Use Of Genetic Engineering Research Articles

Risks of genomic research

The article considers the main achievements in the field of genetic engineering and biomedicine in the context of formation of the concept of legal regulation of relations in question. The article considers the issues of applying the human DNA editing technology considered by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics in July 2018. The author substantiates the necessity of determining the legal status of the embryo for its use in clinical trials of gene modifications. The paper considers the risks regarding the use of genetic engineering in relation to the person associated with the possibility of social inequality in the society, application of eugenistic approaches, and the probability of selecting the quality characteristics of embryos by parents resorting to in vitro fertilization. The author concludes that it is necessary to form national and international legislation that will protect the rights and legitimate interests of all subjects and will exclude circumvention of the law and abuse of the right. In addition, it is important to ensure international and public control over the use of the latest advances in genetic engineering and biomedicine prior to conducting clinical trials on humans.

Control of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana through genetic engineering manipulation of host-plant volatiles

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, is one of the most important pests of grape. Feeding activity by caterpillars leads to direct damage to reproductive plant tissues (flower buds and berries), and also to indirect damage by promoting secondary infections by microorganisms. Current control systems are based either on the use of insecticides or on mating disruption: while the first is not environmentally friendly, the second is not particularly suitable for non-delimited areas or areas where the pest population is high. Previous studies have shown that a synthetic blend of the three terpenoids (E)-β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) was as attractive for the moth as the complete grape odour profile under laboratory conditions. The same studies also showed that the specific ratio of these compounds in the grape bouquet was crucial, because small variations in the proportion of any of the three volatiles resulted in almost complete inhibition of the blend's attractiveness. Here, we report on the creation of stable grapevine transgenic lines with modified (E)-β-caryophyllene and (E)-β-farnesene emission and thus with an altered ratio compared with the original plants. When headspace collections from these plants were tested in wind-tunnel behavioural assays, they were less attractive than control extracts. This result was confirmed by testing synthetic blends that imitated the ratios found in natural and transformed plants, as well as by testing the plants themselves. With this evidence, we suggest that a strategy based on volatile ratio modification may also interfere with the host-finding behaviour of L. botrana in the field, paving the way for new pest-control methods.

In silico genomic mining reveals unexplored bioactive potential of rare actinobacteria isolated from Egyptian soil

BackgroundAntibiotic resistance occurs rapidly and naturally. However, the misuse of antibiotics is accelerating the process. And therefore, exploring new antibiotics has been a great demand in order to save people’s life. Actinobacteria have been the major source of antibiotics. In this study, we focused on rare types of actinobacteria which are hard to isolate from the environment by traditional methods. Fifty rare actinobacteria were isolated from Egyptian soils, and they were screened against some bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Klebsiella pneumonia CCM 4415, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 51659, and Salmonella enterica ATCC 25566). Illumina whole genome sequencing was performed for potent isolates. The whole genomes of selected rare actinobacteria were investigated via bioinformatics analysis using neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis and Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolite Analysis SHell.ResultsIsolates Rc5 and Ru87 showed the highest inhibition activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis confirmed that isolate Rc5 belonged to Micromonospora oryzae and Micromonospora harpali with 73% bootstrap value while isolate Ru87 was grouped with Streptomyces gingianensis and Streptomyces morales with 89% bootstrap value. Bioinformatics analysis using antiSMASH 3.0 predicted 33 and 19 secondary metabolite gene clusters in Micromonospora sp. Rc5 and Streptomyces sp. Ru87, respectively. Gene annotation predicted the presence of valuable biosynthetic gene clusters in both strains such as polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenes, siderophores, bacteriocin, lasso peptide, ectoine, and lantipeptide.ConclusionWe concluded that exploring cryptic and novel biosynthetic gene clusters via Illumina whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis is a useful method. We confirmed that Egyptian soil is very rich in high potential biosynthetic of rare actinobacteria. Further genetic engineering manipulation of biosynthetic pathways would eventually lead to producing novel bioactive molecules.

The genetically engineered American chestnut tree as opportunity for reciprocal restoration in Haudenosaunee communities

As genetic engineering becomes a part of the toolkit for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity, a broad range of social science frameworks are required to understand how different groups of people perceive these emerging technologies. Reciprocal restoration is one such framework that offers Indigenous-specific perspective on new applications of genetic engineering for conservation and restoration. The restoration plan for the American chestnut tree includes the potential wild release of a genetically engineered tree in close proximity to the sovereign Haudenosaunee communities of Central and Upstate New York. This paper uses reciprocal restoration as a framework for evaluating if a restoration project that uses a genetically engineered species could support broader cultural restoration efforts in these communities. Results are complex, but suggest that reciprocal restoration may be possible if certain foundational dimensions – such as kincentric relationships and spiritual responsibilities – are attended to. Reciprocal restoration also offers insight for future cases where Indigenous perspectives on the use of genetic engineering for conservation and restoration are important dimensions of broader governance considerations.

Heterologous overexpression of Lithospermum erythrorhizon LeERF-1 gene increases drought and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis

Ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) belonging to the AP2/ERF family have diverse functions in plants. However, the functions of LeERF-1, a member of ERF family from the medicinal plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, remain unclear. In this study, by cloning the promoter of LeERF-1, we found that the promoter region contained a number of potential regulatory motifs related to drought and pathogen resistances. Further transgenic studies showed that the heterologous overexpression of LeERF-1 in Arabidopsis displayed phenotypes of higher survival ratio, lower root inhibition rate, slow water loss in leaf discs, and smaller stomatal apertures under drought stress, compared with wild type (WT) of Arabidopsis. LeERF-1 transgenic Arabidopsis also displayed fewer chlorotic symptoms, lower incidence rates, and lower levels of bacterial proliferation on leaves after the inoculation of bacterial pathogen compared with WT. These results suggested that LeERF-1 can also confer drought and pathogen resistances. Our work provided a candidate gene with remarkable potential use in genetic engineering for stress resistance improvement in plants.

A Computational Method to Propose Mutations in Enzymes Based on Structural Signature Variation (SSV).

With the use of genetic engineering, modified and sometimes more efficient enzymes can be created for different purposes, including industrial applications. However, building modified enzymes depends on several in vitro experiments, which may result in the process being expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, computational approaches could reduce costs and accelerate the discovery of new technological products. In this study, we present a method, called structural signature variation (SSV), to propose mutations for improving enzymes’ activity. SSV uses the structural signature variation between target enzymes and template enzymes (obtained from the literature) to determine if randomly suggested mutations may provide some benefit for an enzyme, such as improvement of catalytic activity, half-life, and thermostability, or resistance to inhibition. To evaluate SSV, we carried out a case study that suggested mutations in β-glucosidases: Essential enzymes used in biofuel production that suffer inhibition by their product. We collected 27 mutations described in the literature, and manually classified them as beneficial or not. SSV was able to classify the mutations with values of 0.89 and 0.92 for precision and specificity, respectively. Then, we used SSV to propose mutations for Bgl1B, a low-performance β-glucosidase. We detected 15 mutations that could be beneficial. Three of these mutations (H228C, H228T, and H228V) have been related in the literature to the mechanism of glucose tolerance and stimulation in GH1 β-glucosidase. Hence, SSV was capable of detecting promising mutations, already validated by in vitro experiments, that improved the inhibition resistance of a β-glucosidase and, consequently, its catalytic activity. SSV might be useful for the engineering of enzymes used in biofuel production or other industrial applications.

THE EFFECTIVENESS ARRANGEMENTS OF THE GENETIC ENGINEERING USE ON CORN FOOD PRODUCTS EVENT MON 87427

The development of science and technology has triggered the use of genetic engineering in food, one of them is in the corn event MON 87427 which is tolerant to glyphosate herbicide. However, it makes ambivalence because on one side the use of genetic engineering offers many advantages but on the other hand the genetic engineering potentially keeping concerns about its safety for human health as well as the environment. The aim of this study is to protect consumers from insecurities of genetically modified food products. The method used in this research is Juridical Normative, data collection techniques used is by through literature research methods, interviews and comparative approaches.Based on the results of the research, the measurement of the safety level of genetically engineered products (PRG) includes the assessment of genetic information, substantial equivalence, allergenicity and toxicity. The regulation on the use of genetic engineering in PRG does not accommodate the halal status of the product in terms of the MUI fatwa that the results of corn PRG event MON 87427 are not halal, so that the lack of effective regulation has an impact on the protection of Muslim consumers in particular. Preventive legal protection focuses on the assessment of food and labeling which in reality there is no product labeled by the PRG, so legal repressive protection is accommodated by Article 79 of Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food that will be given administrative sanctions.

Promotion of alleles by genome engineering.

Abstract Traditional genetic selection programmes based on pedigree and performance information have been used to improve livestock populations for decades. The introduction of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping about 10 years ago supported increased rates of gain through more accurate prediction of genetic merit earlier in life. Recent continued technological advances enable the routine use of genetic engineering and gene editing tools in livestock research and, increasingly, production systems. Livestock geneticists have responded by proposing new breeding schemes that combine traditional selection methodology with these new tools to substantially increase rates of genetic gain while reducing harmful effects due to decreased heterozygosity. Genetic improvement strategies based on gene drives have the potential further increase rates of gain but pose risks that may not be acceptable to the public. Intense debate about the use of these technologies in the animal food chain is being driven by regulatory agencies and consumer advocates, and it is not clear if genetically modified animals will be acceptable to consumers. This review focuses on the application of genetic engineering and genome engineering tools to livestock population improvement through the management of genetic load and the promotion of desirable alleles in the population associated with both monogenic and polygenic traits. Limitations of the current technology, such as limited knowledge of true causal variants, are discussed, as are regulatory and consumer acceptance issues.

Pomegranate Micropropagation, Callogenesis and Genetic Integrity Assessment Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

In recent years, the awareness of pomegranate health benefits has grown exponentially; nonetheless the existing propagation methods remain a challenge to supply adequate suitable planting materials needed for commercial production. Micropropagation can lead to mass production of plantlets and callus-mediated in vitro regeneration can open avenues for the use of genetic engineering to improve this crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate appropriate conditions for pomegranate micropropagation, callogenesis and use Simple Sequence Repeat markers to screen for somaclonal variation. Cytokinins (Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin and Thiadiazol-5ylurea) were tested for shoot induction from nodal explants while auxins (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid and Indole-3-acetic acid) were tested for root induction of in vitro regenerated shoots. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid combined with Benzylaminopurine was assessed for their ability to induce callus from cotyledon and leaf explants. Genetic integrity between mother plant, callus and in vitro regenerated shoots were assessed using eight Simple Sequence Repeat markers. Maximum number of shoots and leaves were obtained on full strength Murashige and Skoog media with 6.9 µM kinetin. The highest number of roots was achieved on half strength Murashige and Skoog media with 4.9 µM Indole-3-butyric acid and the longest root was got on half strength Murashige and Skoog media with 5.3 µM Indole-3-acetic acid. Leaves and cotyledons demonstrated to be potential explants for callus formation at all hormonal combination levels tested. Eight out of 13 amplified alleles were polymorphic. A wider genetic variation was found with similarity coefficient range of 0.46-0.92. More somaclonal variation was in regenerated shoots compared to callus.

Зміни масометричних показників внутрішніх органів щурів за вживання нативної та генетично модифікованої сої у складі кормів

The use of genetic engineering results in the cultivation of agricultural raw materials continues to cause serious controversy among researchers. Uncontrolled spread in Ukraine Roundup resistant soybeans (30-90% of sowing areas) can cause getting it in the diet of consumers. The experiment was conducted in vivarium of the Department "Industrial Biotechnology" of the Chernivtsi Faculty of NTU "KhPI". Three groups of rats of the Vistar line of both sexes were used. Control animals received standard vivarium feed. Two experimental groups received a standard diet with a replacement of 35% of its protein per native and transgenic soybean, respectively. Studies have been conducted on three generations of rats. After 6 months, the experimental diet was consumed by animals, internal organs were taken and weighed. Calculated the indexes of the mass of the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver. Established that there is no pronounced effect of genetically modified soy in the diet for mass index of heart and lung of both sexes of rats three generations observed. The consumption of transgenic soybeans in animal parental generation is marked increase in liver weight with the control group: females – 23,5 %, males – 15,7 %.

Redox of Fungal Multicopper Oxidase: A Potential Driving Factor for the Silicate Mineral Weathering

Microbial mineral weathering is ubiquitous in nature, but research related to the direct effect of oxidoreductase (e.g., fungal multicopper oxidase) on silicate mineral weathering is rare. This study uses genetic engineering technologies of heterologous expression and gene overexpression and electrochemical methods to examine the effects of multicopper oxidase (McoA) and its gene (mcoA) of Aspergillus niger in the weathering of K+-bearing silicate minerals (KBS). In the experiment of weathering KBS, the mcoA-overexpressed strain showed higher K+-release ability than the wild-type strain, and the heterologous-expressed McoA demonstrated a direct potential to weather KBS and release K+. The electrochemical results showed that the reduction potential of McoA was 0.302 V, and doubled the current of the KBS-modified electrode, meaning that McoA can enhance the electricity transfer in the experiment of weathering KBS. This study confirmed that McoA of A. niger can directly participate in the weathering of silicate minerals, which promotes electron transport at the instable edge of minerals to accelerate mineral weathering. The study will enable greater understanding of the role of oxidoreductase in the biochemical weathering of silicate minerals and identify a possible way to improve the microbial weathering capacity on minerals by genetic engineering manipulation.

Creating Disease Resistant Chickens: A Viable Solution to Avian Influenza?

Influenza A virus (IAV) represents an ongoing threat to human and animal health worldwide. The generation of IAV-resistant chickens through genetic modification and/or selective breeding may help prevent viral spread. The feasibility of creating genetically modified birds has already been demonstrated with the insertion of transgenes that target IAV into the genomes of chickens. This approach has been met with some success in minimising the spread of IAV but has limitations in terms of its ability to prevent the emergence of disease. An alternate approach is the use of genetic engineering to improve host resistance by targeting the antiviral immune responses of poultry to IAV. Harnessing such resistance mechanisms in a “genetic restoration” approach may hold the greatest promise yet for generating disease resistant chickens. Continuing to identify genes associated with natural resistance in poultry provides the opportunity to identify new targets for genetic modification and/or selective breeding. However, as with any new technology, economic, societal, and legislative barriers will need to be overcome before we are likely to see commercialisation of genetically modified birds.

The Current Status and Development of Insect-Resistant Genetically Engineered Poplar in China.

Poplar is one of the main afforestation tree species in China, and the use of a single, or only a few, clones with low genetic diversity in poplar plantations has led to increasing problems with insect pests. The use of genetic engineering to cultivate insect-resistant poplar varieties has become a hot topic. Over the past 20 years, there have been remarkable achievements in this area. To date, nearly 22 insect-resistant poplar varieties have been created and approved for small-scale field testing, environmental release, or pilot-scale production. Here, we comprehensively review the development of insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) poplars in China. This review mostly addresses issues surrounding the regulation and commercialization of Bt poplar in China, the various insecticidal genes used, the effects of transgenic poplars on insects, toxic protein expression, multigene transformation, the stability of insect resistance, and biosafety. The efficacy of GM poplars for pest control differed among different transgenic poplar clones, larval instars, and insect species. The Bt protein analysis revealed that the expression level of Cry3A was significantly higher than that of Cry1Ac. Temporal and spatial studies of Bt protein showed that its expression varied with the developmental stage and tissue. The inheritance and expression of the exogenous gene were reviewed in transgenic hybrid poplar progeny lines and grafted sections. Biosafety issues, in terms of transgene stability and the effects on soil microorganisms, natural enemies of insects, and arthropod communities are also discussed.

In silico prediction, phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis of SoPCS gene, survey of its protein characterization and gene expression in response to cadmium in Saccharum officinarum

Phytochelatin synthase isolated from microorganisms, yeasts, algae and plant, serve a fundamental role in reducing heavy metals. In this research the in silico PCS gene structure (SoPCS) of sugarcane, its secondary and 3D protein structure, physicochemical properties, cell localization and phylogenetic tree were predicted utilizing bioinformatics tools. SoPCS expression in the leaves and roots of sugarcane in tissue culture treated with cadmium was also studied utilizing real time PCR. The predicted SoPCS gene contains 1524 nucleotides, a protein encoded with 508 amino acids of which the molecular weight is 55953.3 Da, 6 exons and 5 introns. The subcellular position of the enzyme is mitochondrion or cytoplasmic. Two domains belonging to the phytochelatin synthase family with similar features was found in Pfam having more than 97% similarity with the predicted SoPCS protein. Phylogeny analyses of plant species were well isolated from other organisms. Ten disulfide-bonded cysteines were excluded from the structure of SoPCS. The predicted 3D structure of SoPCS showed that it is able to bind to L-gamma-glutamylcysteine as substrate. The binding site sequence of PCS included amino acids 52(Q),55(P),56(A),57(F), 58(C),103(G),104(I),151(S),163(G),165(F),206(D), 213(R). The common amino acid with conserved sequence in the binding site of the plant was 103Gly. Gene expression indicated that SoPCS has an important role in the response of sugarcane to cadmium with potential use in genetic engineering to remove metal contaminants in the environment. This is the first characterization of a PCS from sugarcane.

The ethical issues on the genetic engineering in sport

[Purpose] This study analyzes ethical issues about genetic technology used for the enhancement of athletes. In so doing, this study aims to rethink gene manipulation in sports and suggest theoretical groundwork for an ethical discussion of gene doping, as well as providing some guidelines. [Methods] For this purpose, this study looks at the relationship between genetic engineering and morality as discussed by eminent domestic and international philosophers, medical ethicists, and scholars of sport studies. Then, the pros and cons of the use of genetic engineering in sport are analyzed to show the different values embedded in each of the opposite positions. [Results] This study identifies three points of debate: fairness, coercion, dignity and autonomy. Through a literary and philosophical review, it is revealed that prior criticism against gene manipulation has logical loopholes. [Conclusion] Rather than approaching the issue with groundless fear and prejudice, it is necessary to look into its benefits and ethical problems in detail. In addition, better equipped ethical as well as practical grounds are required to control the introduction of gene doping technology.

IXA Honorary Member Lecture, 2017: The long and winding road to tolerance

The last 15years or so have seen exciting progress in xenotransplantation, with porcine organ grafts surviving months or even years in non-human primates. These advances reflect the application of new scientific knowledge, improved immunosuppressive agents, and genetic engineering. The field has recently enjoyed a renaissance of interest and hope, largely due to the exponential increase in our capacity to genetically engineer porcine source animals. However, immune responses to xenografts are very powerful and widespread clinical application of xenotransplantation will depend on the ability to suppress these immune responses while preserving the capacity to protect both the recipient and the graft from infectious microorganisms. Our work over the last three decades has aimed to engineer the immune system of the recipient in a manner that achieves specific tolerance to the xenogeneic donor while preserving otherwise normal immune function. Important proofs of principle have been obtained, first in rodents, and later in human immune systems in "humanized mice" and finally in non-human primates, demonstrating the capacity and potential synergy of mixed xenogeneic chimerism and xenogeneic thymic transplantation in tolerizing multiple arms of the immune system. Considering the fact that clinical tolerance has recently been achieved for allografts and the even greater importance of avoiding excessive immunosuppression for xenografts, it is my belief that it is both possible and imperative that we likewise achieve xenograft tolerance. I expect this to be accomplished through the availability of targeted approaches to recipient immune conditioning, understanding of immunological mechanisms of tolerance, advanced knowledge of physiological incompatibilities, and the availability of inbred miniature swine with optimized use of genetic engineering.

INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS, CRISPR-CAS9 (KRISPER) GENOME EDITING SYSTEM AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF GENE THERAPY OF HUMAN HEREDITARY DISEASES

The given review considers the two original technologies in the field of cell biology turning our views over the processes taking place during embryogenesis with proteins of which our organism is built. They appeared more recently, attracted the closest attention of the biologists and have served as a powerful impetus for development of new researches aimed at a targeted change in the structure and function of cell genetic apparatus. These technologies are directly tied to mesenchymal stem cells and pursue the solution of the tasks facing gene therapy of human hereditary diseases. The first one considers induced pluripotent stem cells, e.g. giving somatic cells the ability to turn into each specialized cells of organism. The second technology offers quite simple and feasible in conditions of biological laboratory approach of editing cell genome. It consists in carrying out at the level of genome genetic engineering manipulations terminating in the elimination of mutations from genes, defected genes or insertion into genome of new gene devoted of any errors.

Human Flourishing, Joy, and the Prospect of Radical Life Extension

The prospect of human enhancement through the use of genetic engineering, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology is generating increasing interest in academic and commercial circles. Responses to human enhancement technology are derived from, and therefore may illuminate, underlying notions of what human flourishing ought to look like. Miroslav Volf’s anatomy of joy is used to compare representative understandings of the good life from transhumanist and secular humanist perspectives as they correspond to attitudes concerning human enhancement, particularly the question of radical life extension. The argument is advanced that a joyful Christian vision of the good life, which answers both the secular humanist respect for creaturely finitude and the transhumanist hope for glorious transformation, possesses strong normative potential for academic teaching and discourse as we contemplate the future of human being.

Effect of ammonium and high light intensity on the accumulation of lipids in Nannochloropsis oceanica (CCAP 849/10) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (CCAP 1055/1)

BackgroundMicroalgae accumulate lipids when exposed to stressful conditions such as nutrient limitation that can be used to generate biofuels. Nitrogen limitation or deprivation is a strategy widely employed to elicit this response. However, this strategy is associated with a reduction in the microalgal growth, leading to overall poor lipid productivities. Here, we investigated the combined effect of a reduced source of nitrogen (ammonium) and super-saturating light intensities on the growth and induction of lipid accumulation in two model but diverse microalgal species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oceanica. We hypothesized that the lower energy cost of assimilating ammonium would allow the organisms to use more reductant power for lipid biosynthesis without compromising growth and that this would be further stimulated by the effect of high light (1000 µmol m−2 s−1) stress. We studied the changes in growth and physiology of both species when grown in culture media that either contained nitrate or ammonium as the nitrogen source, and an additional medium that contained ammonium with tungsten in place of molybdenum and compared this with growth in media without nitrogen. We focused our investigation on the early stages of exposure to the treatments to correspond to events relevant to induction of lipid accumulation in these two species.ResultsAt super-saturating light intensities, lipid productivity in P. tricornutum increased twofold when grown in ammonium compared to nitrogen free medium that increased further when tungsten was present in the medium in place of molybdenum. Conversely, N. oceanica growth and physiology was not compromised by the high light intensities used, and the use of ammonium had a negative effect on the lipid productivity, which was even more marked when tungsten was present.ConclusionsWhilst the use of ammonium and super-saturating light intensities in P. tricornutum was revealed to be a good strategy for increasing lipid biosynthesis, no changes in the lipid productivity of N. oceanica were observed, under these conditions. Both results provide relevant direction for the better design of processes to produce biofuels in microalgae by manipulating growth conditions without the need to subject them to genetic engineering manipulation.

Agricultural Nanotechnology: Applications and Challenges

Agricultural nanotechnology has emerged in the late 1990s and is developed and applied all over the world. However, this technology has not developed so fast in different sectors of agriculture. This has not even found its market to the expected scale but has the potential to improve agricultural production. This agro nanotechnology can be utilized for developing healthy seeds that can improve plant germination, growth, yield, and quality. This technology has the potential to increase the storage period for vegetables and fruits. Organic pesticides and fertilizers can be developed by the proper use of agro nano technology. It has found it’s use in genetic engineering and plant breeding. However, the application of nanotechnology provides numerous advantages related to food safety and quality, at the same time it may present a potential risk not only to human health, but can affect animals and the environment as well as nanoparticles may have toxicological effects on biological systems.