Use Of Geothermal Water Research Articles

Zasoby i możliwości zagospodarowania wód termalnych w rejonie Pogórza Środkowobeskidzkiego, Beskidu Środkowego oraz Beskidu Lesistego

Zasoby i możliwości zagospodarowania wód termalnych w rejonie Pogórza Środkowobeskidzkiego, Beskidu Środkowego oraz Beskidu Lesistego

Investigation of the Effects of Salinity and Temperature on the Removal of Iron from Water by Aeration, Filtration, and Coagulation

The use of geothermal water is becoming more and more popular for technological applications. But before this application water must be treated. Iron compounds cause precipitation of technical devices, which in turn reduces their efficiency. That is why we need to know how high temperatures and salinity effect water treatment. This paper determines the effectiveness of the iron removal process using four methods: aeration, aeration and filtration, aeration with coagulation, and coagulation, which were measured experimentally. The paper presents a procedure to optimize the coagulant dose and method of preparation of water model. Efficiency of iron removal was measured by the total iron concentration in raw and treated water model. It was shown that the effect of coagulation was the best method of iron removal with effectiveness up to 98-99.5%. Iron removal decreases with increasing salinity. Higher temperatures do not affect the process of iron removal in water.

Numerical Model of the Low Temperature Geothermal Area for Direct use in Pohang, South Korea

We determined the horizontal boundary of a watershed in the study area for numerical simulation, in order to facilitate the direct use of geothermal water. The geothermal gradient of the research well is about 30.0°C/km and the measured temperature is 91°C at a depth of 2000 m. The initial water table is located at 360 m depth and 32.6 m drawdown was observed when the pumping rate was 400 m3/day over 55hours. Coupled fluid and heat transport simulations were conducted using the data of hydraulic tests and well inventory. In order to test the numerical model we used several pumping rates and a recharge rate. Simulated water levels at layers of the numerical model were evaluated from the hydrogeologic data of the study area.

Udostępnianie wód termalnych w Uniejowie – rys historyczny

The article presents the history of the exploitation of geothermal waters in Uniejów. Interest in the use of geothermal waters in the area Uniejów began in the late 1960s, whe the parameters of water examined during the drilling of the well Koło IG-3 were found to be satisfactory. The first hydrogeological well was drilled in Uniejów in 1978. The next two wells were drilled in the early 1990s as part of a large project, which aimed at creation of two doublets and multi-variant use of geothermal waters in Uniejów. Unfortunately, the opening of geothermal installations had to wait until the year 2001. The article also describes the current development of geothermal energy and water in Uniejów.

Boron removal from geothermal waters by electrocoagulation

Most of the geothermal waters in Turkey contain extremely high concentration of boron when they are used for irrigation. The use of geothermal waters for irrigation can results in excess amount deposition of boron in soil. On the other hand, a minimal boron concentration is required for irrigational waters. In this study, electrocoagulation (EC) was selected as a treatment process for the removal of boron from thermal waters obtained from Ilıca-Erzurum in Turkey. Current density (CD), pH of solution and temperature of solution were selected as operational parameters. The results showed that boron removal efficiency increased from pH 4.0 to 8.0 and decreased at pH 10.0. Although boron removal efficiency was highest at pH 8.0, energy consumption was very high at this pH value compared to other pH intervals. Boron removal efficiency reached to 95% with increasing current density from 1.5 to 6.0 mA/cm 2, but energy consumption was also increased in this interval. At higher temperatures of solution, such as 313 and 333 K, boron removal efficiency increased. At optimum conditions, boron removal efficiency in geothermal water reached up to 95%.

Stimulation of commercial algal biomass production by the use of geothermal water for temperature control

The first pilot algal biomass production project to use geothermal water for the maintenance of optimal culture temperatures in Nevada is described. The project was initiated during the fall of 1982 by TAD's Enterprises, Inc., Wabuska (near Yerington), Nevada. The facility was designed to produce Spirulina under conditions that would more than meet the requirements of the United States Food and Drug Administration for sale to the health food market. As a result, the algae were grown in large plastic bags in order to prevent contamination by extraneous organisms. Although this system has not been tuned to its optimum potential, preliminary yields obtained over most of a year indicate not only the feasibility of the project but also a stimulation of daily output yields when compared to the daily growth yields for Spirulina reported by Israel.

The status of geothermal utilization in Japan

This paper includes the use of geothermal energy for curing sicknesses at hot springs, convalescent and recreational resorts, agriculture and secondary industries in Japan, intentionally excluding the geothermal utilization for electric power generation. Reference is made to the history of bathing at hot spring sites since ancient times in Japan. Also added are, the distribution of hot springs in Japan, the definition thereof based upon the «Hot Spring Lawå, and the classification of hot springs according to chemical composition. The rapid increase of the use of geothermal waters for curing, convalescent and recreational purposes by so many people is truly surprising, and probably there is no country other than Japan, where hot springs are in close contact with the -people. According to the statistical data, approximately 150 million people visit hot spring sites annually. The utilizations for agriculture, fisheries and secondary industries are as yet few. In particular, there is little utilization of geothermal energy for heating of buildings, cooking, etc. In this paper, we have described the typical examples of use for horticulture, animal breeding and secondary industries, many of which are studied by special research organizations formed by local autonomies, because such utilizations largely depend upon regional characteristics. The larger the scale of geothermal power generation, the more important the problem of the utilization of hot waste water for the above-mentioned purposes. Since it is expected that the efficiency of such hot waste water utilization should contribute much to regional developments, it is considered necessary to accelerate geothermal electric generation particularly in Japan.

Use of radioactive thermal water after226Ra removal

The paper describes the possibility of efficient and safe use of geothermal water at a location in the town of Zagreb. Geothermal water is used exclusively for the purpose of sport and recreation. Due to elevated226Ra concentrations, the raw geothermal water must be used in limited proportions so as to exclude any potential health risk for the pool users. With application of adequate treatment methods, such as intense aeration (226Ra removal efficiency 13.7±3.5%) and filtration of aerated water with high pressure sand filters (removal efficiency 39.5±7.9%), the elevated226Ra content would be maximally reduced. The decrease of radioactivity enables that the proportion of geothermal water would be increased without any health risk, ensuring great cost reduction spent on the warming of pool waters.