Use Of Estar Research Articles

The extension of 'estar' across the Mexico-US border: Evidence against contact induced acceleration

This variationist study compares the extension of estar in contexts where normatively one would expect the use of the ser, in the Spanish varieties spoken in Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, United States. An analysis of 1,582 tokens in 36 interviews shows an overall innovative use of estar of 16.2% in Sonora and 20.8% in Arizona, percentages comparable to previous studies. Place of origin of the speaker (Sonora/Arizona) is not statistically significant and the distribution of the factors is very similar in the two communities, suggesting bilingualism (Spanish-English) does not result in an accelerated innovative use in this corpus. A discussion of previous research also provides evidence against a general tendency towards an accelerated use of innovative estar as the result of Spanish-English bilingualism in US Spanish. The methodology implemented in this study (comparing Sonoran monolinguals and Arizonan bilinguals from Sonoran families), provides a needed control when discerning between contact-induced change and language-internal dialectal variation.

Empirical Research on Repo Rates Based on Exponenti- al Smooth Transition Autoregressive Model

In the process of China's marketization of interest rates, researching the characteristics of interest rates has very important theoretical and practical significance. Based on Chinese interbank repo interest rates, the characteristics of daily interest rates and monthly interest rates and their spreads have been researched, and unit root tests are paid to the level, the first difference and the spread of daily interest rates and monthly interest rates based on the traditional method and the exponential smooth transition autoregressive method (ESTAR) respectively. The results show: Firstly, as for different term of repo interest rates, the characteristics are different. Secondly, both lists of daily rates and monthly rates are integrated of order 1. Thirdly, the spread of daily interest rates and monthly interest rates is not stationary by use of ADF, but stationary by use of ESTAR. Finally, the long-run equilibrium relationship between daily repo interest rates and monthly repo interest rates is stable with nonlinear adjustment.

A Deeper Look at the Grammar and Some Implications of SER and ESTAR + Locative in Spanish

The article y ESTAR + locativos en espafiol (Hispania, March 1984) presents a semantic and syntactic study of Spanish constructions containing SER and ESTAR with locatives. The principal aim of that article is to explain the difference between constructions such as: ?D6nde es la catedral? and 1'D6nde estd la catedral?, a difference which is clearly sensed by native speakers, even though they might find it impossible to explain the difference. Indeed, even in the theoretical literature, the difference between these two constructions has not received satisfactory explicit formulations. In fact, many textbooks of Spanish and, consequently, many speakers of Spanish as a second language simply ignore the existence of constructions containing SER + locative. Typically, the problem of accounting for such constructions is entirely circumvented by the statement of a blanket rule, according to which locatives require the use of ESTAR, i.e., constructions such as ?D6nde estd la catedral? are the only ones permitted in Spanish. As convenient as it may be, this approach to SER/ESTAR + locatives is an expedient which flies in the face of plain facts of Spanish usage. The fact is that native speakers can be frequently heard to utter sentences such as: