Use Of Global Positioning System Research Articles

Where's That Dolphin?

Scientific research is interdisciplinary and often incorporates math, technology, and geography. Mapmaking and the use of global positioning system (GPS) technology, for example, are vital parts of many research endeavors that allow us to visualize patterns that might otherwise go unnoticed. Researchers frequently use these technologies to plot the locations of organisms or events. This helps them learn about habitat preferences and behaviors of certain animals. Our own research in Savannah, Georgia, uses handheld GPS devices to record the sightings of bottlenose dolphins. We then compile this information on a map, which provides us with clues about environmental or human factors affecting the dolphins' behavior or habitat. This article describes an activity in which students examine spatial data from five pairs of dolphins in our study and then form hypotheses about the spatial patterns they observe. In the process, they learn not only about the ecology of bottlenose dolphins but also that scientific research is interdisciplinary and can involve subjects such as math and geography. The activity is geared toward high school biology or environmental science classes but can be modified for other grade levels. It addresses numerous science education standards (see Figure 1, p. 26). FIGURE 1 Relevant Next Generation of Science Standards (NGSS). HS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation Students who demonstrate understanding can: HS-LS2-2: Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy: WHST.9-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. (HS-LS2-2) Mathematics: MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (HS-LS2-2) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (HS-LS2-2) HSN-Q.A.1 Choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays. (HS-LS2-2) HSN-Q.A.2 Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling. (HS-LS2-2) ADAPTED FROM NGSS P. 92 (NGSS LEAD STATES 2013) About bottlenose dolphins Bottlenose dolphins, or Tursiops truncatus, live in ocean waters as well as tidal rivers and creeks and exhibit different feeding strategies depending on their location. In Georgia, for example, some dolphins rush up a mud bank and push fish onto the shore to eat, a process known as strand feeding (Hoese 1971). This is seen in small creeks during low tide, when mud banks are exposed (Bowen 2011). Many dolphins in the area also eat fish stirred up by fishing nets or discarded from shrimp trawlers (Kovacs 2012). Several beg for food from humans in boats (Perrtree 2011). We identify individual dolphins in our study by patterns of nicks and notches in their dorsal fins. We assign each dolphin a numerical code and sometimes a name so we can keep track of which dolphins engage in which foraging techniques. The area where the dolphins are found is the utilization area. We determine utilization area by creating a minimum convex polygon (MCP)--the smallest possible polygon that encloses all points where we have sighted dolphins, without any internal or concave angles (Figure 2, p. 27). The activity Materials To conduct this activity, students need the following: * metric rulers, * calculators, * pencils, and * colored pencils or thin markers. Methods To begin, we introduce the class to basic information about bottlenose dolphins, geographic coordinate systems, and utilization areas using a PowerPoint presentation that is available online (see On the web). …

Use of Multisource Global Positioning System Data to Characterize Multiday Driving Patterns and Fuel Usage in a Large Urban Region

The paper describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) data obtained from commercial and project-specific sources to examine the travel behavior and fuel consumption patterns of drivers over a 3-day period in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data for commercial (truck and light delivery vehicle) traffic were obtained from a commercial fleet management provider that continuously tracked the movements of 42,000 vehicles. Data for private car users came from a panel of 720 drivers, whose multiday driving activity was tracked by mobile passive GPS loggers. The driving behavior of the two driver populations was analyzed and compared in terms of the total distance traveled: spatial patterns (e.g., the amount of travel on different types of road) and temporal variations (e.g., variations between times of day and between multiple days). The detailed nature of the GPS data permitted the estimation of fuel consumption at a very disaggregate level (by link and time of day) and the identification of differences between user groups; these factors have significant implications for transport and energy policy. A new indicator, the recovery ratio, was introduced to assess the relationship between fuel use and distance traveled on different classes of road and to help identify equity distortions between user groups. The paper also discusses research needs related to the collection and integration of GPS data from multiple sources for model calibration and program evaluation.

Use of global positioning system collars to monitor spatial-temporal movements of co-grazing goats and sheep and their common guardian dog

Goats and sheep often graze together and guardian dogs are commonly used for protection from predators. The objective of this experiment was to characterise how goats, sheep and guardian dogs interact spatially when grazing the same pasture by use of global positioning system (GPS) collars as an unobtrusive means of behaviour monitoring. In 2002 and 2003, three meat goats and two sheep in a group of 12 of each species were randomly chosen and, along with a guard dog, fitted with GPS collars. Minimum distance travelled between consecutive 30-min fixes and distance between any two animals at the same fix time were calculated using spherical geometry. In 2002, the dog travelled the least between fixes during the day but more at night than either goats or sheep. However, in 2003, there was not a significant species difference in distance travelled in 24 h or during the day or night. All species travelled significantly more during day than night but none were stationary at night. Distance amongst goats and between sheep tended to be greater during day than night; distance between goats and sheep was greater than the distance amongst goats or between sheep. Hence, goats and sheep interacted as two separate entities rather than as one large herd/flock. Distance between the dog and goats was closer than between the dog and sheep, indicating a clear preference of the dog for goats that could relate to a difference in previous exposure to the two species. In summary, based on these findings protection by a guardian dog would be greater for a small group of goats than sheep and much greater than for a mixed species group. Or, with a large group of grazing animals, the number of dogs required for a certain level of protection would rank goats < sheep < mixture of goats and sheep.

Position based Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks

wireless multi-hop networks (AHWMNs) are communication networks that consist of wireless nodes, placed together in an ad hoc manner, i.e. with minimal prior planning. All nodes in the network have routing capabilities and forward data packets for other nodes in multi-hop fashion. AHWMNs pose substantially different challenges to routing protocols than more traditional wired networks. AHWMN routing protocols are classified as topology-based, position- based. Topology-based routing protocols use the information about the links that exist in the network to perform packet forwarding. Position based routing is a routing principle that relies on geographic information. Position-based routing algorithms require information about the physical position of the participating node. Commonly, each node determines its own position through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). Decisions made based on destination position and position of forwarding nodes neighbours. A location service is used by the sender of packet to determine the position of the destination and to include it in the packet destination address. The Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol is a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks. Greedy perimeter stateless routing is based on greedy packet forwarding to forward packets to nodes that always progressively closer to the destination in each step using local information. Thus, each node forwards the message to the neighbours that are most suitable from a local point of view. Greedy forwarding can lead into a dead end, way there is no neighbour closer to the destination. The algorithm recovers by routing around the perimeter of the region by keeping state only about the local topology; GPSR scales better in per- router state than shortest path and ad hoc routing protocols as the number of network destination increases. Under mobility's frequent topology changes, GPSR can use local topology information to find correct new routes quickly. In this paper performance of GPSR with the Ad hoc On demand distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is compared.

Design, Simulation, and Testing of Energy Harvesters With Magnetic Suspensions for the Generation of Electricity From Freight Train Vibrations

The constant spread of commercial trades on railways demand development of alternative diagnostic systems, which are suitable to applications without electric supply and convenient for the industrial development and diffusion, which means low cost, good reliability, and high integrability. Similarly, it is possible to install navigation and traceability systems (for instance, by the use of global positioning systems—GPS—transmitters) to control on demand the travel history of the train and even that of each coach separately. Recent studies demonstrated the possibility to generate directly onboard the electric power needed to the supply of simple diagnostic systems based on low power sensors and integrated wireless transmission modules. The design of this kind of generators is based on the idea of converting the kinetic energy of train vibration to electric energy, through appropriate energy harvesters containing electromechanical transducers dimensioned ad hoc. The goal of this work is to validate the design procedure for energy harvesters addressed to the railway field. The input vibration source of the train has been simulated through numerical modeling of the vehicle and the final harvester prototype has been tested on a scaled roller rig. The innovative configuration of magnetic suspended proof mass is introduced in the design to fit the input vibration spectra of the vehicle. From the coupled study of the harvester generator and the vehicle, the effective output power of the device is predicted by means of a combination of experimental and simulation tests. The generator demonstrated the ability to supply a basic sensing and transceiving node by converting the kinetic energy of a train vibration in normal traveling conditions. The final device package is 150 × 125 × 95 mm, and its output voltage and current are 2.5 V and 50 mA, respectively, when the freight train velocity is 80 km/h. The corresponding output power is almost 100 mW.

Evaluating home range techniques: use of Global Positioning System (GPS) collar data from chacma baboons

Global Positioning System (GPS) collars have revolutionized the field of spatial ecology, but to date, few primate studies have used them. We fitted a free-ranging, semi-habituated, juvenile male chacma baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus) with an automatic self-releasing GPS collar and tracked his movements for 359 days. The collar captured 4254 fixes out of 5719 programmed opportunities, a 74.4 % acquisition rate, suggesting that the collar effectively tracked this baboon in a variety of habitat types. Of the data points captured, 73.7 % were three-dimensional fixes, and of these fixes, 66.9 % were highly accurate, having a dilution of precision of less than four. We calculated home range using three protocols with three estimation methods: minimum convex polygon, fixed kernel-density estimation (KDE), and fixed r local convex hull. Using all data points and the 95 % contour, these methods created home range estimations ranging from 10.8 to 23.1 km(2) for this baboon troop. Our results indicate that the KDE output using all data locations most accurately represented our data set, as it created a continuous home range boundary that excluded unused areas and outlying, potentially exploratory data points while including all seven sleeping sites and a movement corridor. However, home range estimations generated from KDE varied from 15.4 to 18.8 km(2) depending on the smoothing parameter used. Our results demonstrated that the ad hoc smoothing parameter selection technique was a better method for our data set than either the least squares cross-validation or biased cross-validation techniques. Our results demonstrate the need for primatologists to develop a standardized reporting method which documents the tool, screening protocol, and smoothing parameter used in the creation of home range estimations in order to make comparisons that are meaningful.

Enabling participatory planning with GIS: a case study of settlement mapping in Cuttack, India

This paper describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to map informal settlements in Cuttack, India in ways that enhance and support residents’ participation in the data collection and planning process. Rather than relying on remote sensing to identify informal settlement locations, each settlement is visited individually by a mapping team comprised of community leaders and NGO staff. The mapping team meets with settlement residents to develop a detailed settlement profile and map the settlement boundary using a GPS device. This process has helped to open and sustain a dialogue between the residents of informal settlements and city government around “slum” upgrading, and has influenced the use of a central government fund to support local upgrading plans.

Development of a GIS for the “Celebration of Coastal Culture”

This paper aims to present some results of the project “Celebracao da Cultura Costeira” (“Celebration of Coastal Culture”) (CCC), financed by the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants and the Sines municipality. It is this project’s purpose to identify, catalogue and permanently make available on the Internet information concerning local and regional maritime-fluvial cultural heritage, thus creating a “Patrimonial” Geographic Information System (GIS) – compiling information gathered through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and in-depth interviews with local actors – to be accessible by the targeted coastal communities and the relevant political and social institutions. The conceptual broadening of this GIS into a Web-GIS platform – by means of making it accessible to the general public – is believed to have a great potential in what concerns the creation of coherent and well-organized touristic offer about the fishing communities cultural heritage thus promoting these communities social and economic development and the fulfilment of their conservational role in their coastal dwelling and fishing areas.

Study of the Effect of the Geometrical Correction of the Satellite Image on the Global Positioning System Tracking by Using Geographical Information System

The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for geometrical correction (rectification) of the satellite imagery aims to establish the relation between the image coordinate system and the GPS readout coordinate system. By using this technique, the errors existing within satellite image can be calibrated and reduced as well. This paper introduces application of Geographical Information System (GIS) and image processing software in addition to GPS for measuring the coordinates of waypoints to be as ground control points (GCPs) for the geometrical correction process of the QuickBird satellite image for the adopted study area (Mosul City). For comparison purpose, the geodetic rectification process was also done for the adopted QuickBird satellite image with respect to the IKONOS imagery. Due to the low standards in the geometric design characteristics of the road which badly affected the GPS measurements, the output results show that the geodetic rectification of the QuickBird imagery with respect to IKONOS satellite image gives more accuracy of results than GCP acquired by GPS. The overall procedure applied in the present study shows the ability to give an improvement in the positional accuracy of an already georeferenced coordinate system of the QuickBird image which in turn gives a higher accuracy of the GPS tracking path for the purpose of mapping, urban planning, cartography, survey and other GIS applications .

A low-cost GPS GSM/GPRS telemetry system: performance in stationary field tests and preliminary data on wild otters (Lutra lutra).

BackgroundDespite the increasing worldwide use of global positioning system (GPS) telemetry in wildlife research, it has never been tested on any freshwater diving animal or in the peculiar conditions of the riparian habitat, despite this latter being one of the most important habitat types for many animal taxa. Moreover, in most cases, the GPS devices used have been commercial and expensive, limiting their use in low-budget projects.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe have developed a low-cost, easily constructed GPS GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile Communications/General Packet Radio Service) and examined its performance in stationary tests, by assessing the influence of different habitat types, including the riparian, as well as water submersion and certain climatic and environmental variables on GPS fix-success rate and accuracy. We then tested the GPS on wild diving animals, applying it, for the first time, to an otter species (Lutra lutra). The rate of locations acquired during the stationary tests reached 63.2%, with an average location error of 8.94 m (SD = 8.55). GPS performance in riparian habitats was principally affected by water submersion and secondarily by GPS inclination and position within the riverbed. Temporal and spatial correlations of location estimates accounted for some variation in the data sets. GPS-tagged otters also provided accurate locations and an even higher GPS fix-success rate (68.2%).Conclusions/SignificanceOur results suggest that GPS telemetry is reliably applicable to riparian and even diving freshwater animals. They also highlight the need, in GPS wildlife studies, for performing site-specific pilot studies on GPS functioning as well as for taking into account eventual spatial and temporal correlation of location estimates. The limited price, small dimensions, and high performance of the device presented here make it a useful and cost-effective tool for studies on otters and other aquatic or terrestrial medium-to-large-sized animals.

GPS-free directional localization via dual wireless radios

Location discovery, especially in mobile environments, has recently become the key component of many applications. Accurate location discovery, particularly in safety critical applications using autonomous robots or unmanned vehicles, however, is still an open problem. Existing popular methods either heavily rely on the use of global positioning systems (GPS) which do not readily lend themselves for use for the majority of applications where precision is of primary concern or are not suitable for ad-hoc deployments. In this paper, we propose a novel directional localization algorithm, called dual wireless radio localization (DWRL), which performs accurate node localizations in the plane using only distances between nodes, without the use of a GPS or nodes with known positions (anchors). The main novelty of DWRL is the use of an additional radio per node to support directional localization in static networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time dual radios are employed in a localization setting. Existence of the dual radios on board enables DWRL algorithm to perform directional localization, which is not possible with existing single radio systems in static networks. We present the practical and theoretical benefits of the use of an additional radio per node in detail, test our algorithm under excessive synthetic and real-world noise scenarios, and show that DWRL algorithm is robust enough to perform directional localization even in high noise environments.

Fostering 21st Century Learning with Geospatial Technologies

Middle grades students learn content through adventures. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills (2006) calls for a new sort of learning than has traditionally been taught in school: to solve problems in real time, to access information, to work collaboratively, to be creative, to use media to communicate effectively, and to take learning beyond the walls of the classroom. How can educators engage middle grades students in these kinds of 21st century learning experiences? The use of global positioning systems (GPS) receivers in the classroom offers one option. The use of and other handheld digital devices has become common in our society (Bestwick & Campbell, 2010). Anyone who has recently ridden in a bus, a taxi or (for many) a private car has experienced the navigational power of GPS-with satellites in the sky above, maps on the receiver screen below, and possibly a pleasant voice telling the driver where to go. I have taken dozens of middle school classes on GPS adventures in their communities and have worked with many teachers and their students to support them in the use of geospatial tools, including GPS, in their instruction. I have found many teachers are initially hesitant and fearful of geospatial technology, but they are more than willing to give it a try once they see how excited and involved their students become. Soon they, too, get hooked and gain nicknames like geo at their schools. In this article, I share some of the many ideas developed by these teachers and me as we have taken this adventure together, with the hope that you will embark on your own educational journey with GPS. The power of geospatial technology Teachers know that young adolescents want to be a part of what is really happening in the world. A truly responsive middle grades curriculum meets the needs of its students and provides varied teaching and learning approaches that are challenging, integrative, and exploratory (National Middle School Association, 2010). Geospatial tools, including GPS, expand the scope of topics that students can explore, promote interdisciplinary learning, and change the way students learn to reason about and interpret data (Audet & Abegg, 1996). A first step for a teacher beginning to use geospatial tools might be to use online mapping, such as virtual globes (e.g., Google Earth, Virtual 3D Earth, WorldWind). These online tools have made a significant amount of geospatial data readily available and free through the Internet. Google Earth, the most popular of these visualization tools, features learning resources that are accessible through the software on the Google Earth Community website (http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/) and through the sharing of Google Earth files among users by employing Keyhole Markup Language (kml) or zipped kml (kmz) files. The technological capacity of the virtual globe software continues to increase rapidly, and many things are possible today that were not possible just two years ago. Any teacher with access to the Internet can use these geospatial tools. Using latitude and longitude or a physical address, teachers can digitally view their schools or their students' homes. Anyone familiar with receivers and digital photography can create geospatial stories, such as a Google Earth tour of one's school using a kml or kmz file. Using receivers in the classroom Teachers who are ready for a change of pace can instruct their students to use receivers to create and analyze their own data and share their findings with others. Middle grades students enjoy opportunities to use the environment around them as a context for instruction (Broda & Baxter, 2003), so teachers may help increase student achievement by going beyond the classroom walls (Lieberman & Hoody, 1998). The first step is to get students familiar with terminology and teach them how the handheld receiver works. If the number of receivers is limited, teachers should divide the students into small groups so that they can share receivers. …

A pilot study on the use of tracking technology: Feasibility, acceptability, and benefits for people in early stages of dementia and their informal caregivers

Objectives: Caregivers and clinicians may be confronted with the dilemma whether to allow people in early stages of dementia to go outside independently with the risk of getting lost, or to limit their autonomy and mobility. Newly available technology may offer a solution. This pilot study is focused on the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a three-month use of Global Positioning System (GPS) by care receivers and caregivers. Method: Numbers and percentages of participants with positive responses to self-report questions were calculated. Differences between the pre- and post-test scores of role-overload and worry were tested with paired t-tests and effect-sizes were calculated. Results: Of the 33 dyads of care receivers and caregivers, 28 remained in the study (dropout rate 15%). The majority of the caregivers was able to use the technology and integrate the use into their daily routines and would recommend the use of GPS. Almost half of the participants with dementia experienced more freedom and were less worried when they were outside unaccompanied, a quarter mentioned that they were more outside independently and a fifth that they had less conflicts with their caregiver after three months. Caregivers showed a trend to feel less worried, especially caregivers who could reach their relative using the telephone connection. No changes in caregivers’ feelings of role-overload were found. Conclusion: The GPS device used in this study seems to be promising for people in early stages of dementia and their informal caregivers. A next step is to carry out a randomized controlled trial.

The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking devices to assess movement demands and impacts in Under-19 Rugby Union match play

This study attempted to use Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to obtain information on elite Under-19 rugby union forward and back players with regard to selected movement patterns, as well as impacts from collisions experienced by players. Seventeen Under-19 male rugby players from a provincial rugby institute in Stellenbosch, South Africa, were studied during five games in a Super League A competition. Data revealed that players covered on average 4469.95 ± 292.25 m during a game. Players spent 72.32 ± 4.77% of the total game time either standing or walking. Props and locks spent more time jogging (26.11 ± 3.77%), compared to outside backs (15.6 ± 2.3%). The outside backs spent more time sprinting (1.11 ± 1.18%) than inside backs (0.72 ± 0.30%) or the front and back row forwards (0.48 ± 0.23% and 48 ± 0.13%) respectively. Back row forwards had the highest total amount of impacts (measured in G-force, g) during the games (683.4 ± 295.04). The inside backs experienced the highest amount of severe impacts (>10g) (12.16 ± 3.18) per match. The intermittent nature of Under-19 rugby union match play, as well as the unique roles and requirements of positional groups, were confirmed. The use of GPS technology also offered valuable insight into the severity of impacts experienced by players in different positions, which was not previously available. An understanding of match-play requirements, as well as the number and intensity of collisions experienced by players, can assist coaches with planning specific training programmes, as well as adequate recovery between training sessions and games. Keywords: Global Positioning System, rugby union, match-play, impact.

Emotions in motion: tourist experiences in time and space

The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology enables the study of tourists' activities and movement patterns in real time. But what does this information tell us about tourists' subjective experiences? The present paper accounts for the results from four case studies: two event studies and two destination studies. Two of these took place in the wintertime, and two in the summertime. Visitors carried a GPS device for one day, after which they answered a brief questionnaire. A total of 241 visitors participated in the study. Based on cluster analyses of distance measures calculated from the GPS data, several movement patterns were revealed. Three of these, labelled Main attraction visitors, Wanderers, and Specialists, emerged in all four cases. The reported experiences differed between the clusters, especially concerning negative experiences. In the destination studies, the clusters differed with regard to what was considered a negative experience, while in the event studies, the clusters differed with regard to how the tourists responded emotionally to their experiences. The authors conclude that GPS technology is a promising tool for tourism research but that, if one is to gain a full understanding of tourists' experiences and mobility, it ought to be combined with other methods.

Review of research methodologies for tigers: Telemetry

Over the past half century, wildlife research has relied on technological advances to gain additional insight into the secretive lives of animals. This revolution started in the 1960s with the development of radio telemetry and continues today with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS)-based research techniques. In the present paper we review the history of radio telemetry from its origins with grizzly bears in Yellowstone to its early applications in tiger research and conservation in Asia. We address the different types of data that are available using radio telemetry as opposed to using other research techniques, such as behavioral observations, camera trapping, DNA analysis and scat analysis. In the late 1990s, the rapid development of GPS collar technology revolutionized wildlife research. This new technology has enabled researchers to dramatically improve their ability to gather data on animal movements and ecology. Despite the ecological and conservation benefits of radio telemetry, there have been few telemetry studies of tigers in the wild, and most have been on the Bengal or Amur subspecies. We close with an assessment of the current tiger conservation efforts using GPS technology and discuss how this new information can help to preserve tigers for future generations.

The association of various speed indices to training responses in Thoroughbred flat racehorses measured with a global positioning and heart rate monitoring system

Fitness assessment can be challenging. The use of global positioning systems (GPS) with heart rate (HR) monitors has been promising; however, evaluation of speed parameters during training has not been reported. To evaluate speed indices during training in Thoroughbreds using a GPS-HR monitor. Thoroughbreds (n = 102) were assessed during training with data collected each work day (WD; sprinting). Speed indices evaluated included maximal velocity (V(max)), duration at V(max) (V(maxt)), acceleration rate (m/s(2)) from 800 m to V(max) (Acc800-V(max)), the distance (m) 6 (V(maxD6)) and 12 (V(maxD12)) s before (acceleration [a]) and after (deceleration [d]) V(max) and the deceleration rate from V(max) to the finish (V(maxDFd)). Blood for plasma lactate ([LA]) and creatine kinase ([CK]) measurements were taken before (T(0)), 5 mins (T(1)) and 6 h after exercise (T(2)). WD accumulation, jockey, gallop condition, horse gender, age, total distance covered (DistT), maximum HR (HR(max)), velocity at 200 beats/min (V(200)) and velocity at maximum HR (VHR(max)) for each WD were evaluated for associations with [LA], [CK], speed indices and racing performance. Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA with P < 0.05 significant. No speed parameter clearly changed with training. Gallop condition affected V(max), V(maxt) and all distances covered with V(max) and distances increasing and V(maxt) decreasing as gallop surface became firmer. Jockey influenced V(max), V(maxD6a) and all decelerations, while DistT was inversely associated with Acc800-V(max), HR(max) and V(200) and positively associated with V(max), all accelerations and decelerations. [LA] at T(1) was positively associated with DistT and V(maxDFd). Speed parameters did not change with training but were affected by jockey, gallop condition and exercise distance. This information may help to modify training to maximise fitness, minimise injury and choose distances best suited for individuals.

Using an optical mouse sensor to track geophysical field measurements

To position arbitrary outdoor measurements, the most common methods are the use of global positioning system (GPS) technology or distance tracking from reference locations. The system to be introduced here consists of a combination of an optical distance tracking system and a civil, autonomous GPS receiver. Through the application of a recursive filter, both components support and correct each other mutually. The system is intended as an autonomous, real-time and low-cost alternative to expensive differential GPS solutions in geophysical field surveying. The combination approach features a very good relative and decent absolute positioning precision. First measurements using the two-coil geo-electromagnetics instrument Geonics EM31 in combination with the developed positioning system show promising results.

Cooperation with Complex Research Protocols: The Use of Global Positioning Systems with Cognitively Impaired Elders – A Preliminary Report~!2010-03-02~!2010-06-12~!2010-08-12~!

Cooperation with Complex Research Protocols: The Use of Global Positioning Systems with Cognitively Impaired Elders – A Preliminary Report~!2010-03-02~!2010-06-12~!2010-08-12~!

English

The use of global positioning system (GPS) for precision guidance of weapons is being questioned due to its vulnerability of jamming and spoofing for non-military code users. In this paper a novel approach is proposed for guidance of weapons where use of GPS or other civilian Satellite-based navigation system is threatened. The proposed approach is modelled and simulated using SIMULINK for realistic trajectories and scenario. The results of simulation are validated with the actual GPS data.