Use Of Gun Research Articles

Розробка способу дистанційної доставки вогнегасних речовин у гантелеподібному контейнері

A geometric model of a new method of delivering extinguishing agents to the fire zone is proposed. The delivery idea is based on a mechanical throwing operation. For this, the substance is placed in a hard shell - a special container. After being delivered to the fire site by means of the launching device, the container must collapse and release a substance that will contribute to extinguishing the fire. New in the proposed method of delivery is the use of two weights spaced at a certain distance, connected by a rod. This modernization made it possible to abandon the traditional cylindrical containers and the use of air guns as launching devices. After all, the disadvantage of the "cannon" fire extinguishing technology lies in the difficulty of imparting axial rotation to the cylindrical container to ensure the stability of its movement. In the proposed method of delivery, the initiation of the movement of the dumbbell-container is carried out using a special launching device. It provides the simultaneous action of two explosive impulses directed at the centers of mass of each dumbbell weight in a pre-calculated manner. As a result of the start, the dumbbell acquires a rotational-translational movement in the vertical plane. To describe the dynamics of the dumbbell movement, a Lagrangian was determined, and a system of Lagrange differential equations of the second kind was compiled and solved. Examples of modeling the trajectories of the centers of mass of the dumbbell weights in the vertical plane are given. The main advantages of the new method include the possibility of separate delivery of extinguishing agents to the fire zone. Since there are substances for which the fire extinguishing effect is significantly increased as a result of their mixing directly in the combustion zone. Therefore, it is advisable to use the proposed delivery method as the basis for a new fire extinguishing technology

Taking crime guns seriously: A socio-material perspective

This article argues that guns, as objects used in and for crime, have received insufficient criminological attention. It proposes a socio-material perspective for taking crime guns seriously as material agents in the ways many serious crimes are planned and executed. Drawing in part upon affordance theory, the perspective links the ‘objective’ physical properties of guns to their allure and take up for the purposes of carrying out crime. Guns are powerful organising objects in the commission of crime, it is argued, capable of provoking as well as enabling a range of threatening and harmful activities. The perspective is developed drawing upon interview data from a large qualitative study of convicted gun criminals. These data enable the notion of materiality to be considered at different stages of criminal career, particularly prior to first criminal gun use through to enforced or voluntary desistance. The article concludes with a consideration of policy options suggested by the socio-material perspective. In a post-Covid 19 world in which guns have gained greater salience in many countries, it is argued that the need to ‘dematerialise’ gun attraction and use has never been greater.

Private Arms and Civil Unrest: Lessons from the Black Freedom Movement

The turmoil of 2020 amplifies the American conversation about the utility and legitimacy of firearms during periods of civil unrest. This article engages that conversation through the lens of the Black American experience. The principles drawn from this treatment help frame a sphere of legitimate gun use during periods of civil unrest and underscore the enduring importance of firearms as a resource for individuals whom the state cannot protect. These principles emerge from a considered philosophy and practice of arms developed by a people who have a long history of confronting violent threats that the state has been unable or unwilling to stop.

Phase Measurements of a 140-GHz Confocal Gyro-Amplifier.

The phase stability of a 140GHz, 1kW pulsed gyro-amplifier system and the phase dependence on the cathode voltage were experimentally measured. To optimize the measurement precision, the amplifier was operated at 47 kV and 1 A, where the output power was ∼ 30W. The phase was determined to be stable both pulse-to-pulse and during each pulse, so far as the cathode voltage and electron beam current are constant. The phase variation with voltage was measured and found to be 130±30°/kV, in excellent agreement with simulations. The electron gun used in this device is non-adiabatic, resulting in a steep slope of the beam pitch factor with respect to cathode voltage. This was discovered to be the dominant factor in the phase dependence on voltage. The use of an adiabatic electron gun is predicted to yield a significantly smaller phase sensitivity to voltage, and thus a more phase-stable performance. To our knowledge, these are the first phase measurements reported for a gyro-amplifier operating at a frequency above W-band.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF USE OF ELECTROSHOCK WEAPON

Currently, the use of firearms and special devices by law enforcement agencies in civilised democracies is strictly determined in accordance with the current legislation on the use of firearms and special devices. Their illegitimate or unauthorised application causes censure and sparks public outcry. Nevertheless, sometimes situations arise in which it is difficult and problematic for a law enforcement officer to make the right decision on the use of firearms, physical force, special devices and military working dogs. At the moment, the officers of the Latvian Border Guard are often simply unable to resist the illegal actions of offenders, since the current legislation is not always capable of justifying the lawful actions of the border guard. Also, sometimes the specific character of duty performance (a large crowd of people, the proximity of the state border) makes it impossible to use firearms. At the same time, the lack of regular training on the practical use of special devices (stack, handcuffs and others) significantly reduces the chances of their successful use by the Latvian Border Guard officers. Bearing and using electroshock weapons, and specifically stun guns of the TASER type, will significantly increase the level of security of the Latvian Border Guard staff, and will also allow the use of stun guns to ensure public order without risk to others and with minimal risk to the offender. The stun guns will allow you to blur the lines between physical abilities and the degree of physical fitness of the border guard and the offender, as a result of which a fragile girl - border guard can easily neutralise a raging athlete who is trying to disrupt public order and border control order with minimal harm.

Firearms and violence in American life—50 years later

AbstractThis article identifies the two key issues in the Firearms and Violence Task Force of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence and briefly describes research and policy findings on these questions in the half century since the the report was published. The key issues were the impact of weapon dangerousness on the death rate from violence assault and the positive linkage between increases in civilian gun ownership and increasing use of guns in violence.

Development of effective methods and means of normalizing the atmosphere of working zones of open-cast mines

The search for technical solutions for effective air exchange in the space of deep open-cast mines. Since intensive air exchange is necessary to remove and disperse harmful impurities from the open-cast mines, improvement can be achieved mainly by intensifying natural air exchange based on phase transformations of liquids in the lower atmosphere of the working zones of the open-cast mines by creating a positive or negative temperature gradient. New technical solutions are considered that provide support for the sanitary-hygienic parameters of the atmosphere of the deep open-cast mines at the normative level. The formation of an ascending gas stream by a cascade explosion of a fuel-air mixture has the greatest efficiency. The proposed method allows for the implementation of a pulsed ventilation mode with a power of the outgoing air flow of more than 1010 W with a blasting fuel mass of 30 tons. It has been established by analytical and experimental studies that it is advisable to use pulsed fine irrigation systems to intensify air exchange in a deep open-cast mines, using the double effect, ventilating gaseous working zones and cleaning them from harmful substances with the help of a fine aerosol freely floating in space. It is also advisable to use such facilities to reduce peak loads on emissions of harmful substances from the open-cast mines into the environment and to normalize the composition of the atmosphere of the deep open-cast mines. Significant peak emissions of harmful impurities in open-cast mines include mass explosions and situations involving the creation of internal inversion zones. In a computational experiment, there are two water guns: big gun (the water jet range is 200 m, water volume per one cycle is 1000 dm3) and small gun(the water jet range is 100 m, water volume per one cycle is 200 dm3). The results of the experiment indicate greater efficiency in the use of a large water gun for airing the lower horizons of the deep open-cast mines. The use of pulsed fine irrigation systems will allow for carrying out internal technological work at a depth of more than 500 meters using a motorized ore delivery system to transfer points of cyclic-flow technology.

What Do CDC’s Surveys Say About the Prevalence of Defensive Gun Use?

In 1996, 1997, and 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted large-scale surveys asking about defensive gun use (DGU) in four to seven states. Analysis of the raw data allows the estimation of the prevalence of DGU for those areas. Data pertaining to the same sets of states from the 1993 National Self-Defense Survey (Kleck & Gertz, 1995) allow these results to be extrapolated to the U.S. as a whole. Possible sources of error in surveys of DGU are reviewed, and the results of previous surveys compared. CDC’s survey data confirm previous high estimates of DGU prevalence, disconfirm very low estimates derived from the National Crime Victimization Survey, and indicate that defensive uses of guns by crime victims are far more common than offensive uses by criminal offenders.

The Influence of Structural Characteristics and Street Codes on Violent Female Offenders: A Decade After Anderson’s Initial Observations

A large number of studies have examined predictors of female crime quantities yet considerably less attention has been directed toward exploring patterns in the nature or quality of female violence within and across communities. Although research consistently demonstrates that females engage in less criminal behavior than males, research on the variability across contexts is somewhat sparse. The authors conduct analyses to determine if Anderson's initial observations of female violence in neighborhoods inundated with the code of the streets persist a decade after his initial ethnographic account. Specifically, we examine incident-level data from the National Incident Based Reporting System with contextual-level data on the cities in which the incidents occurred. We use hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling techniques to explore variations in predictors of offender gun use and extent of victim injury in violent female encounters. Supporting Anderson's initial accounts for street females and prior research we find the probability of gun usage and level of victim injury is not significantly influenced by differences in community context, and specifically not exacerbated by the types of conditions that make the code of the street locally salient.

Guns and Gang Spaces in South Africa

The gun is not just an object and or a weapon; it has particular, deep relations with those who carry and possess it. The gun is embedded in the mentality of the man who uses it. Once gun life is inculcated in the mind, it is difficult to leave it behind. In post-apartheid South Africa, gangs and the use of guns have continued unabated. Despite this continued relationship between gangs and guns, studies have skirted around the ways in which guns are experienced and embodied in a context which is imbued with violence. Guns define the gang members who carry them in their everyday lives, as well as the spaces in which gangs operate. Importantly, understanding the spaces of gangs, such as the streets, is critical to understanding the ways in which they help gangs to forge a particular relationship with guns. This article is based on an ethnography of the black township Gugulethu in Cape Town, South Africa.

The Meaning of Guns to Gun Owners in the U.S.: The 2019 National Lawful Use of Guns Survey

A better understanding of the lawful use of guns and the symbolic meaning of guns to gun owners is essential to bridge the divide in public opinion regarding policies to reduce gun violence in the U.S. A national, prerecruited Internet panel of U.S. adults in 2019 was used to survey gun owners (n=2,086) to ascertain their gun-related attitudes and practices. Data were analyzed in 2020. The primary reason given for owning a gun was defense (59.4%), followed by recreation (26.8%). A minority of the gun owners in the sample (22.9%) reported taking part in any gun-related activity more than rarely. The proportion of respondents who agreed that guns are an important part of their identity was just 10.0%. The majority of the gun owners viewed gun control advocates as wanting to take away all guns (58.5%). Nearly 70% of gun owners reported that a reason for their reluctance to engage in gun violence prevention was that they feel alienated because they perceive gun control advocates as blaming them for the gun violence problem, not understanding gun ownership, and not understanding much about guns. For most of the gun owners, gun ownership plays a practical role as a method of self-protection and has a symbolic association with freedom. Public health practitioners must develop novel communication strategies that avoid alienating gun owners by creating a perception that the ultimate aim is to take their guns away.

Heard Shots – Call the Police? An Examination of Citizen Responses To Gunfire

Many crimes go unreported, making the true scope of crime unknown, and criminal justice reform based on potentially limited data. An acoustic gunfire detection system (AGDS) broadens the data available and provides a unique picture of gun use and violence in communities, separate from crime reported by victims. Using data from an AGDS in the City of St. Louis, this study models variation in community rates of calls to the police for gunshots detected. The results provide new insights into the prevalence of gunfire in a high crime community. We find that community residents are more likely to call the police when the incident was a homicide, and communities with a higher proportion of Black residents are less likely to call 911, net of community disadvantage and violent crime. Policies that encourage community building and improved access to the police and technology are discussed.

The Curvilinear Association Between Posttraumatic Distress and Posttraumatic Growth Among Pellet Gun Victims: The Moderating Roles of Time Since Trauma and Age.

Since 2010, the use of pellet guns in Indian-administered Kashmir has led to serious physical and psychological consequences among a growing number of victims. However, no research to date has examined the association between posttraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG) within this population. Previous research conducted on other types of trauma exposure has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the nature and directionality of this association; namely, whether it is linear or curvilinear. Moreover, this inconsistency may also be due to the effects of other variables, such as time since trauma and age. In the present study, we investigated whether the association between posttraumatic distress and PTG among pellet gun victims is best explained as linear or curvilinear and tested whether this association was moderated by time since trauma and/or age. Using purposive sampling, 120 pellet gun victims were recruited from Indian-administered Kashmir. The results of quadratic hierarchical regression suggested that an inverted U-shaped curvilinear association, sr2 = 0.07 (medium effect), was a better fit over and above a linear term, sr2 = 0.06 - 0.08 (medium effect). The moderation test further revealed that this effect was present across time but became apparent, as an inverted U-shape, 18 to 24 months posttrauma, sr2 = 0.04 (small effect); age, however, was not found to influence this association. These findings held even after controlling for the effects of confounding variables. The present findings suggest that across time, moderate levels of posttraumatic distress are associated with the highest levels of PTG.

College in the Crosshairs: A Book Review

Violence has existed on college campuses throughout the history of higher education in America. In the Colonial Era of higher education, tension between faculty and students often led to riots and revolts led by disgruntled students (Thelin, 2011). During the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Era, demonstrations on campuses were occasionally met by violent overreactions of law enforcement (Cohen and Kisker, 2010). In recent decades, violence on college campuses has been marked by the use of guns, leading to casualties, like in the tragic case of the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007. College in the Crosshairs: An Administrative Perspective on Prevention of Gun Violence examines gun violence on campus and seeks to provide suggestions to limit such violence. In the following sections, I will summarize the contents and argument of the book, and provide an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses.

Defensive Gun Use (DGU) in the American Gun Debate

These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for ASEJ Scientific Journal. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 2003 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The format of this paper is a letter size, one column text, with 20 mm top and bottom margins and 16,5 mm left and right margins. Do not cite references in the abstract. The abstract should be self-contained and should not exceed 200 words. Follow the style of structured abstracts, but without headings. It should contain main items: place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study, briefly describe main methods or treatments applied in the paper, summarize the paper's main findings; indicate the main conclusions or interpretations with the proviso that it cannot contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the text.

Callous-Unemotional Traits and Risk of Gun Carrying and Use During Crime.

With the addition of the "with limited prosocial emotions" specifier within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (DSM-5) and of conduct-dissocial disorder (ICD-11) to designate those with elevated callous-unemotional traits, the authors examined the role that callous-unemotional traits play in the risk for gun carrying and gun use during a crime in a sample at high risk for gun violence. Male juvenile offenders (N=1,215) from three regions of the United States were assessed after their first arrest and then reassessed every 6 months for 36 months and again at 48 months. Callous-unemotional traits and peer gun carrying and ownership were measured via self-report after the first arrest (i.e., baseline). Gun carrying and use of a gun during a crime were self-reported at all follow-up points. Callous-unemotional traits at baseline increased the frequency of gun carrying and the likelihood of using a gun during a crime across the subsequent 4 years after accounting for other risk factors. Furthermore, callous-unemotional traits moderated the relationship between peer gun carrying and ownership and participant gun carrying, such that only participants low on callous-unemotional traits demonstrated increased gun carrying as a function of their peers' gun carrying and ownership. This study demonstrates the importance of considering callous-unemotional traits in gun violence research both because callous-unemotional traits increase gun carrying and use in adolescents and because the traits may moderate other key risk factors. Notably, the influence of peer gun carrying and ownership may have been underestimated in past research for the majority of adolescents by not considering the moderating influence of callous-unemotional traits.

Smoking Gun? Linking Gun Ownership to Crime Victimization and Neighborhood Crime

Using linked individual data on concealed handgun permits (CHP), reported crimes and arrests, I examine the dynamics of gun-ownership, victimization and neighborhood crime. I estimate the impact of guns on crime through a shift-share instrument based on spikes in gun sales after high-profile events that impact beliefs about future gun rights and existing variation in a neighborhood's share of likely future gun-owners (republicans). Results show a 5.9% increase in neighborhood crime for each additional CHP issued with gun-related crimes suggesting a role for guns stolen and moved to the illegal gun market, and increased use of guns for violent crimes.

Towards the investigation of shooting incidents: evaluation of fracture pattern on polymethylmethacrylate sheet made by .22″ and .177″caliber air rifle

Scientific examination of the physical evidence provides significant information beyond a reasonable doubt. Due to the increasing use of the glassy polymer i.e. polymethylmethacrylate instead of glass, the probability of the occurrence of the fractured polymethylmethacrylate sheet in a shooting incident cannot be ignored. Analysis of fracture pattern offers several analytical approaches that assist the forensic investigator. The use of air guns in criminal activities is increasing as well as these weapons have found to be fatal for living beings. This study was conducted to evaluate the fracture pattern on the polymethylmethacrylate by using an air rifle. The fracture pattern formed on polymethylmethacrylate sheets by the air guns shows some specific characteristics that may help to reconstruct the crime scene. The polymethylmethacrylate sheets were test-fired with Spring-Piston air rifles of .22″ (5.5 mm) and .177″ (4.5 mm). Data obtained from the measurements were then statistically analysed with the Chi-Square test. A consistency in hole diameter was observed. Analysis of fracture patterns may provide a lead to the investigator and may help to reconstruct a shooting incident. It can also distinguish between the standard firearm and air gun. The fracture on polymethylmethacrylate sheets gave significant findings that may efficaciously contribute to the forensic investigation of shooting incidences.

Introduction

This introduction examines gun culture in the United States and argues that it is a product of the longstanding practices of settler colonialism, anti-Blackness, and misogyny that have shaped life in the United States. Invoking an anthropological definition of culture, it argues that gun violence is a central facet of US political and social life and that performances of gun use and ownership, particularly when enacted by white men, embody a kind of “racial sovereignty,” or a violent limitation of the practical applicability of citizenship to those who promulgate whiteness, maleness, and violence as primary markers of full belonging in the civic community.

Cranial falling bullet injuries, a series of 30 cases in Iraq

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of cranial falling bullet injuries and raise awareness about them. We studied the clinical and radiological findings, and their relation to the treatment and outcome. There are limited studies in this field.Materials and methods: Thirty patients, (aged 8–55 years) with cranial falling bullet injury were included in this study. They were followed during their hospitalization and up to 6 months thereafter. Post-resuscitation clinical findings, unenhanced brain CT scan findings, treatment and outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale) were studied.Results: Male to female ratio was (1.73:1). Median age of all patients was: 17.5 years. 20(66.7%) patients had a GCS of 13–15, 3(10%) had 9–12, 2(6.7%) had 6–8, and 5(16.6%) had 3–5 at presentation. 23(76.7%) patients had normal pupillary reaction and symmetry whereas 7(23.3%) had poor reaction and/or asymmetry. On CT scan, 13 had a unilobar injury, six had multilobar or bihemispheric injuries, 10 had a bullet through the deep midline structures of the brain, seven had transventricular with IVH, four had SAH, none had large intracranial hematomas. All patients received medical treatment. Local wound care and/or extraction of extracranial subgaleal bullets were performed in 24 patients (80%). More extensive surgery was performed in six patients (20%). There was significant correlation (using Correlation Coefficient) between GCS, pupillary reaction/symmetry and CT imaging findings with the patient outcome. Low GCS, poor pupillary reaction and/or asymmetry, CT findings of central area injury, transventricular, IVH, or multilobar injury were associated with poor outcome.Conclusions: Cranial falling bullet injuries are uncommon, but they can cause significant morbidity and mortality. More studies are needed to document the impact of these injuries and to raise awareness among the society to support the efforts aiming at controlling the irrational use of guns in different countries of the world.