Use Of Flame Research Articles

Combined processing of metal surfaces in agriculture with concentrated energy flows

Modern agritech technologies are complexes of technological operations for managing the production processes of agricultural crops in agrocenoses in order to achieve the planned yield and product quality while ensuring environmental safety and certain economic efficiency. An analysis of the development of agroengineering technologies for the impact of concentrated and highly concentrated energy flows on the surface of materials shows that progress in the use of flame, induction, laser, plasma and other types of energy flows has reached its limit. The technological impasse in agriculture well illustrates the axiom that it is impossible to create universal methods and tools capable of providing exponential development over significant periods of time. Quantitative and qualitative limitations in the use of each individual technology in agriculture stimulate the search for new agricultural solutions. A multiple increase in productivity, the acquisition of competitive advantages, a significant improvement in the quality of the treated surface and obtaining unique, in many respects, properties of materials in agriculture can be achieved due to the synergistic effect when using hybrid technologies. Their efficiency is ensured by saving processing time without loss of quality. The reduction of time costs occurs due to a significant reduction in the number of auxiliary operations or their complete elimination.

Azimuthal Instabilities of an Annular Combustor With Different Swirling Injectors

Abstract Experiments are carried out on the laboratory-scale MICCA-Spray annular combustor to examine the effects of swirlers on combustion instabilities. This system comprises 16 spray-swirl injectors and gives rise to instabilities coupled by azimuthal modes. Five types of swirlers producing clockwise rotation and varying in swirl numbers and pressure drops are considered. These swirlers can be broadly categorized into two groups: lower-swirl and higher-swirl groups, based on their swirl numbers. An arrangement where clockwise and counterclockwise swirlers alternate is also studied. Experiments are performed systematically with liquid heptane at five levels of thermal power and six equivalence ratios. Results reveal that none of the swirlers in the lower-swirl category exhibit instability in the operating region considered, whereas the higher-swirl units feature strong azimuthal instabilities that trace an overall limit cycle envelope with a few short and random bursts. Among the higher-swirl group, a higher pressure drop swirler is associated with a broader instability map. This shows that the transition to instability mainly depends on the swirl number through its effect on the flame structure and that the pressure drop adds to further variations in amplitude and frequency of oscillation. The spin ratio time series indicate that the modes are of mixed type and that their distribution depends on the operating condition. On specifically comparing the spin ratio distribution between a full set of clockwise rotating (CR) swirlers and a configuration where clockwise and counterclockwise rotating swirlers (CCR) are alternatively placed, it is found that there is no definite statistical preference for spin ratio linked to the effect of bulk swirl. In some cases, however, the CCR configuration promotes a broader distribution of spin ratios centered around the standing mode (sr = 0) while the CR setup favors azimuthal modes spinning in the counterclockwise direction. An attempt is made to interpret the occurrence of instabilities by making use of flame describing functions (FDFs) measured in a single-injector combustor. It is found that the FDFs corresponding to the two swirler categories (lower-swirl and higher-swirl) are relatively distinct. The observed behavior is tentatively interpreted using an instability analysis in which the injector and upstream plenum are represented by an impedance that shifts the band of instability. The unstable behavior is then linked to the relative position of the FDF phase with respect to the instability band in the frequency range corresponding to the expected azimuthal mode frequency. The phase and gain of the FDF notably depend on the swirl number, and it is possible to distinguish, for the present configuration, a category of low swirl number injectors inducing stable operation and another category of high swirl number units leading to oscillations.

A real-time solar powered fire detection system

Fire can cause loss and harm to anyone who comes in its way. It has been found that 80 percent of losses caused due to fires, whether it is household fire or industrial, would have been kept away from if the fire was identified promptly. In this paper, a solar- powered, real-time fire detection system is presented which is significantly advantageous in comparison with conventional smoke sensor-based fire alarm systems. These include an option to power the system via solar energy, use of flame and temperature/humidity sensor along with a smoke sensor which can transmit accurate real-time information over Wi-Fi. Satellite monitoring, manual watching and aerial patrolling along with our system can help authorities make decisions related to fire extinguishing and fire prevention timely and rightly. A sensor-based paradigm to detect fires promptly was put forward in this paper.

Adverse Effects Of Flaming As A Surface Treatment Method For Stone Slabs Used In Road Pavements

This paper presents the results of tests on a damaged pavement made of flamed granite slabs. Due to their architectural value, the use of such pavements made of stone materials is a popular trend in Europe, especially in historic city centres. Faming is a popular method of surface treatment of stone elements, including slabs. The use of flame with a temperature around 1300°C on granite rock leads to allotropic transformations of quartz. The accompanying volume changes lead to flaking of the surface. As a result, the flaming gives the slab a natural texture and improves its anti-slip properties. As it was assessed, most slabs used in pavements exhibited characteristic edge and corner damage. Examination of the mechanical properties of rock taken from a slab revealed different results for samples taken from the high temperature impact zone and from other parts of the slab. The mineralogical tests carried out on samples from the high temperature impact zone showed changes in relation to the original mineralogical composition of granite, including the presence of glaze. These changes resulted in the accumulation of stresses, especially in the areas of slab edges and corners. The analysis of the test results was made in relation to the lack of uniform European standards for stone treatment by flaming and the lack of control procedures for this process. As a result of unrestricted flaming conditions, the originally homogeneous properties of the rock may vary within a single product and lead to its accelerated degradation during exploitation.

Risk Assessment of Nano-Flame Retardants Coating in the Selected Construction Industry of Iran by Control Banding Approach.

Background:There is a wide range of challenges through the use of nano-material in buildings. By developing construction industries the use of flame retardant nano-materials is a hurdle for human health. However occupational exposure measurement is not applicable for nano-particles monitoring. Risk assessment is an alternative method for industrial hygiene strategies. In this study, we use the control banding approach for risk assessment of 3 nano-fire retardant (NFR) in the building industry.Methods:We used control banding as a risk assessment approach for decision making about nano-materials in the building industry. The risk of nano-fire retardants such as monokote accelerator, monokote Z-106 G and monokote Z-106 HY in the construction industry was studied. The level of risk was evaluated by the matrix of hazard severity and probability score. Hazard severity was scored by toxicological information. The probability score was estimated by the state work operation.Results:A score of hazard severity in monokot Z-106 HY was higher than other nano-materials. The probability score of spraying tasks was lower than mixing and transportation tasks. The results show the application of all nano-materials had the higher risk level in transportation and mixing tasks. The risk level of monokote accelerator and monokote Z-106 G in spraying task is lower than monokot Z-106 HY.Conclusions:There is a high risk level for studied nano-materials in the coating tasks of the construction industry. In conclusion, powerful controlling strategies such as the substitution of nano-materials was suggested to decrease the risk of nano-fire retardants.

Numerical assessment of methane number and critical compression ratio of gaseous alternative fuels: CFR engine quasi dimensional simulation approach

The development of a quasi-dimensional engine model and its adaptation for CFR configuration for Methane Number assessment of gaseous fuel mixtures is reported. The stochastic model based on eddy entrainment and laminar burn-up concept for turbulent combustion adopts full reaction kinetics with detailed reaction mechanism in the unburned mixture region for auto-ignition. Adaptive time step solver is invoked for the solution of the stiff system of equations. Modular validation of the developed engine simulation model is performed by independently validating an iso-choric system and an HCCI engine module followed by complete engine simulation model validation based on experimental results over a range of operating conditions and different engine frames. The model is extended to replicate a CFR engine as per ASTM D2700-16a/ASTMWK54121 and validated based on literature reported data. The use of flame quench limit for knock recognition in lieu of equivalence ratio independence, as adapted in the ASTM standards, is a particular case in point example.The developed model is used for knock rating assessment of eight different syngas compositions. Preliminary analysis suggests the model to over-predict the critical CR to the tune of 1 ± 0.5 with the over-prediction attributed to aspects like turbulence, heat transfer, fame propagation etc. Relaxing the flame out limit by 2° crank angle improves the critical CR prediction to within 0.75 ± 0.25. The estimated Methane Number remains within 5 units of the experimental results establishing the capability of the proposed model for assessment of gaseous fuel knock rating. The proposed approach can be extended to evaluate other fuels for knock quality assessment by incorporating appropriate fuel specific features.

Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath

In 1951, Buenos Aires hosted the inaugural Pan-American Games. On February 25 of that year, a Greek athlete carried a flame flown specially from his country onto the stadium where the event’s opening ceremonies took place and lit the cauldron. The uncertain character of the Greek flame transported to Buenos Aires alarmed many in Olympic circles. Confused and concerned, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) investigated the matter, which led to a rapid succession of policy changes seeking to regulate the use of flames in regional games. The flame flown from Greece to Buenos Aires for the 1951 Pan-American Games sparked an intense debate about the status of the Olympic flame. The IOC’s recognition of the power of the Olympic flame ritual and its preoccupation with protecting it along with other Olympic symbols and terminology reveal the contours of the organization’s ideology in this era and its relations with associated entities. The flame debate also illuminates the push by Pan-American Games’ officials for autonomy. Clearly, Olympic officials recognized early in the 1950s that the globalization of the Olympic flame ritual required regulation if the IOC was to ensure control of this and its other symbolic resources.

Use of Flaming to Control Weeds in ‘Patriot’ Hybrid Bermudagrass

Flaming could be an alternative to the use of chemical herbicides for controlling weeds in turfgrass. In fact, the European Union has stipulated that chemical herbicides should be minimized or prohibited in public parks and gardens, sports and recreational areas, school gardens, and children’s playgrounds. The aim of this research was to test different doses of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to find the optimal flaming dose that keeps a ‘Patriot’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis) turf free of weeds during spring green-up, but also avoids damaging the grass. Five LPG doses (0, 29, 48, 71, and 100 kg·ha–1) were applied in a broadcast manner over the turf experimental units using a self-propelled flaming machine. This equipment is commercially available and usable by turfgrass managers. Treatments were applied three times during the spring to allow the maximum removal of weeds from the turfgrass. Data on weed coverage, density, biomass, and turfgrass green-up were collected and analyzed. Results showed that 3 weeks after the last flaming, the greatest LPG doses used (i.e., 71 and 100 kg·ha–1) ensured the least amount of weeds (range, 5–16 weeds/m2) of low weight (range, 7–60 g·m–2) and a low weed cover percentage (range, 1% to 5%), whereas the green turfgrass coverage was high (range, 82% to 94%). At the end of the experiment, the main weed species were horseweed (Conyza canadensis), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), narrow-leaved aster (Aster squamatus), and black medic (Medicago lupulina). Flame weed control is a promising technique to conduct weed control in turfgrass. Further studies could be conducted to investigate the use of flaming in other species of warm-season turfgrasses.

Study of tribological performance of selected thermal sprayed polymers

Thermal spray processes have a broad application in both manufacturing and maintenance. Thermal spray is a group of processes in which metallic and nonmetallic materials, finely divided, are deposited on a prepared substrate forming a sprayed deposit. Many metals, ceramics, intermetallic compounds, some organic and some plastic glasses can be deposited by one or more of the various thermal spray techniques. Nowadays, thermal spray technology is of great importance in the search for engineering solutions to the increasing demands on technical and economic aspects of the industries in general. At the scene of a great variety of options it is fundamental to take into account the economic variables and productivity that often overlap pure technical solution. Thus, the study of deposition methods and material options for the same application becomes extremely relevant and timely. Polymer coatings have great potential to improve the performance of surfaces of light or heavy metals. The main objective of this work was to study the properties of thermal sprayed polymer coatings looking for the possibilities of applying this type of coating for tribological demand. From the obtained results, there is strong evidence that the use of flame sprayed polymer powders, mainly PEEK, with substrate preheating would have a good performance in wear and corrosion applications.

Determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr in some Slovenian foodstuffs

An acid-assisted microwave digestion procedure was optimised for the determination of trace elements in foodstuffs by the use of flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS, ETAAS) techniques. Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr were determined in cabbage, wheat, potato, instant milk, fish, eggs and baby foodstuffs. The repeatability of measurements was tested in the cabbage sample and was found to be ±3.3% for Zn, 4.6% for Cd, ±6.8% for Cu and ±15.5% for Cr. The worse value obtained for Cr was probably due to its inhomogeneous distribution and very low concentration in the cabbage. Concentrations of Ni and Pb in the cabbage sample were below the limit of detection (0.2 mg kg−1). The accuracy of the analytical procedure was checked by the analysis of the standard reference material CRM 1570 Trace and minor elements in spinach leaves and IAEA 336 Trace and minor elements in lichen. Good agreement between the certified or indicative and determined values was obtained. The results indicate that the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr found in cabbage, wheat and potato are comparable to the literature data. Cd, Pb and Ni were not found to be the contaminants in the foodstuffs analysed. Higher concentrations of Ni were found only in baby food "Cokolesnik", arising from the cocoa that "Cokolesnik" contained. It was demonstrated that the Cr content is very low in baby food, yolk and white of egg and in fish (<0.05 mg kg−1 Cr). Elevated concentrations of trace elements were found only in mussels that accumulate heavy metals from the marine environment.

The media glorifying burns: a hindrance to burn prevention.

The media have a profound influence on the actions of children and adults. Burns and burn prevention tend to be ignored or even mocked. The purpose of this presentation is to reveal the callousness of the media in its dealings with burns and burn prevention. Printed materials with a relationship to burns, risk of burning, or disrespect for the consequences of burns were collected. The materials were tabulated into four categories: comics, advertisements (ads), articles that made light of burns, and television shows that portrayed behavior that would risk burn injury. Most burn-related materials were found in comics or advertisements. Several comics made light of high-risk behavior with flames, scald injury, contact injury, or burns. In addition, several advertisements showed people on fire or actions that could easily lead to burns. Several articles and televisions shows portrayed high-risk behavior that, in some instances, led to copycat injuries. Flames are frequently used to sell items that target adolescent boys or young men. The high incidence injuries that frequent this population parallel the high-risk behaviors portrayed by the media. The media portrays flames and high-risk behavior for burn injury as being cool, funny, and without consequence. The use of flames on clothing and recreational equipment (skateboards, hot rods) particularly targets the high-risk adolescent male. The burn community should make the media aware of the harm it causes with its callous depiction and glorification of burns.

Investigations into the use of flame and the herbicide, paraquat, to control peppermint rust in north-east Victoria, Australia

Autumn flaming, spring flaming, and combinations of both were compared with the use of the fungicide propiconazole for their effect on growth, disease levels and oil yields of peppermint growing at the Ovens Research Station near Myrtleford, north-east Victoria in 199415. Spring flaming severely disrupted plant growth, resulting in reduced oil yields despite low levels of disease. Autumn flaming promoted high oil yields, but cannot be recommended to growers due to current legal constraints in Victoria. The contact herbicide, paraquat, is used by peppermint growers in autumn as a clean-up measure; it substantially reduced viability of urediniospores of P. menthae and although not as effective as autumn flaming, its use may help to reduce the level of inoculum carried over into the winter from the previous crop.

15] Flame atomic emission spectrometry

This chapter discusses the flame atomic emission spectrometry. This chapter also discusses the theory associated with the production of excited state atoms but will limit discussion to instrumentation and applications associated with the use of flames as atom reservoirs (flame emission or flame photometry). The flame atomic emission spectrometry can be used to identify and quantify a variety of elements that are important to the studies on enzymes and metalloproteins. Clearly, these detection limits vary significantly and this method of analysis is limited in its application to the analysis of individual elements with low excitation energies. Detection limits are also expressed as nanomoles of element, and if it assumed that elements activate, block, or are required by enzymes or metalloproteins in stoichiometric amounts, then this table can be used to define the minimum amount of enzyme or metalloprotein required for analysis by flame atomic emission spectrometry. The major disadvantage of all atomic spectrometric methods of analysis is that, they provide no information of the oxidation state of the element or its speciation.

The determination of trace metals in human fluids and tissues : Part 1. Estimation of “Normal Values” for Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and Manganese in Blood Serum and Liver Tissue

The procedures for the determination of copper, zinc, cadmium and manganese in human blood serum and liver tissue with use of flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry are presented and discussed. The procedures were applied for the estimation of “normal” levels of these elements in human serum and liver tissue.

TRACE ANALYSIS BY LASER OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY

TRACE ANALYSIS BY LASER OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY

Atomic-absorption spectrophotometric determination of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, tellurium, thallium and vanadium in sewage sludge

Electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), by use of a graphite furnace, in conjunction with sample pretreatment by homogenization, was evaluated as a rapid method for the determination of bismuth, thallium and vanadium in sewage sludge. This method was compared with use of flame, electrothermal and hydride-generation (for bismuth) AAS in conjunction with conventional acid digestion and dry-ashing pretreatments and was found to be applicable to this type of sample. Comparisons were also made between flame and hydride-generation AAS in conjunction with an acid digestion pretreatment for the determination of antimony, arsenic and tellurium in sewage sludge. The hydride-generation technique was considered the better for waste-water samples because of its greater sensitivity.

Comparison of flame, electrothermal and inductively coupled plasma atomisation techniques for the direct analysis of slurries

A comparison is made between the use of flame, electrothermal and inductively coupled plasma atomisation techniques for the analysis of slurries. For flame atomisation, pulsed nebulisation must be used and for inductively coupled plasma atomisation a high-solids cross-flow nebuliser is essential. The results show that atomisation efficiency in nebuliser-based systems is dependent on sample transport efficiency, particle size, atomisation temperature and sample matrix. For analytical determinations it is necessary to grind the sample to a particle size of less than 10 µm and to use standards that are closely matched to the samples. For electrothermal atomisation, particle-size effects become significant only above 25 µm when sampling becomes the major source of error.

An Industrial Hygiene Study of Flame Cutting in a Granite Quarry

Abstract The use of flame cutting in a granite quarry has been evaluated and found to result in noise and dust exposures which differ from those noted with conventional quarrying operations. Flame cutting units are severe noise sources and hearing conservation programs are required where they are used. The dust generated by flame techniques includes crystalline material generated during the spalling action of the flame. A high percentage of this material is melted in the flame and forms spherical particles. A fume with a diameter less than 0.10 micron is also generated by the flame. Dust exposures on flame operations are routinely below 10 mppcf when evaluated by conventional techniques. Exposure to the rock fume warrants additional study.

Photosensitivity in a family.

This is a report of the occurrence of seizures or their equivalents induced by photic stimuli in a family of 5, one of whom, a 14-year-old girl, was the first to suggest the proper etiological common denominator for her own convulsive manifestations and for the less overt incidents in other members of the family. Visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli have long been implicated as precipitating causes of convulsive attacks. The use of flame, or a very bright light obtained from flame has an agitating effect. In fact, when a case of epilepsy is in its quiescent stage, the untimely use of light with its sharp penetrating action may cause the recurrence of an attack. So wrote Soranus in the second century, as paraphrased by Caelius Aurelianus in the fifth century.1In medical literature, Gowers,2in 1881, is credited as the first to describe a patient whose seizures occurred

Formation of carbon and related materials in diffusion flames

There is considerable interest in this subject at the present time, due not only to its intrinsic scientific appeal, but also in connection with several applied combustion processes, e.g., the smokeless combustion of bituminous coals, the use of flames with high radiant output for steelmaking and other purposes, and the preparation of carbon black. Previous approaches to the problem of carbon formation in flames may be divided into three sections: (1) Empirical studies of the smoking tendencies of fuels, the aim being to correlate struccalled inverted) flame and (2) a normal flame working at subatmospheric pressures. The former has been used for the greater part of the work and its suitability appears to arise from its relatively low temperature (see below) and also because it is self-quenching, i.e., the reaction products pass into an atmosphere of cold fuel. There appears to be surprizingly little previous recorded work with reversed flames. They were referred to in a previous communication from this laboratory 19 in relation to an apparent expansion phenomenon arising from the addition of sodium salts to flames. A preliminary publication of their use in carbon formation studies