Fossil Energy Use Research Articles

Identification Of Greenhouse Gases Emissions From Shipyard Activity In Lamongan, Indonesia

Following International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy directives, the maritime industry has been seeking efficient solutions to alter the energy consumption patterns of ports and ships to ensure the sustainable operation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to support sustainable transport. However, there is little focus on identifying the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions related ship manufacture. The shipyard industry can generate greenhouse gas effects from burning fossil fuels and energy use. This study aims to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the shipyard industry. The first step to calculating the number of greenhouse gas emissions is to start by identifying the sources of CO2 emissions, then calculate the emissions by the calculations referred to IPCC 2006. Based on the research results, total primary and secondary CO2 emissions in the shipyard is 358,693,723 tons CO2/year.

The Condition of Excess Electricity Supply in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of electricity supply in Indonesia, which experienced a shortage in 2015, but is currently experiencing an oversupply. Starting from the existence of a 35,000 MW mega project which turned out to be in line with the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of electrical energy was stagnant, even though the addition of electrical energy supply continued to grow. This is also coupled with the problem of the proportion of fossil energy use which is still more than that of new and renewable energy. So that makes PLN have to spend a large amount of money and has not been balanced with the results obtained. The solution is to increase electricity demand, namely by adding new market niches to increase productive electricity demand. As well as through various bundling and promos to increase customer comfort, for example promos to increase power, discount home charging for electric vehicle owners, the use of electric stoves and so on.

Experimental Test of the Effect of PCM Volume as Thermal Energy Storage Solar Power in Solar Cooking Units

One solution that can be taken to reduce GHG emissions is to reduce consumption of fossil fuels and replace them with renewable energy sources. Indonesia is rich in renewable energy sources, and one that has potential to be developed is solar energy. In line with Indonesia's development into a developed country, energy consumption is increasing. One of the activities that contributes to the largest energy use is cooking. The need for energy for cooking in Indonesia is large because the population and households are very large, No. 4 in the world. Solar Cooker is an alternative to reduce the use of fossil or traditional energy for cooking activities. Previous research has shown how the performance of a Solar Cooker can be improved if it is integrated with PCM thermal energy storage, making it possible to speed up cooking time, cook with low solar intensity and even make it possible to cook at night. However, the quantitative influence of the number of PCMs in a solar cooker has not been specifically explained or studied. A low quantity of PCM results in reduced performance, while a high quantity will increase the thermal load, and thus overheating. This research tested 4 units of Simple Tube type Solar Cooker with different quantities of PCM for each unit. From the results of testing the Solar Cooker with the PCM thermal Energy Storage TEST with variations in PCM volume, it showed performance in storing heat for longer even in conditions of high rainfall day and night conditions. This is shown from all observation results during the 6 days of the experiment. As evidenced by the low ambient air temperature and high humidity, especially at night, the temperature drop in the cooking vessel water is quite low. This applies to every variant. From the experimental results, it can also be seen that variants number 1 and 3, especially number 3, have quite good performance, in absorbing heat and storing heat with an outer diameter of 350 mm

Integrated effects of land use and land cover change on carbon metabolism: Based on ecological network analysis

Faced with increasingly severe climate change, assessing integrated effects of Land use and land cover (LULC) changes on carbon metabolism contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of LULC‑carbon interactions and is crucial to enhance the benefits of anthropogenic emission reductions, increasing regional carbon sinks and formulating future mitigation policies. In this paper, we have developed a hybrid analytical framework that couples natural and socioeconomic systems, and used socioeconomic data, high-resolution remote sensing data, and empirical coefficients to analyze spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon metabolism and applied ecological network analysis (ENA) to evaluate integrated effects of LULC changes upon carbon metabolism. We used Gansu Province, an economically underdeveloped region, as an example for case analysis and policy recommendations. The results showed that: (1) the total carbon emissions in Gansu increased 3.18 times between 1995 and 2020, with transportation and industrial land being the major contributors. The carbon balance status was increasingly severe, and the amount of carbon sequestration to offset carbon emissions decreased from 22.45% in 1995 to 7.11% in 2020. (2) ENA revealed that competition relations between land use types fluctuated up and dominated in 2020, with the mean value of mutualism index was 0.72, which suggested that that integrated effects of LULC changes on whole regional carbon metabolism was negative. Compared to developed regions, the ecological relationships between different land use types in Gansu were more competitive. (3) To address these issues, we have proposed comprehensive policies in terms of adjusting industrial structure, reducing fossil energy use, saving land for construction, and developing carbon sink industries. The study explored the intricate interactions between LULC changes, carbon transition, and regional carbon metabolism in underdeveloped region, and its framework and findings provide insights and recommendations for spatial planning and carbon management in Gansu Province and other regions that may have comparable challenges.

Great transformations: Social revolutions erupted during energy transitions around the world, 1500–2013

Over the past 500 years, the transition to fossil fuels has been accompanied by sociopolitical upheaval, revolution, and counterrevolution in countries around the world. Previous research found that social revolutions occurred during energy transitions in a limited sample of 38 countries. This research expanded the investigation to examine the relationship between shifts in the energy base of societies and transformative sociopolitical change in 66 countries since 1500, and to address new questions about these transitions. We found that two-thirds of all 52 identified revolutions occurred during the initial phase of the transition to fossil energy use (between 0.7 and 7.2 GJ/cap/year), a “critical energy transition phase” that lasted 42 years on average. This “critical energy transition phase” can be understood as an arena where social and economic adversaries met to contest past and future relations, a contest that resulted in turmoil, violence, and transformative social change. We also assess the impact of revolutions and counterrevolutions on the speed of energy transitions, finding that revolutions might accelerate transitions and repressions might slow them down. We also find that, in our sample, colonial rule slowed the pace of energy transitions for colonized subjects. These findings are significant because similar sociopolitical developments may be associated with the current energy transition in response to catastrophic climate change, a product of the previous transition.

Halophytes: A Rapid, Inexpensive and Significant Way to Address Land, Water, Food, Energy and Climate

Climate change, in spite of attempts at mitigation, is becoming much more serious. Wide spectrum major mitigation efforts are now necessary including removing ­CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing fossil energy use and increasing the planet albedo. Halophytes, salt plants grown on deserts and wastelands using saline and seawater are uniquely suitable to rapidly and profitably, at the tremendous scale of the climate problem, using inexpensive land and water, remove CO2 and produce major amounts of biofuels and food while returning up to 70% of the fresh water to direct human use. This article examines the extraordinary possibilities of halophytes to significantly mitigate the major societal issues involving land, water, food, energy and climate.

Machine learning approaches reveal highly heterogeneous air quality co-benefits of the energy transition

Estimating health benefits of reducing fossil fuel use from improved air quality provides important rationales for carbon emissions abatement. Simulating pollution concentration is a crucial step of the estimation, but traditional approaches often rely on complicated chemical transport models that require extensive expertise and computational resources. In this study, we develop a machine learning framework that is able to provide precise and robust annual average fine particle (PM2.5) concentration estimations directly from a high-resolution fossil energy use dataset. Applications of the framework with Chinese data reveal highly heterogeneous health benefits of avoiding premature mortality by reducing fossil fuel use in different sectors and regions in China with a mean of $19/tCO2 and a standard deviation of $38/tCO2. Reducing rural and residential coal use offers the highest co-benefits with a mean of $151/tCO2. Our findings prompt careful policy designs to maximize cost-effectiveness in the transition toward a carbon-neutral energy system.

SIMULASI BILAH TURBIN ANGIN SUMBU VERTIKAL (VAWT) TIPE ROTOR HELICAL UNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA ANGIN DI TEPI PANTAI BUKIT DAN JALAN

The energy crisis is caused by rapid technological developments throughout the world resulting in increased use of fossil energy and global warming, so it is necessary to develop renewable energy technologies to maintain energy stability in the world. One of the renewable energy potentials is wind energy with a Helical rotor type vertical axis wind turbine using NACA 0021 as the blades, the research method used is the numerical method with the result that the wind speed on the parangtritis beach is 4.74 m/s and the air density is 1.2 Kg/m^3 with the power generated using 4 rotor blades of 59.2 Watt/h. then on the paragliding hill, an air speed of 4.55 m/s and an air density of 1.16 Kg/m^3 is obtained, and on the western Yogyakarta ringroad which has an airspeed of 3.885 m/s and an air density of 1.17 Kg/m^3, it produces an electric power of 31.9 Watt/h. The power results generated between the simulation and manual calculations are not much different, so the power accuracy between the two is quite good.

NAVIGATING CONTRADICTION IN INDONESIA’S CLIMATE VISION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PLAN: ANALYSIS ON THE DRAFT LAW ON NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY (RUU EBT)

<table width="625" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="451"><p>Energy plays a vital role in human life, the backbone of our daily activities. One of the most commonly used types of energy is fossil energy, which has become a mainstay in fulfilling energy needs not only in Indonesia but also around the world. Despite its low cost and simple process, the use of fossil energy causes negative impacts on the environment. The government tried to address this issue by formulating the New Renewable Energy Bill (<em>RUU EBT</em>), but the bill is still bound to the old paradigm that pays more attention to non-renewable energy. This is contrary to the initial goal of dealing with climate change and environmental challenges. This research aims to identify problems in RUU EBT related to new energy and seek solutions that are in line with the principles of green legislation to address climate change. The research method involves statutory analysis, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The result shows misalignment between the philosophical foundation of RUU EBT and its content, which is still focused on the use of non-renewable energy, including new energy. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the Bill that prioritizes environmental protection, in accordance with the principles of green legislation.<strong></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Investigation of the Effects of Cohydrothermal Carbonization on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Combustion Behavior of Straw Hydrochars

The use of straw biomass for energy can reduce the use of fossil energy and alleviate air pollution. Herein, the cohydrothermal carbonization (Co‐HTC) of rice straw and wheat straw with corn straw is investigated, and synergistic effects of multistraw biomass are observed in the Co‐HTC process. When the corn straw ratio is 75%, the energetic recovery efficiency, C content, and heating value increase compared to the calculated values of the Co‐HTC products. At 260 °C, the energetic recovery efficiency increases by 8.96% and the heating value increases by 2.28 MJ kg−1, which is beneficial for its application. The positive synergistic effect is probably caused by the enhanced dehydration and decarboxylation reactions. For the combustion behavior analysis, the entire combustion process is divided into two stages. When the corn straw ratio is greater than 50%, compared to the calculated values of the Co‐HTC products, the comprehensive combustibility index and activation energy of stage I increase and the activation energy of stage II decreases at 180 °C, while the activation energy of stage I decreases and the activation energy of stage II increases at 260 °C. These findings demonstrate that the Co‐HTC of multistraw biomass is suitable for solid biofuel production.

ANALISIS POTENSI ENERGI LISTRIK DI GEDUNG UMPAR MENGGUNAKAN PANEL SURYA 100WP

Electricity plays a very important role in everyday life. Most human activities are related to the use of electrical energy, including in the Campus environment. Technological advances have resulted in an increase in the consumption of electrical energy and this has resulted in reduced reserves of fossil energy sources as a result of being used up and causing emissions that can affect the global climate. The energy transition from the use of fossil energy to new and renewable energy is one solution to overcome this. Solar Power Plant (PLTS) is an alternative energy solution that is environmentally friendly that can be developed on campus. This is also supported by Indonesia's geographical location which has a very high intensity of sunlight. In this study, an analysis of the potential of electrical energy generated at Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare Building was carried out. The research was conducted by measuring the surface voltage and temperature of solar panels for 20 days. The test was carried out for 7 hours from 10.00 WITA to 16.00 WITA. Voltage and temperature measurements were carried out in 1 hour intervals. The test results show that the average voltage value generated by solar panels is 21.31 volts. The highest average voltage value was generated at 13.00 WITA, which was 21.82 volts with an average surface temperature of 37.79 oC

The future trajectory of carbon emissions in the process of carbon neutrality in South Korea

The excessive use of fossil energy in industrialization has caused the frequent occurrence of global warming and environmental pollution issues, which seriously threaten the sustainable social and economic development of South Korea and other countries. In response to the international community's call to effectively address climate change, South Korea has announced achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. In this context, this paper takes the carbon emission of South Korea from 2016 to 2021 as a sample and focuses on using the GM(1,1) model to predict the carbon emission change trajectory of South Korea in the process of achieving carbon neutrality. The results show: first, in the process of carbon neutrality, South Korea's carbon emissions show a downward trend, with an average annual rate of 2.34%. Second, by 2030, carbon emissions will decline to 502.34 Mt CO2e, down about 26.79% from the 2018 peak. By 2050, South Korea's carbon emissions will decline to 312.65 Mt CO2e, down about 54.44% from the 2018 peak. Third, it is difficult for South Korea to achieve its carbon neutrality target by 2050 based solely on its forest carbon sink storage capacity. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a reference for improving the carbon neutrality promotion strategy in South Korea and strengthening the construction of relevant systems of carbon neutrality, and so can provide some reference for other countries, including China, to improve policy design to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the global economy.

Fluid-solid coupling simulation study on fuel leakage and deformation characteristics of precision coupling component in common rail injector and influence of pressure equalizing structure

In the foreseeable future, the use of fossil energy is still irreplaceable, makes efficient use of fossil energy and reduce emissions became important topics. Diesel engines have a very high share in the transportation field, and high-pressure common rail system has highly improved the performance of diesel engines. As the most important component of common rail system, the performance of common rail injector directly affects the engine. Precision coupling components are composed of moving parts with very precise clearance fit in the injector. With the wear of parts, fuel leakage of precision coupling components may reach the same level as injection quantity, which will seriously affect the injection pressure actually established, and then affect the power, efficiency, and emission performance of diesel engine. Many researchers have studied fuel leakage of precision coupling components, and put forward different methods to reduce fuel leakage, including improving the machining accuracy and machining annular grooves on parts. However, the wear of parts makes it a high-cost and low-effective method to improve machining accuracy. Besides, researchers have not fully considered the deformation of parts. In this work, fluid-solid coupling simulations were performed to analyze deformation and static fuel leakage characteristics, and to investigate effects of pressure equalizing structure on deformation and leakage of precision coupling component in common-rail injector. Different from the previous researches, the influence of machining the annular groove on the plunger sleeve instead of on the plunger, and influence of coexistence of annular groove and deformation were considered. The results show the deformation characteristics of the parts, the fuel flow characteristics in the gap, and the influence of the annular groove on the fuel leakage. The connection between the deformation of parts and fuel leakage, and potential methods to reduce the leakage are also discussed.

Study on Low-Carbon Technology Investment Strategies for High Energy-Consuming Enterprises under the Health Co-Benefits of Carbon Emission Reduction

The excessive use of fossil energy has led to a yearly increase in carbon dioxide and atmospheric pollutant emissions, and climate change has become increasingly prominent, seriously affecting people’s daily lives and physical and mental health. According to statistics, rising temperatures and extreme weather phenomena due to climate change have led to a 68% increase in heat-related deaths today compared to the period between 2000 and 2004, and a 61% increase in the number of days humans face high fire risks in the same period. Currently, in order to achieve synergistic economic and environmental development and enhance the health co-benefits of carbon emission reduction, it is urgent for high-energy-consuming enterprises to make sound low-carbon technology investment decisions. Therefore, in this paper, under the carbon quota and trading policy and carbon tax policy, and considering the existence of low-carbon preferences of consumers, the financial constraints of upstream high energy-consuming enterprises and sufficient funds of downstream retailers, a low-carbon technology investment decision model under intra-supply chain financing is constructed using Stackelberg game theory. Moreover, by applying the inverse induction method, we solve the optimal decision of low-carbon technology investment with three different subsidy methods: no subsidy, cost subsidy and product subsidy. Finally, the validity of the model is verified by numerical simulation, and the effects of different influencing factors on low-carbon technology investment are analyzed. The results show that: (1) the reasonable formulation of carbon trading price, carbon tax rate, cost subsidy ratio and product subsidy coefficient are important factors to promote enterprises’ low-carbon technology investment; (2) the improvement of consumers’ low-carbon preference level and the reduction in repayment interest rate can promote enterprises’ investment; (3) compared with no subsidy, cost subsidy and product subsidy can effectively improve enterprises’ low-carbon technology investment enthusiasm, and the effect of product subsidy is better than that of cost subsidy. The effect of product subsidies is better than that of cost subsidies. This paper aims to provide suggestions for the government to refine low-carbon technology investment incentive policies and for enterprises to optimize low-carbon technology investment decisions, so as to enhance the healthy co-benefits of carbon emission reduction and achieve green and sustainable economic development.

Synthesis of copper-doped indium zinc sulfide nanosheets for high efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen production

The excessive use of fossil energy has caused a series of environmental problems. Hydrogen is a green energy substitute for fossil energy, and photocatalytic hydrogen production is an effective means of hydrogen production. Indium zinc sulfide catalyst has great application prospect in the field of photocatalysis due to its advantages of high stability and visible light absorption. Based on this, Cu doped indium zinc sulfide nanosheets were prepared in this paper. Compared with pure indium zinc sulfide nanosheets, copper doped indium zinc sulfide nanosheets have better photocatalytic hydrogen production performance. The design and synthesis of photocatalytic hydrogen-producing catalyst has important guiding significance.

Theoretical Analysis of Integrated Community Energy Systems (ICES) Considering Integrated Demand Response (IDR): A Review of the System Modelling and Optimization

The transition of the energy model dominated by centralized fossil energy use and the emergence of the Energy Internet and the Integrated Community Energy System (ICES) has gained attention. ICES involved the connection of electricity, heat, gas, and other kinds of energy, and was a significant form of the targeted transformation of conventional single energy networks. Within this system, the traditional demand response (DR) was transformed into an integrated demand response (IDR) in which all energy consumers could participate. The purpose of this study is to discuss the important technologies and models along with assessment and optimization strategies for the implementation of ICES and IDR, based on an extensive literature review. The analysis results show the “IDR + ICES” ecosystem proved to hold great potential for achieving renewable energy penetration, energy efficiency, and climate change control goals, while there are still many limitations in the coordination and reliability of the model and the design of the market mechanism. To conclude, the challenges and opportunities that ICES and IDR face were summarized, and future avenues for research are outlined.

An inclusive approach for integrated systems: Incorporation of climate in the water-food-energy-land nexus index

Land and water resources are largely used for food production during agricultural activities. Some farm operations are energy intensive and climate is also affected due to the use of fossil energy during the farm operations. Thus, the nexus assessment without considering climate as an indicator may not provide a holistic outlook toward a secure, efficient, and sustainable use of resources. Therefore, this study aimed to incorporate climate as an indicator in the already existing water-food-energy-land nexus methodology. To implement the water-food-energy-land-climate nexus index, the wheat crop production system in Punjab, Pakistan was taken as a case study. Twelve different indicators were normalized and then aggregated to assess the value of the water-food-energy-land-climate nexus index. Higher the value represents better the sustainable production of crops and land suitability. The value of the water-food-energy-land-climate nexus index varied from 0.34 to 0.78 across Punjab indicating a wide range of sustainable wheat crop production and land suitability for wheat cultivation. The northwest region was showing a lower water-food-energy-land-climate nexus index value as compared to the south. The south and central Punjab areas are more suitable for the wheat crop as compared to the north or west. The water-food-energy-land-climate nexus index could also be used as a comprehensive tool to evaluate the performance of other crops as well. It can also help in formulating an inclusive policy for sustainable development goals — such as SDG 2 (elevate food security), 6 (enhance water security), 12 (responsible consumption and production), and 13 (climate action).

Improved climbing algorithm with variable step size in tidal energy Application of maximum power tracking control technique for power generation system

In the context of carbon neutral carbon peak, in order to cope with climate change caused by environmental pollution and energy shortage caused by excessive use of fossil energy, the vigorous development of clean, low-carbon, and efficient renewable energy has become a major strategic direction. The development and utilization of tidal energy in China is still a certain gap with the European powerhouse, the efficiency of tidal energy generation at a low flow rate is low and the scale of development and utilization is small. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation analysis, and the results show that the improved variable step climbing algorithm can quickly track the maximum power point and operate stably at this point.

Investigating effects of phosphogypsum disposal practices on the environmental performance of phosphate fertilizer production using emergy analysis and carbon emission amounting: A case study from China

The phosphate fertilizer industry faces increasing environmental pressures related to phosphogypsum disposal. It is necessary to explore the impact of different phosphogypsum disposal schemes on the comprehensive performance to promote sustainable development in this industry. We propose a comprehensive approach based on emergy analysis and carbon emission accounting to compare the impacts of different phosphogypsum disposal schemes on phosphate fertilizer production in terms of environmental sustainability, pollutant emission impacts, carbon emission intensity, and their synergistic effects. As a case study, a monoammonium phosphate production enterprise (phosphogypsum storage, Scenario 1) in Hubei Province and three other scenarios based on different phosphogypsum resource utilization practices (Scenario 2: monoammonium phosphate production + phosphogypsum manufacturing building materials; Scenario 3: monoammonium phosphate production + phosphogypsum manufacturing fertilizer filling materials; and Scenario 4: monoammonium phosphate production + phosphogypsum manufacturing cement retarder) were investigated using the proposed approach. The results show that the three phosphogypsum resource utilization practices could enhance the synergistic effect of the integrated system to different degrees relative to Scenario 1 by improving the energy-use efficiency and/or reducing the impact of pollutant emissions. Scenario 3 had the best synergistic effect, followed by scenarios 4, 2, and 1. The three phosphogypsum reuse practices enhanced carbon emission intensity to varying degrees compared with Scenario 1 due to the increasing fossil energy use. Those phosphogypsum reuse practices, based on nonrenewable resources/energy source inputs, caused conflict between waste reduction and carbon emission reduction. This study helps construct an integrated approach for thoroughly investigating the environmental performance of an integrated system consisting of phosphate fertilizer production and phosphogypsum disposal, thus providing a decision-making tool for the phosphate fertilizer industry. We also present targeted decision-making information for phosphate fertilizer production in China.

Analysis and Prospect of Hybrid Wind-PV-ESS System under the Background of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality

With the large-scale use of fossil energy, the issue of rising temperatures caused by global warming is getting worse as time goes on, and various countries have successively launched the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal” (double carbon goal). As a major country, China has a great challenge to achieve the double carbon goal, so the status of new energy is even more important. While wind energy and light energy occupy an important position in new energy sources, optimizing their utilization is a top priority. This paper includes the following sections: the fundamentals of wind power generating and some optimization of blade technology, the basic idea behind how photovoltaic cells produce electricity and the characteristics and comparison of several photovoltaic cells, a simple classification of MPPT technology, common energy storage technologies: flywheel, super capacitor, principle of hydrogen battery, Optimization of wind-solar storage combined debugging technology, etc.