Use Of Greenery Research Articles

Kuća K na Senjaku - autori projekta: Studio OBE

The paper will consider the design and conceptual decisions related to the design of Villa K in Senjak. The initial task was to design a single-family villa with all of the accompanying contents. The villa acquired specific features in relation to the project task, and is a contemporary interpretation of the various postulates of the modernist heritage, with a free plan, a roof terrace and a dominant spatial continuity between the interior and the exterior. Also considered here will be its dynamic, diverse and historical context. Special attention will be focused on the specific relationship between the exterior and interior, i.e. the simultaneous development of a concept involving an introverted approach to the street and an extroverted approach to the yard, that is, the south side. In this sense, particular attention will be given to the urban concept, but also to the functional organization and arrangement of the contents, architectural form and composition, as well as aspects of energy efficiency and construction. Subtle interventions on the villa's volumes and wall surfaces will also be analyzed, as well as specific perceptual transformations and ways of perceiving the architecture. In addition, the paper will give special attention to interventions in the interior, which are an inseparable part of the architectural concept. Thus, the interior arrangement is guided by the idea of providing maximum comfort to the users, followed by the design of certain elements in the space. Each of these aspects will clarify more deeply the main conceptual determinants, the positioning of the building on the plot, and the use of greenery in the exterior and interior, as well as other questions from the project determining the shape of the villa.

Architectural Mitigating Strategies for Air Pollution in the Built Environment

Air pollution and air pollutants effect on humans and the atmosphere in general, is now an issue of great concern to researchers globally. Consequently, efficient mitigating strategies need to be introduced for the sake of the environment and most importantly human health. To this effect, this study aims to investigate possible ways through which architecture can help curb air pollution and air pollutants in the atmosphere through innovative architectural design strategies and controlled construction practices, with specific guidelines on how to achieve these strategies. The study in the quest to achieve the above aim employed the literature review research design, with particular reference to works of literature that dwelt on innovative and sustainable design strategies within the built environment. Evidence in literature reveals that air pollution is one of the major issues faced by man due to high level of industrialization and lots of other human activities, with a majority of the research dwelling on how pollutants are being generated but just a few studies dealt on how architectural and construction practices contribute to air pollution and the possible ways to reduce the effect of air pollution and air pollutant to the atmosphere through innovative design strategies, which is where this study plays a major role in filling that gap. The research finding from this study ascertained that all stages of building development projects from the inception of the project to its deconstruction release pollutants into the atmosphere. It concludes that the most effective way of controlling air pollution within the built environment is through the use of greenery (bio facade) and adopting a sustainable design system. The study will help inform government environmental agencies, architects, urban planners, builders, and all other stakeholders in the built environment on sustainable ways to tackle air pollution in the urban areas, most especially where there is no luxury of land for the planting of trees and vegetation.

The Greenery of Early Modernist Housing Estates: The 1919–1927 Wałbrzych Agglomeration

Using the Wałbrzych agglomeration housing estates—once the most important mining and industrial region in Lower Silesia—as an example, this article illustrates the specific significance of the design of green spaces, including urban layouts, and the issue of protecting unique trees and green spaces in the concepts of estates from the early modernism period after the First World War in the years 1919–1927. This article tries to deepen the knowledge on the origins of the design solutions of public and private greenery systems while considering natural, landscape, and social needs. This study complements the information gathered so far in the field of forming green areas in modernist housing estates and highlights the importance of this issue in complex urban design. The Wałbrzych housing settlements are crucial because they were among the first of their kind, not only in Lower Silesia but also in the whole of the Weimar Republic. Based on literature and source studies, it was possible to reconstruct design ideas concerning the composition of green areas in most housing estates in the discussed area. The most interesting ones were presented and broken down into the landscape-related and functional aspects of the use of greenery in housing estates. This made it possible to select specific solutions applied by designers in order to indicate sources of inspiration and theoretically developed rules which then and now seem to be extremely adequate.

Bioclimatic Architecture and Urban Morphology. Studies on Intermediate Urban Open Spaces

This paper deals with the interactions between biophysical and microclimatic factors on the one hand with, on the other, the urban morphology of intermediate urban open spaces, the relationship between environmental and bioclimatic thermal comfort, and the implementation of innovative materials and the use of greenery, aimed at the users’ well-being. In particular, the thermal comfort of the open spaces of the consolidated fabrics of the city of Rome is studied, by carrying out simulations of cooling strategies relating to two scenarios applied to Piazza Bainsizza. The first scenario involves the use of cool materials for roofs, cladding surfaces, and pavement, while the second scenario, in addition to the cool materials employed in the first scenario, also includes the use of greenery and permeable green surfaces. The research was performed using summer and winter microclimatic simulations of the CFD (ENVI-met v. 3.1) type, in order to determine the different influences of the materials with cold colors, trees, and vegetated surfaces on the thermal comfort of the urban morphology itself. Meanwhile, the comfort assessment was determined through the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) calculated with the RayMan program. The first scenario, with the use of cool materials, improves summer conditions and reduces the urban heat island effect but does not eliminate thermal discomfort due to the lack of shaded surfaces and vegetation. The second scenario, where material renovations is matched with vegetation improvements, has a slightly bad effect on winter conditions but drastically ameliorates the summer situation, both for direct users and, thanks to the strong reduction of the urban heat island effect, to urban inhabitants as a whole.

Formation of a Knowledge base in the Field of Patenting Technologies and Equipment for Involvement in the Processing and use of Woody Greenery in Industry, Agriculture and in the Social Sphere

In recent years, the results of intellectual activity - numerous technological and technical solutions - have been patented for the basic operations of the forestry complex. Insufficient attention is paid to the formation of knowledge bases in the field of technologies and equipment for involving non-timber forest resources in the processing. The formation of databases in this area is caused by the identified trends in the development of products from various types of natural raw materials for the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic industries and other spheres of the social sphere and the economy. Among the types of natural raw materials, an important place is occupied by raw materials with a wide range of biological effects, including woody greens. The development of a knowledge base in the field of involving tree greenery in various spheres of the social sphere and economy was carried out on the basis of a systematic patent search. The analysis made it possible to form a knowledge base about the main most characteristic technological and technical solutions patented in Russia in the field of harvesting, processing and use of greenery of tree species growing in Russia in industry, agriculture and in the social sphere. These solutions are classified according to the types of greenery used (complex of conifers, and in the context of woody greenery of fir, pine, larch, cedar and dwarf cedar, juniper, and deciduous trees). Within each class of patents in the field of wood greenery processing, patents are given taking into account the directions of their use, the effects achieved as a result of the implementation of patented solutions with the allocation of economic entities conducting patenting in the studied area. In this regard, the authors carried out research with the conduct of patent information search, collection and systematization of information. The state and tendencies of directions of patenting in the field of technologies and equipment for the use of tree greenery in industry and in the social sphere are revealed, the main goals of patenting (effects) are determined to achieve which the patented intellectual property objects are considered. The most interesting patents collected during the formation of the knowledge base are presented.

HARMONIZATION OF PUBLIC SPACES OF RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS

The article considers topical problems of forming public spaces in the city. The concept of public space is given, as well as the classification of a number of public spaces: by the type of their location in the fabric of the city and according to the level of social interaction; according to the functional purpose and style of the architectural and landscape organization. The issue of public spaces is considered. Examples of different types of residential courtyards of cities in Western Europe are given, as well as the relevance of residential courtyard space in the system of a wide range of public urban spaces is emphasized. The question of the urgency of the development of adjacent spaces is raised, and also ways of their organization are considered. The problem of an integrated approach to the organization of adjacent spaces is raised. The means of forming an individual non-traditional process due to the use of natural and artificial materials for the design of the yard are given; creation of green modules from ground cover plants, flowers, and shrubs; change in the character of the relief with the formation of hills, slopes, waves, including various types of vegetation; overcoming stereotypical approaches to choosing the type of plantings of trees, shrubs and flower beds, offering three-dimensional solutions with the use of greenery and more. To assess the visual qualities of the environment of open spaces within the residential area, it is proposed to use indicators that are able to store their qualitative and quantitative сharacteristics: parameters of space, parameters of visual perception. As a result of this study, recommendations were developed for the formation of the design project of the yard space in the existing building. Ways to improve the quality of yards are formulated. Keywords: urban environment, yard, playground, yard space, comfortable environment.

The Effects of Green Roofs on Outdoor Thermal Comfort, Urban Heat Island Mitigation and Energy Savings

There is growing attention to the use of greenery in urban areas, in various forms and functions, as an instrument to reduce the impact of human activities on the urban environment. The aim of this study has been to investigate the use of green roofs as a strategy to reduce the urban heat island effect and to improve the thermal comfort of indoor and outdoor environments. The effects of the built-up environment, the presence of vegetation and green roofs, and the urban morphology of the city of Turin (Italy) have been assessed considering the land surface temperature distribution. This analysis has considered all the information recorded by the local weather stations and satellite images, and compares it with the geometrical and typological characteristics of the city in order to find correlations that confirm that greenery and vegetation improve the livability of an urban context. The results demonstrate that the land-surface temperature, and therefore the air temperature, tend to decrease as the green areas increase. This trend depends on the type of urban context. Based on the results of a green-roofs investigation of Turin, the existing and potential green roofs are respectively almost 300 (257,380 m2) and 15,450 (6,787,929 m2). Based on potential assessment, a strategy of priority was established according to the characteristics of building, to the presence of empty spaces, and to the identification of critical areas, in which the thermal comfort conditions are poor with low vegetation. This approach can be useful to help stakeholders, urban planners, and policy makers to effectively mitigate the urban heat island (UHI), improve the livability of the city, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and gain thermal comfort conditions, and to identify policies and incentives to promote green roofs.

Potential of using greenery to reduce overheating of buildings in Polish climate conditions

The issue of overheating the buildings gives great opportunities for the use of greenery, that can affect the amount of passive solar gains through the glazed parts of façades. Restricting the access of the sunlight to the façades helps to reduce the energy usage for the cooling purposes, but, on the other hand, may cause reduction of solar gains in winter. The aim of the research is to determine the potential of using greenery to reduce energy demand of buildings by achieving the optimal balance between solar energy gains and losses in polish climate conditions.

Green-blue Infrastructure in Multi-storey Residential Area

Multi-storey residential areas in Latvia and their living outdoor space built in the 21st century form inadequate conditions in some of the investigated areas in the relation to the modern development trends in context of Scandinavian countries. The present research analysed the blue-green infrastructure by means of the selected criteria which determine the nature of the living outdoor space and its potential for use. The theoretical assumptions of blue-green infrastructure in the context of the Scandinavian countries were examined, and functional design of residential block of flats, use of greenery, water resource potential, socio-economic aspects, environmental accessibility solutions, transport areas and visual aesthetic quality indicators were analysed. The authors compared and analysed 27 living outdoor spaces in the multi-storey residential areas in Rīga, Mārupe, Baloži, Jūrmala and Ozolnieki. The results are obtained from the analysis of the designed matrix for the research purposes on the basis of the previously examined areas in Copenhagen and Roskilde (Denmark), Oslo and Arendal (Norway), Stockholm and Malmö (Sweden) in the time period from 2011 – 2018 and the investigated residential blocks of flats in Rīga, Mārupe, Baloži, Jūrmala and Ozolnieki. The research results characterize not only the diversity of the current situation regarding the blue-green infrastructure, but also the inadequate conditions of outdoor living space in some areas.

Revitalization Proposals for Green Interior Courtyards in the Historical Centre of Timisoara

The historic district “Cetate” is the greenest district of Timisoara, with a 52% coverage of green areas, due to the presence of parks and green banks of the Bega River. The “City of roses” or “Little Vienna”, as Timisoara is known locally, has gotten its names from the abundancy of greenery and flowers that used to embellish the urban landscape, private gardens and parks, as an important part of the urban identity. Nowadays, along with the constant development of the infrastructure and retrofitting projects proposed by the municipality, there is a constant deteriorating situation of the overall vegetation ratio as well as a lack of maintenance on individual plots. Consequently, mineral and non-permeable surfaces, which are easier to maintain, dominate pedestrian areas and interior courtyards, detrimental to the presence of urban vegetation. Beginning with the study of the main advantages of greenery in the built fabric near daily activities, the paper emphasizes urban, social and architectural aspects as well as building and human health, using selected design criteria inspired by Active Design and Biophilic Design, both concepts that aim to bring people closer to the natural environment. The selected French case studies aim to show examples of good practice and helped us furthermore develop the investigation. The second step was the on-site analysis of several interior courtyards highlighting their weaknesses and potential to develop for a better social and functional connection. Courtyards with a problematic state concerning the presence and use of greenery were the ones that inspired us to proceed to the presented proposals. The methodology was based on the analysis of Timisoara’s local masterplan for the identification of new developmental directions and the potential of our proposals to align with these and enhance connections between city life and nature. The Green Space Factor served as an actual validation for the quantity and quality of existing and projected vegetation. Four different situations were chosen for development and further study and helped draw conclusions on the greening potential of interior courtyards in central neighbourhoods, as well as the most advantageous vegetative systems for the various types of spaces.

On the energy impact of urban heat island in Sydney: Climate and energy potential of mitigation technologies

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon resulting in the increase of ambient temperature in dense areas of cities in comparison with rural areas. UHI has been demonstrated to be relevant in the Sydney metropolitan area, with a peak intensity of up to 6 °C. This has the consequence of increasing of up to three times the cooling demand of buildings. With the general aim of mitigating the effects of UHI in Sydney, several strategies, involving the use of outdoor surfaces with high Solar Reflectance and the use of greenery on outdoor surfaces at ground level and on roofs have been implemented and tested. Moreover, the benefits due to the adoption of mitigation technologies, in terms of reducing both UHI intensity and building cooling demand have been predicted. Results have shown that solutions involving the increase of the global albedo of the city demonstrate the highest benefits, achieving a reduction of peak ambient temperature of up to 3 °C and of peak cooling demand of residential buildings of up to 20%.

Protection of Landscape Values of Historical Post Military Objects - Complexes in Spatial, Urban and Architectural Planning of Polish Cities

Within the borders of modern Poland there are numerous barracks units erected at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries by the invaders from Russia, Austria and Prussia. Former barracks are a clear element of the history of the place. Historical complexes have a strong influence on the urban landscape and on building their former and contemporary identity. The analysis of functional and landscape absorption of postmodern complexes allows for their adaptation and modern use without limiting the readability of historical values. For this reason, their landscape should be protected comprehensively within the scope of subsequent exposure scales. The aim of the work is to justify the conditions of comprehensive protection of the fortified landscape of the former barracks of the former Russian partition in the landscape of contemporary Polish cities. The article contains a review of the literature on the protection, supplement and access to fortified buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in contemporary Poland. A review of current research conducted at various academic centres in Poland, concerning the exposition of fortified buildings in the landscape, is presented. Particular attention was paid to the scales and forms of exposition, proposed for the fortifications and barracks. The paper presents justification for the protection of barracks complexes from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the landscape of Polish cities of the former Russian partition area. Protection of the landscape was proposed in the following scales: superregional, landscape (panorama of the centre), urban (urban structure of the complex in the context of the urban space), architectural and landscape interiors of the complex (WAK) such as alleys, alarm squares, greenery) and detail (view of the building from the outside), interior of the building (characteristic interior spaces, e.g. home chapels, staircases). Taking account of exposures analysis of individual scales should result in appropriate records at all levels of planning documents to protect the fortified landscape of the historic barracks. The article points to the use of greenery as a means to correct barracks exposures and to improve the standard of using historic complexes for new, contemporary functions.

인천시에서 토지이용이 도시 열 환경에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 도시 토지이용과 열 환경의 관계를 파악하기 위하여, 인천시에서 토지이용이 다른 곳에서 기온을 측정하였고, 지난 40년간 토지이용과 기온의 변화를 파악하였으며, 위성영상 자료를 이용하여 토지이용과 온도의 관계에 대하여 연구하였다. 2014년 8월 19일부터 21일까지 산림지, 경작지 (논), 나지 (운동장), 시가화지 (아스팔트 도로)에서 온도를 측정한 결과에서 시가화지역이 가장 기온이 높았고 산림지가 가장 낮았다. 인천시에서 1975년부터 2014년까지 40년간 기온은 약 <TEX>$1.4^{\circ}C$</TEX> (<TEX>$0.035^{\circ}C$</TEX>/년)이 상승하였다. 지난 40년간 인천시의 토지이용 유형에서 시가화건조지, 나지, 초지가 증가하였고 경작지, 습지, 산림지가 감소하였다. Landsat 위성영상을 이용하여 추출한 지표면 온도 (LST)와 정규식생지수 (NDVI), 정규시가지화지수 (NDBI) 간에 상관관계를 보였다. 지표면 온도는 NDVI가 높은 곳에서 지면온도가 낮았고, NDBI가 높은 곳에서 지면 온도가 높았다. 따라서 도시의 열섬효과를 완화하고 열 환경을 개선하기 위해서는 녹지, 습지, 농경지의 토지이용을 보전하고 복원하는 것이 중요하다고 판단된다. To identify the relationship between land use and thermal environment in an urban area, the air temperature was measured at different places of land use, and the changes of land use and air temperature were traced for 40 years in Incheon City. The relationship between land use and temperature was also investigated using satellite image data. The results of temperature measurements on a forest, a cropland (rice paddy), a bareland (school ground), and an urban area (asphalt road) from 19 to 21 August 2014 showed that air temperature was the highest on a pavement road. The temperature increased by about <TEX>$1.4^{\circ}C$</TEX> (<TEX>$0.035^{\circ}C/year$</TEX>) for 40 years from 1975 to 2014 in Incheon. The changes in land use patterns of Incheon for the past 40 years showed that urban dry land, bareland and grassland have increased and cultivated land, wetland and forest land have decreased gradually. The land surface temperature (LST) was correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) extracted from Landsat satellite image. The land surface temperature was lower at higher NDVI, and higher at higher NDBI. Therefore, it is important to conserve and restore the land use of greenery, wetlands, and agricultural land in order to mitigate the heat island effect and improve the thermal environment in an urban area.

Facade Greening: A Way to Attain Sustainable Built Environment

In urban areas today, natural vegetation are been replaced with concrete pavements, buildings and other structures, which bring with it several consequences such as; noticeable increase in the amount of energy used in heating and cooling buildings which led to urban heat island (UHI) effect, degrading of air quality, increasing the amount of hard surfaces in cities which led to rise in temperature and also increase the volume of storm water collected. The technology of integration of plants on building façade became a trend in the last decade. This paper outlined different types of green façade and their benefits to the built environment. The paper through review of related literature is aimed at discussing how façade greening positively affect the built environment through the moderation of air quality; mitigate urban heat stress through transpiration cooling and shading. The paper also shows that façade greening will help in attaining a healthier living and a pollution free work place in the urban areas and any other place. The research concluded that the use of greenery on building façade provides a way to attaining a sustainable built environment.

Process of Decision Making on Planning, Design, Preservation and Use of Greenery in Public Housing Renovation Projects

Process of Decision Making on Planning, Design, Preservation and Use of Greenery in Public Housing Renovation Projects