Use Of Spectacles Research Articles

Presbyopia, Related Functional Impairment, and Spectacle Use in Rural Kenya

Presbyopia, Related Functional Impairment, and Spectacle Use in Rural Kenya

Long-Term Follow-Up of Refractive Accommodative Esotropia: Decompensation and Cessation of Spectacle Use

Long-Term Follow-Up of Refractive Accommodative Esotropia: Decompensation and Cessation of Spectacle Use

The AcrySof Toric Intraocular Lens in Subjects with Cataracts and Corneal Astigmatism

Purpose: To compare the AcrySof Toric intraocular lens (IOL) and an AcrySof spherical control IOL and to investigate correction capability of the AcrySof Toric IOL in subjects with cataracts and corneal astigmatism. Design: Comparative case series. Methods: This retrospective review of clinical records comprised 98 eyes with 1.5 to 4.5 diopters (D) of preoperative corneal astigmatism who had cataract surgery and AcrySof T3/T4/T5 toric or AcrySof IQ spherical monofocal IOL implantation. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated for eyes with postoperative keratometry results. The main outcome measures include visual acuity outcomes, Residual astigmatism, IOL position, patient-reported spectacle use, and safety. Results: One year postoperatively, best spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity of 0.8 was 71% (Toric IOL) versus 67% (control IOL). Uncorrected distance visual acuity of 0.8 or better was 62% (Toric IOL) versus 21% (control IOL; P<0.05). Mean absolute residual refractive cylinder was 0.42 D (Toric IOL) versus 1.36D (control IOL; P<0.01). Mean rotation was 3.21°±1.25° (range, 0°–20°) for the Toric IOL. Three-month spectacle freedom was 57.0% (Toric IOL) and 34.1% (control IOL; P<0.01). Complications in both groups were few and were as would be expected with cataract surgery. Conclusions: The mean refractive astigmatism after cataract surgery in patients with 1.5 D to 4.5 D of corneal astigmatism was significantly lower when a toric IOL was implanted. The safety results, efficacy and rotational stability support the use of the AcrySof Toric IOL for patients with cataracts and high degree of corneal astigmatism.

Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Educational Intervention to Promote Spectacle Use in Rural China: The See Well to Learn Well Study

To test an educational intervention promoting the purchase of spectacles among Chinese children. Randomized, controlled trial. Children in years 1 and 2 of all 20 junior and senior high schools (ages 12-17 years) in 3 rural townships in Guangdong, China. Children underwent visual acuity (VA) testing, and parents of participants with presenting VA worse than 6/12 in either eye improving by more than 2 lines with cycloplegic refraction were recommended to purchase glasses. Children at 10 randomly selected schools received a lecture, video, and classroom demonstration promoting spectacle purchase. Self-reported purchase of spectacles (primary outcome) and observed wear or possession of newly purchased glasses (secondary outcome) at follow-up examinations (mean, 219 ± 87 days after the baseline visit). Among 15 404 eligible children, examinations were completed for 6379 (74.6%) at intervention schools and 5044 (73.6%) at control schools. Spectacles were recommended for 2236 (35.1%) children at intervention schools and for 2212 (43.9%) at control schools. Of these, 417 (25.7%) intervention schools children and 537 (34.0%, P = 0.45) control schools children reported buying glasses. Predictors of purchase in regression models included female gender (P = 0.02), worse uncorrected VA (P < 0.001), and higher absolute value of refractive error (P = 0.001). Neither the rate of self-reported purchase of glasses or observed wear or possession of newly purchased glasses differed between control schools and intervention schools in mixed-effect logistic regression models. Among children not purchasing glasses, 21.7% had better-eye VA of worse than 6/18. An intervention based on extensive pilot testing and focus groups in the area failed to promote spectacle purchase or wear. The high burden of remaining uncorrected poor vision underscores the need to develop better interventions. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Optics Demonstration with Student Eyeglasses Using the Inquiry Method

A favorite qualitative optics demonstration I perform in introductory physics classes makes use of students' eyeglasses to introduce converging and diverging lenses.1 Taking on the persona of a magician, I walk to the back of the classroom and approach a student wearing glasses. The top part of Fig. 1 shows a glasses-wearing student who is farsighted in her left eye and has a slight astigmatism in her right eye.

Effects of individual factors and the training process of the shade-matching ability of dental students

Background/purpose In this study, we evaluated the ability of dental students to correctly match tooth shades and examined the influence of clinical practice years, gender, eye color, and the use of eye glasses or contact lenses on the ability to match tooth shades. Materials and methods In total, 244 dental students (138 females and 106 males, with a mean age of 22 years) in their 1 st to 5 th years of education were included in the study. Students were asked to match the color of artificial teeth (Vitapan acrylic denture teeth) using the Vita Toothguide 3D-Master. Three predefined test colors were used: 2L1.5, 1M2, and 2R1.5. Exact matching rates of all three color components (value, hue, and chroma) were calculated and analyzed by a Chi-squared test. Results Students in the 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th clinical years performed better with regard to exactly matching the three shades, compared to students in the 1 st and 2 nd preclinical years (29.4% vs. 22.5%, P = 0.034). On the other hand, gender, eye color, and use of eye glasses or contact lenses had no effect on the ability to correctly match the color. Higher rates of exact matches were found for 1M2, compared to 2L1.5 (31.1% vs. 20.5%, P = 0.007). Conclusions The shade-matching ability of dental students seemed to improve with more education because of the inclusion of clinical practice in the educational program. However, gender, eye color, and the use of eye glasses or contact lenses had no influence.

Corrective eyeglasses and medial canthal basal cell carcinoma: a case‐control study

Corrective eyeglasses are frequently worn by adults, particularly at older ages. Their lenses and frames provide ultraviolet protection. Medial canthal basal cell carcinomas are infrequent (3-8%), and their relation with the use of corrective glasses was not yet investigated. To assess the prevalence of corrective eyeglasses use in individuals with medial canthal basal cell carcinoma. Case-control study using two controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity for each case. Cases were patients with medial canthal basal cell carcinoma, and controls were patients with basal cell carcinoma elsewhere on the face. The prevalence of major risk variables was estimated and adjusted by conditional multiple logistic regression. Fifty cases and 100 controls were assessed. The mean patient age was 69.7 years, and 54% of the subjects were females. No difference regarding the eyeglasses use or use duration was found between groups. However, when visual defects were separately evaluated, eyeglasses for myopia correction were independently associated with lower risk of medial canthal basal cell carcinoma development (OR=0.26; P=0.03), what can be related to long term local photoprotection. The use of eyeglasses for myopia correction is associated with lower prevalence of medial cantal basal cell carcinoma. Risk-reducing mechanisms should be elucidated.

The epidemiology of cataract: a study in Greece

We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for cataract in the Mediterranean Greek population. Three hundred and fourteen cases and 314 frequency-matched controls of both genders, aged 45-85, attending the ophthalmology department of a major teaching hospital in Athens, Greece, were included in the study. Cases were medically diagnosed and classified. Controls were healthy visitors without cataract. A detailed questionnaire, covering demographic, socioeconomic, somatometric, lifestyle and medical history variables, provided data on possible risk factors for cataract. Analyses were conducted through multiple logistic regression. Cataract overall and by type: nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular (PSC). Statistically significant increased risk for cataract overall was found for current (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.23-3.23) and ex-smokers (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.02-2.70), history of coronary heart disease (OR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.43-3.55), family history of ophthalmologic diseases (OR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.03-2.20) and higher sunlight exposure at the beach (OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.37-3.72) as well as at work (OR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.32-3.12). Use of measures protecting against sunlight at the beach, i.e. hat (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.85) and vision repair spectacles (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.65), were associated with reduced risk. RESULTS for cataract overall were also evident for the nuclear type and in most circumstances for PSC type, but were only suggestive for the cortical type of cataract. We identified certain possible risk factors for age-related cataract. In a Mediterranean Greek population, we found that smoking, use of cortisone drops, cardiovascular heart disease and sunlight exposure increase the risk for cataract, while use of hat and vision repair spectacles act protectively.

Video recording lectures: Student and professor perspectives

AbstractThis paper investigated the use of special eyeglasses designed with a built‐in video camera and microphone for the purpose of recording classroom activities from the point of view of both the professor and the student. The aim is to eliminate the need for dedicated video recording in the classroom. This paper reviewed the various techniques used to record a lecture and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also presented 10 activities from the point of view of the student and the professor, which may play a role in improving students' understanding of the lecture. The videos produced by the professor and student cameras were reviewed in terms of their effectiveness and usefulness with regard to the 10 activities. The results were analysed and conclusions were drawn based upon the findings of this study.

Reported Wearing Compliance of Ready-Made Spectacles at 6 and 12 Months

Ready-made spectacles are often used in low-resource environments, but to date, there has been little evaluation of the continued use of these spectacles over time. The aim of this study was to assess wearing compliance of those who received ready-made spectacles. The International Rescue Committee trains refugee health workers to provide simple refractive services and dispense ready-made spherical lenses to residents of refugee camps on the Thailand-Burma border. We conducted follow-up interviews in five camps among all eligible and available spectacle recipients who had been examined either 6 (n = 230) or 12 months earlier (n = 187). Interviewers asked about continued use of spectacles and, among those who had discontinued spectacle use, asked the reason for discontinuing. Reported spectacle wear was significantly higher at 6 months compared with 12 months (73.9 vs. 55.6%, p < 0.001). At 6 months, wearing compliance was significantly higher for females than males (79.2 vs. 67.6%, p = 0.033), but gender differences in wearing compliance were not seen at 12 months, and no differences were found between 10-year age groups at 6 or 12 months. Wearing compliance rates among recipients seen at different camps were significantly different at both 6 months (range, 58.1 to 87.5%, p = 0.005) and 12 months (range, 32 to 85.7%, p = 0.002). The top reason given for discontinued spectacle wear was broken frames, followed by vision-related complaints, scratched lenses, lost spectacles, and appearance. Our findings suggest that spectacle wearing compliance studies will not be comparable unless a standard time frame is used to assess compliance. We found assessing self-reported compliance to be a useful tool in guiding our program. Understanding the reasons for non-compliance will help guide corrective action and planning of interventions designed to increase wearing rates.

The AcrySof Toric Intraocular Lens in Subjects with Cataracts and Corneal Astigmatism: A Randomized, Subject-Masked, Parallel-Group, 1-Year Study

To compare the AcrySof Toric intraocular lens (IOL) and an AcrySof spherical control IOL and to investigate rotational stability of the AcrySof Toric IOL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) in subjects with cataracts and preexisting corneal astigmatism. Randomized, subject-masked, parallel-group, multicenter, 1-year study. We included 517 subjects (Toric IOL, n = 256; control IOL, n = 261). Unilateral implantation of an AcrySof Toric or AcrySof spherical control IOL (spherical powers, 12.00-25.00 diopters [D]; cylinder powers 1.50, 2.25, or 3.00 D for corneal astigmatism correction of 0.75 to < 1.50, ≥ 1.50 to <2.00, and ≥ 2.00 D with no upper limit, respectively). No limbal relaxing incisions were permitted. Visual acuity outcomes, IOL position, patient-reported spectacle use, and safety. One year postoperatively, best spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity of ≥ 20/20 was 77.7% (Toric IOL) versus 69.2% (control IOL). Uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better was 40.7% (Toric IOL) versus 19.4% (control IOL; P<0.05). Mean absolute residual refractive cylinder was 0.59 D (Toric IOL) versus 1.22 D (control IOL; P<0.0001). Mean rotation was < 4° (range, 0°-20°) for the Toric IOL. Six-month spectacle freedom was 61.0% (Toric IOL) and 36.4% (control IOL; P < 0.0001). Complications in both groups were few and were as would be expected with cataract surgery. Favorable efficacy, rotational stability, distance vision spectacle freedom, and safety results support the use of the AcrySof Toric IOL for patients with cataracts and corneal astigmatism. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Change in function and spectacle-use 2 months after providing presbyopic spectacles in rural Tanzania

AimsTo examine near vision spectacle retention and use, and changes in self-reported and performance-based near vision, 2 months after the provision of near vision spectacles.MethodsWe conducted a 2-month follow-up of...

Use of Single-Vision Distance Spectacles Improves Landing Control during Step Descent in Well-Adapted Multifocal Lens-Wearers

Epidemiologic research has shown that multifocal spectacle wearers (bifocal and progressive addition lenses [PALs]) are more than twice as likely to fall than are nonmultifocal spectacle wearers, with this risk further increasing when negotiating stairs. The present study investigated whether step and stair descent safety is improved by using single-vision distance lenses. From a stationary standing position on top of a block, 20 long-term multifocal wearers stepped down (from different block heights) onto a lower level wearing bifocal, progressive addition, or single-vision distance lenses. Use of single-vision distance spectacles led to an increased single-limb support time, a reduced ankle and knee angle and vertical center-of-mass velocity at contact with the lower level, and a reduced ankle angular velocity and vertical center-of-mass velocity during initial landing (P < 0.03). These findings indicate that landing occurred in a more controlled manner when the subjects wore single-vision distance spectacles, rather than tending to "drop" onto the lower level as occurred when wearing bifocals or PALs. Use of single-vision distance spectacles led to improvements in landing control, consistent with individuals' being more certain regarding the precise height of the lower floor level. This enhanced control was attributed to having a view of the foot, step edge, and immediate floor area that was not blurred, magnified, or doubled and that did not suffer from image jump or peripheral distortions. These findings provide further evidence that use of single-vision distance lenses in everyday locomotion may be advantageous for elderly multifocal wearers who have a high risk of falling.

Prevalence of refractive errors among pre-school children at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background Vision disorders are the fourth most common disability of children and the leading cause of handicapping conditions in childhood. The present study was undertaken to identify the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among the school-entrant children at King Abdul Aziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh city – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods The study population consisted of all the school-entrants ( n = 1319), who attended the obligatory health examination for kindergarten and primary school entry during the period from March 2008 until October 2008. Every child was subjected to a 10 min – visual acuity test (VAT) and autorefractive test applied by qualified optometrist. Children with a visual acuity of 20/28 or worse in one or both eyes, or with eye disorder (strabismus, nystagmus, ptosis and others) or abnormal ocular movement, were referred for a 45 min complete ophthalmic examination, which consists of: (1) Distance visual acuity (V/A), (2) cover – uncover test, and (3) non-cycloplpegic retinoscopy. Refractive error cut-off point was defined according to their spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE). Results Out of the 1319 children, 60 children were diagnosed as having one or more refractive error, with an over-all prevalence of 4.5% (4.2% in boys and 4.9% in girls) with no sex difference. Prevalence of different refractive errors were as follows; Myopia (2.5%, 95%CI1.7:3.3%), hyperopia (2.1%, 95%CI 1.3:2.9%), astigmatism (2.5%, 95%CI 1.7:3.3%), amblyopia (0.5%, 95%CI 0.1:0.9%) and strabismus (0.5%, 95% CI 0.1:0.9%). Conclusion Our results raise the need for school-based program that provides prescription glasses when needed to students at no cost, through government and non-governmental collaborative fund. However, there is a need for further studies to evaluate the cultural beliefs towards the use of spectacles in Saudi communities.

Evaluating factors that affect the shade-matching ability of dentists, dental staff members and laypeople

The authors conducted a study to evaluate the influence of dentists' and nondentists' experience, age, sex, eye color and use of eyeglasses or contact lenses on tooth shade-matching ability. The authors included 120 participants in this study conducted in Istanbul (periodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, prosthodontists, restorative dentists, general dentists in private practice, dental technicians, dental assistants, dental assistant students and laypeople). The authors assigned participants to one of three groups: group 1 was composed of prosthodontists, restorative dentists and dental technicians; group 2 consisted of other dental specialists and general dentists; and group 3 included dental assistants, dental assistant students and laypeople. The authors asked participants to match the shades of three artificial maxillary right central incisors (Vitapan acrylic teeth [shades 2L1.5, 1M2, 2R1.5], Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) by using a shade guide system (Vita Toothguide 3D-Master, Vita Zahnfabrik). They calculated shade matching for the three color components (value, hue, chroma) and analyzed the results by using a chi(2) test. The rate of success in matching the shade for IM2 was 53.3 percent for participants in group 1, 30 percent for participants in group 2 and 20 percent for participants in group 3 (P = .017). However, there were no significant differences between the three groups for shades 2L1.5 and 2R1.5. Professional experience (P = .003) and age (P = .027) were associated with shade-matching success for tooth shade 2L1.5 only. The results showed no statistically significant differences with respect to sex, eye color or use of eyeglasses or contact lenses. Dental care professionals who routinely performed restorative procedures matched the shades better than did participants in other groups. Professional experience was associated positively with the outcome, while sex, eye color and use of eyeglasses or contact lenses did not have any effect on shade-matching results. To improve shade-matching skills, clinicians should participate in hands-on courses, continuing education classes and other training programs.

Analysis of angular dependence of 3‐D technology using polarized eyeglasses

Abstract— The cause of the angular dependence of 3‐D technology that requires the use of eyeglasses with linear or circular polarization is analyzed. For 3‐D technology that requires the use of eyeglasses, anisotropic media such as a polarizer or retardation film determines the polarization state. Therefore, the angular behavior of 3‐D display performance is also affected by the characteristics of the anisotropic media that have intrinsic angular dependence. Various conditions of the optic axes of the imaging display and eyeglasses are investigated to understand their effect on 3‐D display performance. The result shows that some conditions of the optic axes can cause non‐negligible degradation of 3‐D display performance.

Prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Errors among Adolescents at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Vision disorders are the fourth most common disability in children and uncorrected refractive errors are an important cause of visual impairment in many countries. The present study was conducted to identify the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among intermediate school entrants (12-13 years) at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study population consisted of all the intermediate school entrants (n=1,536) who attended the mandatory health examination for intermediate-school entry between February 2009 and October 2009. Every student was subjected to a 10-minute vision and auto-refractive test performed by a qualified optometrist. Students with visual acuity of 20/28 (6/9) or worse in one or both eyes, an eye disorder (such as strabismus, nystagmus, ptosis) or abnormal ocular movement were referred for a 45-minute complete ophthalmic examination that consisted of the following: 1) distance visual acuity (V/A), 2) cover – uncover test and 3) non-cycloplegic retinoscopy. The refractive error cut-off point was defined according to the spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE). Results: Of the 1,536 students, 209 were diagnosed with one or more refractive errors, with an overall prevalence of 9.8% (8.3% in boys and 11.7% in girls, with a significant gender difference) (P=0.033). The prevalence of different refractive errors was as follows: myopia, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.5-.5.5%); hyperopia, 1.5% (95% CI, 0.9-2.1%); astigmatism, 6.5% (95% CI, 5.3-7.7%); and amblyopia, 0.65% (95% CI, 0.25-1.05%). Conclusion: Our results highlight the need for school–based programs that provide prescription of glasses to students when needed at no cost through government and non-governmental collaborative funds. However, there is a need for further studies to evaluate the cultural beliefs and practice surrounding the use of spectacles in Saudi communities.

Height, Stunting, and Refractive Error Among Rural Chinese Schoolchildren: The See Well to Learn Well Project

To evaluate the hypothesis that changes in nutritional status could be partly responsible for observed increases in myopia prevalence among Chinese children. Cross-sectional cohort study. Rural Chinese secondary school children participating in a study of interventions to promote spectacle use were randomly sampled (20% of children with uncorrected vision >6/12 bilaterally, and 100% of remaining children) and underwent cycloplegic refraction with subjective refinement and measurement of height and weight. Stunting was defined according to the World Health Organization standard population. Among 3226 children in the sample, 2905 (90.0%) took part. Among 1477 children undergoing refraction, 1371 (92.8%) had height and weight measurements. These children had a mean age of 14.5 +/- 1.4 years, 59.8% were girls, and mean spherical equivalent refraction was -1.93 +/- 1.82 diopters. Stunting was present in 87 children (6.4%). While height was inversely associated with refractive error (RE) (taller children were more myopic) among boys (r = -0.147, P = .001), this disappeared when adjusting for age, and no such association was observed among girls. Neither girls nor boys with stunting differed significantly in refraction from children without stunting, and neither stunting nor height was associated with RE when adjusting for age, height, and parental education. The power of this study to have detected a 0.75 diopters difference in RE between children with and without stunting was 0.96. Results from this cross-sectional study are not consistent with the hypothesis that nutritional status is a determinant of RE in this setting.

Comparison of Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes With Bilateral AcrySof Toric or Spherical Control Intraocular Lenses

To compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes with bilateral implantation of AcrySof toric or spherical control (Alcon Laboratories Inc) intraocular lenses (IOLs). Patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism who previously received either an AcrySof toric IOL or an AcrySof spherical control IOL were offered implantation of the same IOL in the fellow eye. Six-month assessments included visual acuity, refractive cylinder, spectacle use, and patient satisfaction. The study included 62 patients (toric, n=40; control, n=22). All corneal incisions were temporal, with final mean incision sizes of 3.0 mm for the toric IOL and 3.1 mm for the spherical control IOL. A significantly greater proportion of patients with toric IOLs achieved spectacle independence for distance vision and did not require prescription glasses for near or distance vision (P=.0190). Patients with toric IOLs had significantly less residual refractive cylinder (P<.0001) and better binocular distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (P=.0014) than those with spherical control IOLs. Patients with bilateral AcrySof toric IOLs achieved superior spectacle freedom, residual refractive cylinder, and distance UCVA compared to patients with bilateral spherical control IOLs.

Early Use of Eyeglasses for Myopia Predicts Long Axial Length of the Eye

Patients with long axial length (AL) eyes (> 25 mm) are at increased risk of globe perforation during performance of intraconal (retrobulbar) eye block. These patients often require glasses or contact lenses for myopia (nearsightedness) as children or young adults. A history of early correction for myopia might, therefore, be a predictor of long AL eyes. One hundred one patients undergoing cataract surgery had AL measured and answered questions about their use of corrective lenses. We found that a history of correction for myopia as a child or young adult was 82% sensitive and 84% specific for having a measured AL > or = 25 mm. Patients with this history may be at increased risk for globe perforation during intraconal block.