its impact on individuals balance and gait in young healthy adults. Objective: To compare the effects of sports shoes versus high heels on balance and gait among young healthy individuals. Material and Methods: A baseline questionnaire was given to young female healthcare students to find out the use of high heels and the regular users of high heels were only recruited for this study. Total of 30 students participated in the study, and their balance and gait were measured and compared using FRT, mCTSIB and 6 MWT between the use of high heels and sports shoes. Results: Results showed better balance and gait parameters while using sport shoes when compared to the use of high heels. Differences were noted in the functional reach task (FRT) and 6-minute walk test (MWT) but there was no difference in the mCTSIB scores. Comparison of regular to occasional high heel users showed significant differences in the forward FRT. Conclusion: Use of high heels affected the balance and gait of young female healthcare students and limited the distance of reach and six minutes walking for both regular and occasional users.

Lifetime occupation is not associated with radiographic osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in a cohort study of UK women

ObjectiveThe study aim was to determine whether lifetime occupation was associated with the presence of radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) in women.MethodData were collected from the prospective, population-based Chingford 1000 Women study. This cohort of women, aged 45–64 years at inception, was established in 1989 from a single general practice in Chingford, UK. Data has subsequently been collected repeatedly. Data from baseline, year six and year ten was used for the purposes of this cross-sectional study.The primary outcome was the presence of dorsal view ROA of the first MTPJ. The main exposure was lifetime occupation, categorised according to levels of occupation previously defined via international consensus: 1. Sedentary, 2. Light, 3. Light manual, 4. Heavy manual. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to quantify the relationship between lifetime occupation type and the presence of ROA of the first MTPJ, adjusting for age, body mass index and lifetime high-heeled footwear use as potential interactive variables for each decade.ResultsData for 209 women were included within this study. The mean (SD) age was 57 (±5.2) years. Predominant lifetime occupation was reported as sedentary by 51.7%, as light by 0%, as light manual by 33.5% and as heavy manual by 14.8% of participants. There were no statistical associations between lifetime occupation type and the presence of ROA of the first MTPJ in either the unadjusted (OR = 0.99, CI = 0.78–1.26,P = 0.96) partially adjusted (for age and BMI; OR = 1.00, CI = 0.78–1.29, P = 0.99) or fully adjusted models (for age, BMI and lifetime high heel footwear use for each decade of working life (OR = 1.02, CI = 0.79–1.31, P = 0.91); high-heel footwear use up to 20s (OR = 0.83, CI = 0.71–1.31, P = 0.83); high-heel footwear use in 20–30s (OR = 1.00, CI = 0.75–1.3, P = 0.98); high-heel footwear use in 30–40s (OR = 1.00, CI = 0.70–1.42, P = 0.99); high-heel footwear use in 40–50s (OR = 0.90, CI = 0.58–1.40, P = 0.65); high-heel footwear use in 50s (OR = 0.63,CI = 0.36–1.09, P = 0.10).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that lifetime occupation is not associated with the presence of ROA of the fist metatarsophalangeal joint. There does not appear to be any interactive effect between lifetime occupation, lifetime high-heel footwear use, age or BMI and ROA of the first MTPJ. In later life a positive trend towards increased ROA in those who reported lifetime high-heel footwear use was noted and this may be worthy of further research.

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VARISES VENA TUNGKAI BAWAH (VVTB) PADA GURU SEKOLAH DASAR (SD) DI DESA SECURAI SELATAN KECAMATAN BABALAN KABUPATEN LANGKAT TAHUN 2019

Varicose veins of the lower limb (VVTB) abnormalities of blood vessels in the lower extremities. The prevalence of VVTB in Europe is around 50% of the adult population. The incidence of varicose veins in Indonesia is 25% to 30% in women and 10% to 20% in men. Based on a preliminary survey in Desa Securai Selatan, Babalan Subdistrict, Langkat Regency, out of 10 people there were 7 people suffering from VVTB. Therefore, the authors want to find out the factors that affect Varicose Veins of Lower Legs (VVTB) in Primary School (SD) teachers in Securai Selatan Village, Babalan Subdistrict, Langkat Regency in 2019. Types of analytical research with cross sectional approach. The population is Elementary School (SD) teachers in Securai Selatan Village, Babalan Subdistrict, Langkat Regency as many as 35 female teachers consisting of SD Alur Rejo having 19 teachers, SD Batang Rejo having 6 teachers and SD Sendayan having 10 teachers. The sample in this study using total sampling. Data analysis was performed with univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square test. The results of the study were elementary school teachers based on the long standing majority of the categories that did not last long, namely 19 people (54.3%), the majority age category = 30 years was 28 people ( 80.0%), majority education in S1 category is 33 people (94.3%), obesity in the majority category is not obese that is 18 people (51.4%), the use of high heels majority of the categories do not wear high heels that is 25 people (71 , 4%), the majority of VVTB categories were not VVTB, namely 28 people (80.0%). The conclusion is the influence of long standing factors, age, obesity and the use of high heels on VVTB in elementary school teachers in Securai Selatan Village, Babalan Subdistrict, Langkat Regency in 2019. The research suggestion is that teachers are expected to prevent VVTB by minimizing the work of teachers who are dominated by standing length of time in teaching and limiting the use of high heels to less than or equal to 5 cm because the use of shoes more than 5 cm is easier for potential varicose veins in the lower limbs

Prevalence of Chronic Venous Diseases in Students of Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University

The Objective of the Research was to increase the frequency of detecting chronic venous disorders in young people by surveing the students using a specially designed questionnaire with an analysis of its results for timely treatment.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. To detect lower extremity chronic venous disorders, 1,007 students of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University were interviewed using questionnaire that was based on the VEIN-TERM, the Venous Clinical Severity Score, the Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire. In the surveyed people, there were estimated the following data: age; gender; objective symptoms of chronic venous disorders such as telangiectasia, reticular (spider) veins, varicose veins and leg swelling; 11 most common symptoms of chronic venous disorders; risk factors such as the presence of lower extremity varicose veins in parents, previous childbirth and frequent or rare use of high heels in females.&#x0D; Results. In 617 (61.3%; 95 CI, 58.2 - 64.3%) respondents, phlebopathy was detected; 63 (6.3%, 95 CI 4.8 - 7.9%) students reported lower extremity telangiectasias; 11 (1.1%; 95 CI 0.5 - 1.9%) students reported reticular veins. Varicose veins were detected in 33 (3.3%; 95 CI 2.3 - 4.6%) cases. Among them, there were 14 (1.4%, 95 CI 0.8 - 2.3%) cases of leg swelling. Only two symptoms, namely calf cramps (p=0.01) and leg pain (p=0.04) turned out to occur significantly more frequent in the respondents with varicose veins. Varicose veins were more often found in the students whose fathers suffered from varicose veins as compared to those whose mothers had varicose veins – 12.1% (95% CI 5.4 - 22.5%) versus 4.2% (95% CI 2.1 - 7.5%), respectively (p=0.008). Among females without lower extremity varicose veins, 34.1% (95% CI 29.7 - 38.3%) of the respondents indicated wearing high heels (above 5 cm) which was approximately 3 times more often as compared to female respondents with varicose veins - 11.2% (95% CI 0.0 - 21.7%) of women (p=0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. 1. Leg pain and calf cramps can be considered as the most important subjective symptoms for early diagnosis of lower extremity varicose veins in young people. 2. The presence of lower extremity varicose veins in a father results in higher risk of detecting this pathology in the respondent than the presence of lower extremity varicose veins in a mother: 12.1% (95% CI 5.4-22.5%) versus 4.2% (95% CI 2.1 - 7.5%) (p = 0.008). 3. Early diagnostics of lower extremity varicose veins in young people with the aim of further adequate treatment to prevent their progression and the development of complications can be implemented by questioning students in different educational institutions.

Wearing high heels as female mating strategy

Females use various behavioural tactics in order to attract the attention of a desirable mate. Wearing high heels enhances female physical attractiveness for the opposite sex, thus their use seems to be a powerful sexual signal. We investigated female preferences for high heels both in everyday life as well as in a hypothetical mating scenario. Slovak females reported a low frequency of wearing high heels (45% once per month, 38% never) in everyday life. Females with a lower body height and high self-perceived attractiveness reported more frequent use of high heels than others. Sociosexuality and involvement in a romantic relationship did not predict the wearing of high heels. When females imagined an interaction with an attractive male, preferences for high heels steeply increased compared with a scenario with an unattractive male. Females with a low body height use high heels in all probability to visually elongate their leg length in order to increase their physical attractiveness. High heels seem to be a form of sexual signalling by females in intersexual interactions.