Use Of Evidence-based Interventions Research Articles

The level of applying evidence-based strategies in teaching students with learning disabilities and its relationship to their professional competence from their teachers’ point of view

Introduction. Educators face particular obstacles when working with pupils who have learning impairments (LDs), as they must gain a thorough grasp of the unique requirements of their students and employ individualized methods of instruction. Improved learning experiences and outcomes for students with LDs have been shown to be possible through the use of evidence-based interventions. These methods have been shown to be effective in scientific studies, and they can have a major impact on a student's grades. There may be a correlation between teachers' level of professional competence and the extent to which they incorporate these tactics into their classroom practices. Aim. The current study aimed to determine the level of evidence-based strategy application by teachers of students with learning disabilities and its relationship to their professional competence. Methodology. The study sample consisted of 48 male and female teachers of students with learning difficulties, working in the resource rooms and affiliated with the Directorate of Education in the city of Mafraq/Jordan, a scale of evidence-based strategies and a scale of professional competence was developed. Methods of descriptive statistics: arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation (SD) Results. Results showed that educators working with students who have learning difficulties make extensive use of practices supported by research (M = 2.37; SD = 0.25). Furthermore, the employment of a multisensory approach demonstrated considerable efficacy (M = 2.69, SD = 0.28). While instructors demonstrated a high degree of competence in terms of professional competencies (M = 4.23, SD = 0.29), there were discernible variations in the implementation of strategies based on educational experience, particularly among educators with over a decade of experience. The use of evidence-based procedures was also positively correlated with teachers' overall professional skills, indicating that higher levels of competence are linked to more successful implementation of strategies. Practical significance. Teachers' professional competence in instructing kids with learning difficulties is seen to increase when they use tactics supported by research. Improving learning outcomes for kids with LDs requires prioritising professional development and training opportunities and increasing educators' proficiency with these tactics. The findings have important implications for schools, policymakers, and educator preparation programmes.

Abstract IA040: Promoting engagement of evidence-based interventions for Latinos: Cultural adaptation of an online intervention for Latina breast cancer survivors and their partners

Abstract Although public health emphasizes the use of evidence-based interventions (EBIs), often they are not developed with diverse populations in mind, limiting engagement and cultural relevance. This presentation discusses the cultural adaptation of EBIs for Latinos using the adaptation of the online OurRelationship couple's intervention for Latina breast cancer survivors and their partners as a case example. The study used systematic, iterative, and community-engaged approaches, including formative research and patient-centered verification techniques, with ongoing feedback from the community advisory board. Adaptations went beyond translation, aiming for conceptual equivalence. The adapted program – Juntos Despues Del Cancer (JDC) - incorporated cancer-related stressors, coping techniques, social, cultural, and gender norms influencing couples' communication within the context of cancer survivorship. JDC maintained the integrity of OurRelationship while acknowledging the lived experience of Latino couples affected by breast cancer. Lessons learned include navigating fidelity versus fit tensions, focusing on conceptual translations, and recognizing Latino heterogeneity. The online nature of JDC allows for accessibility and nationwide availability. This cultural adaptation approach has broad applications, advancing public health practice and making EBIs more accessible to a diverse audience. Citation Format: Dinorah (Dina) Martinez Tyson, Melody Chavez, Gabriela Sanabria, Sejal Barden, Marangelie Velez, Erik Ruiz, Brian Doss. Promoting engagement of evidence-based interventions for Latinos: Cultural adaptation of an online intervention for Latina breast cancer survivors and their partners [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA040.

Use of Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity in Community Health Improvement Plans from Large Local Health Departments.

We sought to identify evidence-based healthy weight, nutrition, and physical activity strategies related to obesity prevention in large local health department (LHD) Community Health Improvement Plans (CHIPs). We analyzed the content of the most recent, publicly available plans from 72 accredited LHDs serving a population of at least 500 000 people. We matched CHIP strategies to the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps' What Works for Health (WWFH) database of interventions. We identified 739 strategies across 55 plans, 62.5% of which matched a "WWFH intervention" rated for effectiveness on diet and exercise outcomes. Among the 20 most commonly identified WWFH interventions in CHIPs, 10 had the highest evidence for effectiveness while 4 were rated as likely to decrease health disparities according to WWFH. Future prioritization of strategies by health agencies could focus on strategies with the strongest evidence for promoting healthy weight, nutrition, and physical activity outcomes and reducing health disparities.

Impact of hospital characteristics on implementation of a Pediatric Early Warning System in resource-limited cancer hospitals.

Pediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS) aid in identification of deterioration in hospitalized children with cancer but are underutilized in resource-limited settings. Proyecto EVAT is a multicenter quality improvement (QI) collaborative in Latin America to implement PEWS. This study investigates the relationship between hospital characteristics and time required for PEWS implementation. This convergent mixed-methods study included 23 Proyecto EVAT childhood cancer centers; 5 hospitals representing quick and slow implementers were selected for qualitative analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 71 stakeholders involved in PEWS implementation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated to English, then coded using a priori and novel codes. Thematic content analysis explored the impact of hospital characteristics and QI experience on time required for PEWS implementation and was supplemented by quantitative analysis exploring the relationship between hospital characteristics and implementation time. In both quantitative and qualitative analysis, material and human resources to support PEWS significantly impacted time to implementation. Lack of resources produced various obstacles that extended time necessary for centers to achieve successful implementation. Hospital characteristics, such as funding structure and type, influenced PEWS implementation time by determining their resource-availability. Prior hospital or implementation leader experience with QI, however, helped facilitate implementation by assisting implementers predict and overcome resource-related challenges. Hospital characteristics impact time required to implement PEWS in resource-limited childhood cancer centers; however, prior QI experience helps anticipate and adapt to resource challenges and more quickly implement PEWS. QI training should be a component of strategies to scale-up use of evidence-based interventions like PEWS in resource-limited settings.

Management of medically assisted withdrawal from alcohol in acute adult mental health and specialist addictions in-patient services: UK clinical audit findings.

Medically assisted alcohol withdrawal (MAAW) is increasingly undertaken on acute adult psychiatric wards. Comparison of the quality of MAAW between acute adult wards and specialist addictions units in mental health services. Clinical audit conducted by the Prescribing Observatory for Mental Health (POMH). Information on MAAW was collected from clinical records using a bespoke data collection tool. Forty-five National Health Service (NHS) mental health trusts/healthcare organisations submitted data relating to the treatment of 908 patients undergoing MAAW on an acute adult ward or psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) and 347 admitted to a specialist NHS addictions unit. MAAW had been overseen by an addiction specialist in 33 (4%) of the patients on an acute adult ward/PICU. A comprehensive alcohol history, measurement of breath alcohol, full screening for Wernicke's encephalopathy, use of parenteral thiamine, prescription of medications for relapse prevention (such as acamprosate) and referral for specialist continuing care of alcohol-related problems following discharge were all more commonly documented when care was provided on a specialist unit or when there was specialist addictions management on an acute ward. The findings suggest that the quality of care provided for medically assisted withdrawal from alcohol, including the use of evidence-based interventions, is better when clinicians with specialist addictions training are involved. This has implications for future quality improvement in the provision of MAAW in acute adult mental health settings.

Perceived Barriers and Use of Evidence-Based Practices for Adolescent HPV Vaccination among East Texas Providers.

Adolescents living in rural areas are less likely to be up to date on the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent cervical cancer. We administered a telephone survey to 27 clinics in rural East Texas to assess perceived barriers to HPV vaccination and current use of evidence-based interventions to promote HPV vaccination. Perceived barriers were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale and clinical implementation of evidence-based practices was determined. Findings are reported using descriptive statistics. The most commonly reported barriers were missed vaccination opportunities due to the pandemic (66.7%), followed by vaccine hesitancy due to the pandemic (44.4%) and due to the HPV vaccine specifically (33.3%). Fewer than a third of clinics reported using the evidence-based strategies of use of a "refusal to vaccinate" form (29.6%), having an identified HPV vaccine champion (29.6%), and recommending the HPV vaccine at age 9 (22.2%). While many clinics surveyed currently implement evidence-based practices to promote HPV vaccination, there is a need and desire for additional HPV vaccination interventions in East Texas clinics.

Variation in State-Level Mammography Use, 2012 and 2020.

Mammography is a screening tool for early detection of breast cancer. Uptake in screening use in states can be influenced by Medicaid coverage and eligibility policies, public health outreach efforts, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. We described state-specific mammography use in 2020 and changes as compared with 2012. We estimated the proportion of women aged ≥40 years who reported receiving a mammogram in the past 2 years, by age group, state, and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, using 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. We also compared 2020 state estimates with 2012 estimates. The proportion of women aged 50-74 years who received a mammogram in the past 2 years was 78.1% (95% CI, 77.4%-78.8%) in 2020. Across measures of socioeconomic status, mammography use was generally lower among women who did not have health insurance (52.0%; 95% CI, 48.3%-55.6%) than among those who did (79.9%; 95% CI, 79.3%-80.6%) and among those who had a usual source of care (49.4%; 95% CI, 46.1%-52.7%) than among those who did not (81.0%; 95% CI, 80.4%-81.7%). Among women aged 50-74 years, mammography use varied across states, from a low of 65.2% (95% CI, 61.4%-69.0%) in Wyoming to a high of 86.1% (95% CI, 83.8%-88.3%) in Massachusetts. Four states had significant increases in mammography use from 2012 to 2020, and 8 states had significant declines. Mammography use varied widely among states. Use of evidence-based interventions tailored to the needs of local populations and communities may help close gaps in the use of mammography.

Evaluation of an implementation package to deliver the COPD CARE service

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide and is estimated to be the leading cause of death in the next 15 years. Patients with...

Moderated mediation of motivation and self-efficacy in a brief motivational interviewing intervention to reduce youth alcohol use

Background Adolescent alcohol use is a significant public health concern, particularly in Latin America where rates are high. Despite the increasing use of evidence-based interventions in this region, there is a need for further research to understand how and for whom the programs work best. Objectives This study examines at how motivation and self-efficacy affected an alcohol prevention intervention among students in Zacatecas, Mexico. We tested whether motivation mediated the relationship between alcohol use risk and the success of the intervention, and whether self-efficacy moderated this relationship. Methods We analyzed data from 5,955 middle school students using correlation and mediation analyses to assess the indirect effects of motivation. We then conducted a moderated mediation analysis to see if the indirect effect differed between students with low and high self-efficacy. Results Students with higher motivation had lower risk for alcohol use and were more successful in achieving the intervention outcome. Motivation was a stronger mediator in the high self-efficacy group compared to the low self-efficacy group. Conclusions This study deepened our understanding of the mechanisms of change for the program and emphasized the importance of personal self-efficacy in targeting motivation. It also highlights the need for testing mechanisms in Latin America.

The role of gamification in digital mental health.

The role of gamification in digital mental health.

They're Dying. Now What? The Impact of a 2-Hour End-of-Life Educational Intervention on Bedside Nurse Self-efficacy, Knowledge, and Clinical Practice.

The palliative care team identified a lack of knowledge and confidence for nurses providing end-of-life care in a hospital. The team completed a quality improvement project establishing significant improvement in knowledge and self-efficacy after a 2-hour educational intervention. The next step was to study the impact on practice. Clinical management of pain, dyspnea, secretions, and agitation was compared for a 3-month period before and after intervention. Thirty-six patients were identified in the preintervention group, and 46 patients were in the postintervention group. A 2-sample proportion Z test ( α = .05, 2-tailed) showed no statistical significance in the number of doses of opioids administered between preintervention and postintervention groups; however, the number of patients in the postintervention group that received an opioid orally was significantly greater ( z = -2.098, P = .0357). A significantly lower proportion of the postintervention group received benzodiazepines ( z = -4.334, P < .00001). The postintervention group had a statistically significant lower proportion of anticholinergics administered ( z = -4.189, P < .00001). Significantly more patients in the postintervention group had oxygen titrated ( z = -3.196, P = .0014) and were on room air at the time of death ( z = -3.891, P = .0001). A 2-hour training led to statistically significant changes in the use of evidence-based interventions.

Therapist and supervisor perspectives about two train-the-trainer implementation strategies in schools: A qualitative study.

Train-the-trainer (TT) implementation strategies (in which designated clinicians are trained to then train others in an intervention) are promising approaches to support mental health clinician use of evidence-based interventions in school contexts. However, there is little evidence to date examining clinicians' perceptions of the acceptability and feasibility of TT strategies, or comparing clinicians' perceptions of different types of TT strategies. The current study was conducted as part of a larger hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial, in which school-based therapists and supervisors received one of two different types of implementation support to implement cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) groups for anxiety: TT (i.e., initial training for therapists and supervisors) or enhanced TT (TT+; i.e., initial training for therapists and supervisors, and ongoing external consultation for supervisors). We used applied thematic analysis to compare qualitative interview transcripts from 28 therapist interviews and 33 supervisor interviews from therapists and supervisors who received TT or TT+ support and report themes that were similar and different across the two groups. Most themes were similar across the TT and TT+ conditions: therapists and supervisors in both conditions perceived the group anxiety intervention as acceptable and viewed supervision as acceptable, helpful, and feasible. Therapists and supervisors in both conditions had mixed impressions of the contextual appropriateness of the group anxiety intervention, and some reported logistical challenges with weekly supervision. Some unique themes were identified among the TT+ condition, including supervisors experiencing professional growth, and therapists and supervisors perceiving supervision as critically important and enjoyable. These results suggest that TT implementation support, using a model in which an internal supervisor receives initial training and then provides ongoing supervision, is acceptable and feasible to support a group CBT intervention in schools. The results also highlight additional benefits that therapists and supervisors perceived when supervisors received ongoing consultation. The clinical trial from which these data were derived was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) prior to the time of first patient enrollment. The registration number is: NCT02651402.

1950. Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Reproductive-Aged Women in Jamaica

Abstract Background Little is known about the factors which influence COVID-19 vaccine uptake among reproductive-aged women in Jamaica. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, web-based survey of 192 reproductive-aged women in Jamaica from February 1- 8, 2022. Participants were recruited from a convenience sample of women (patients, providers and staff) at a tertiary care hospital whose demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. We assessed self-reported COVID-19 vaccination status, vaccine confidence (defined as confidence in the safety and efficacy of vaccines and the system that delivers them) and medical mistrust beliefs (e.g., “I don’t trust the COVID-19 vaccine”). We conducted exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and oblique equamax rotation on 22 survey items. Three factors were extracted which conceptually aligned with three subscales: lack of vaccine confidence, government-related COVID-19 medical mistrust, and race-based COVID-19 medical mistrust; we retained items with factor loadings &amp;gt; 0.40. The final subscale variables and their descriptive statistics are shown in Table 2. In addition, we used multivariable modified Poisson regression to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between vaccine uptake and pregnancy status adjusting for education and factors scores. Variables with a p value &amp;lt; 0.1 were retained in the final regression model. Results Of 192 respondents, 72(38%) were pregnant and 120 (62%) were non-pregnant. Pregnancy was negatively associated with vaccine uptake (aPR=0.70, 95%CI=0.51 - 0.96; p=0.029). Women with higher scores on the lack of vaccine confidence subscale (i.e., less confident in vaccine) were less likely to be vaccinated (aPR=0.72, 95%CI=0.61 - 0.86; p&amp;lt; 0.001). Government-related COVID-19 medical mistrust and race-based COVID-19 medical mistrust were not significantly associated with vaccine uptake (see Table 3). Conclusion Findings suggest that pregnancy and lack of vaccine confidence are factors associated with lower vaccine uptake among reproductive-aged women in Jamaica. Bolstering vaccine confidence, through the use of evidence-based interventions, may help to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake in this population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Challenges to sustainability of pediatric early warning systems (PEWS) in low-resource hospitals in Latin America.

Sustainability, or continued use of evidence-based interventions for long-term patient benefit, is the least studied aspect of implementation science. In this study, we evaluate sustainability of a Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS), an evidence-based intervention to improve early identification of clinical deterioration in hospitalized children, in low-resource settings using the Clinical Capacity for Sustainability Framework (CCS). We conducted a secondary analysis of a qualitative study to identify barriers and enablers to PEWS implementation. Semi-structured interviews with PEWS implementation leaders and hospital directors at 5 Latin American pediatric oncology centers sustaining PEWS were conducted virtually in Spanish from June to August 2020. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and translated into English. Exploratory thematic content analysis yielded staff perceptions on PEWS sustainability. Coded segments were analyzed to identify participant perception about the current state and importance of sustaining PEWS, as well as sustainability successes and challenges. Identified sustainability determinants were mapped to the CCS to evaluate its applicability. We interviewed 71 staff including physicians (45%), nurses (45%), and administrators (10%). Participants emphasized the importance of sustaining PEWS for continued patient benefits. Identified sustainability determinants included supportive leadership encouraging ongoing interest in PEWS, beneficial patient outcomes enhancing perceived value of PEWS, integrating PEWS into the routine of patient care, ongoing staff turnover creating training challenges, adequate material resources to promote PEWS use, and the COVID-19 pandemic. While most identified factors mapped to the CCS, COVID-19 emerged as an additional external sustainability challenge. Together, these challenges resulted in multiple impacts on PEWS sustainment, ranging from a small reduction in PEWS quality to complete disruption of PEWS use and subsequent loss of benefits to patients. Participants described several innovative strategies to address identified challenges and promote PEWS sustainability. This study describes clinician perspectives on sustainable implementation of evidence-based interventions in low-resource settings, including sustainability determinants and potential sustainability strategies. Identified factors mapped well to the CCS, however, external factors, such as the COVID pandemic, may additionally impact sustainability. This work highlights an urgent need for theoretically-driven, empirically-informed strategies to support sustainable implementation of evidence-based interventions in settings of all resource-levels.

Stakeholder and Equity Data-Driven Implementation: a Mixed Methods Pilot Feasibility Study.

We conducted a mixed methods pilot feasibility study of a Stakeholder and Equity Data-Driven Implementation (SEDDI) process to facilitate using healthcare data to identify patient groups experiencing gaps in the use of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) and rapidly adapt EBIs to achieve greater access and equitable outcomes. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of SEDDI in a pilot hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial of a paired colorectal cancer (CRC) and social needs screening intervention at four federally qualified community health centers (CHCs). An external facilitator partnered with CHC teams to support initial implementation, followed by the SEDDI phase focused on advancing health equity. Facilitation sessions were delivered over 8 months. Preliminary evaluation of SEDDI involved convergent mixed methods with quantitative survey and focus group data. CHCs used data to identify gaps in outreach and completion of CRC screening with respect to race/ethnicity, gender, age, and language. Adaptations to improve access and use of the intervention included cultural, linguistic, and health literacy tailoring. CHC teams reported that facilitation and systematic review of data were helpful in identifying and prioritizing gaps. None of the four CHCs completed rapid cycle testing of adaptations largely due to competing priorities during the COVID-19 response. SEDDI has the potential for advancing chronic disease prevention and management by providing a stakeholder and data-driven approach to identify and prioritize health equity targets and guide adaptations to improve health equity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04585919.

Establishing the Medical Actionability of Genomic Variants.

Actionability is an important concept in medicine that does not have a well-accepted standard definition, nor is there a general consensus on how to establish it. Medical actionability is often conflated with clinical utility, a related but distinct concept. This lack of clarity contributes to practice variation and inconsistent coverage decisions in genomic medicine, leading to the potential for systematic bias in the use of evidence-based interventions. We clarify how medical actionability and clinical utility are distinct and then discuss the spectrum of actionability, including benefits for the person, the family, and society. We also describe applications across the life course, including prediction, diagnosis, and treatment. Current challenges in assessing the medical actionability of identified genomic variants include gaps in the evidence, limited contexts with practice guidelines, and subjective aspects of medical actionability. A standardized and authoritative assessment of medical actionability is critical to implementing genomic medicine in a fashion that improves population health outcomes and reduces health disparities.

Variations in Definitions of Evidence-Based Interventions for Behavioral Health in Eight Selected U.S. States.

U.S. state legislatures fill a vital role in supporting the use of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) through statutes and regulations (mandates). The study determined the terms used by selected states to describe EBIs and how those terms are defined in mandates. The mandates of eight purposely selected states were accessed and coded using the Westlaw Legal Research Database. Considerable variation was found in the terms used by states to describe EBIs. Although "evidence-based" was the most frequently utilized term (60% of mandates), an additional 29 alternative terms appeared with varying frequencies. Most terms were simply mentioned, with no further definition or elaboration. When terms were further defined or elaborated, the majority were defined using numerous and different types of external sources or references. Three approaches were found in the mandates defining EBIs: "single definition," "hierarchies of evidence levels," and "best available evidence"; the states differed considerably in the approaches used in their mandates. The variations in EBI-related terminology across states and within states, coupled with a lack of elaboration on the meaning of important terms and the predominant use of external rather than internal guidelines, may be a source of confusion for behavioral health provider agencies that seek direction about what constitutes an EBI. Prior studies indicate that many agencies may lack staff with the technical ability to adequately evaluate what constitutes an EBI. Thus, lack of clear guidance from official state government mandates may impede the implementation of EBIs within states.

Conceptualising contexts, mechanisms and outcomes for implementing large-scale, multisite hospital improvement initiatives: a realist synthesis

DesignRealist synthesis.Study backgroundLarge-scale hospital improvement initiatives can standardise healthcare across multiple sites but results are contingent on the implementation strategies that complement them. The benefits of these implemented interventions are...

Study Protocol: Type 1 Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Trial of a Behavioral Parent Training Intervention for Parents of Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.

Children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) and who use hearing aids or cochlear implants are more likely than their peers with typical hearing to exhibit behavior problems. Although multiple evidence-based interventions for child behavior problems exist, they are rarely delivered to children who are DHH, and no rigorous randomized controlled trials have been conducted to determine their effects with this population. This protocol describes a study aiming to test the effectiveness of an evidence-based behavioral parent training intervention adapted for parents of young children who are DHH and simultaneously to assess key implementation outcomes and multilevel contextual factors influencing implementation. The protocol for a Type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a behavioral parent training intervention for parents of young children who are DHH is presented, including details of the study design, participants, assessments, and analyses. Using a stakeholder-engaged, mixed-methods approach, we will test the effects of the intervention versus treatment as usual on parenting behaviors, child behaviors, and a range of secondary effectiveness outcomes, including adherence to using hearing aids and cochlear implants as well as measures of child speech and language. We will assess the acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, and costs of the intervention from the perspectives of peer coaches who deliver the intervention, hearing health care clinicians (including audiologists and speech-language pathologists), and administrators of programs serving young children who are DHH. Results of this trial will inform future efforts to close the gap between prevalence of behavioral problems in young children who are DHH and access to and use of evidence-based interventions to prevent and treat them. If effective, this intervention could be widely implemented using strategies informed by the findings of this study to benefit young children who are DHH and followed in hearing health care and their families.

Supportive Care for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) During Venipuncture

AIM OF INVESTIGATION: Through the use of evidence-based interventions to reduce pain and anxiety, a pediatric venipuncture experience can be a positive experience free of pain and anxiety. However, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often present with unique challenges. The purpose of this project was to review evidence and implement standards to ensure even children with ASD have the best possible venipuncture experience including minimizing fear and anxiety. Methods: The project was carried out in a pediatric procedural suite where children routinely receive an IV prior to procedures.