Use Of Embryonic Cells Research Articles

Технология 3D-биопечати: вопросы биоэтики

Scientific development of 3D bioprinting is rapidly advancing. Bioprinting is expected to be actively implemented within the healthcare industry producing a revolutionary impact on transplantation. However, the innovative biotechnology involves numerous ethical and regulatory issues. Special attention is given to ethical issues associated with the use of embryonic cells, storage of personal data, obtaining informed consent, and peculiarities of clinical trials. The issues of safety and quality are reviewed. Equal access to technologies and use of biotechnologies to ‘enhance a human being’ are addressed. The issues of culture and religion are separately discussed within the context of this technology. It is stressed that as far as the issue of ethical estimation and legal regulation goes, 3D bioprinting can’t be completely assessed with the help of regular clinical trials or acting regulatory requirements. In particular, no suitable regulatory system or special documents regulating 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs and their subsequent transplantation are currently available in Russia or globally. Thus, it’s necessary to develop requirements to safety, quality and effectiveness of technological processes and end products obtained with the help of 3D bioprinting with the best interests of generally acknowledged human rights.

Stem Cells: A Historical Review about Biological, Religious, and Ethical Issues.

Stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells or regenerate organs and have broadened our knowledge of the development and progression of certain diseases. Despite significant advances in understanding stem cell biology, several problems limit their use. These problems are related not only to the growth of tumors in animal models and their rejection in transplant cases but also to ethical and social issues about the use of embryonic cells. The ethical-scientific debate on this type of cells has taken on great interest both for their application in regenerative medicine and for the potential possibilities in the field of cell and gene therapy. Different points of view often have the expression of a perception that depends on scientific goals or opportunities or on religious traditions and beliefs. Therefore, as the questions and doubts about when life begins, so do the answers for the use of these cells as therapy or otherwise. So, in addition to the origin of stem cells, there are currently some social bioethical (such as political and legislative issues) and religious dilemmas. The purpose of the study is aimed at being a narrative on the history of stem cells and the evolution of their use to date, as well as to clarify the bioethical position of the various religions today in comparison with the social ones regarding the research and use of embryonic and adult ones. Hence, their biological hypostasis regarding the concepts of “conception” and “fertilization” and their development and therapeutic use compared to those of the main theological doctrines.

Exploring the potential of human adipocytes in periodontal regeneration: A review

Stem cells, initially identified in embryonic tissues and later in numerous adult tissues, tend to possess the potentiality to differentiate into various cell types. Though most flexible of all stem cell lines, ethical issues restrict the use of embryonic cells. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and adult stem cells (e.g: bone marrow stroma) can also be used. However, procurement of autologous bone marrow has its potential limitations. An alternate source of autologous adult stem cells which can be procured in large quantities, under local anesthesia, with minimal discomfort would be of keen interest. In the present context, human adult adipose tissue may be the best appropriate alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells. Studies have shown that adipose stem cells (ASCs) extracted from subcutaneous human adult adipose tissue tend to contain heterogeneous cell population called stromal vascular fraction (SVF). It may be used directly or cultured in for selection and expansion of an adherent population, and hence, they are called ASCs. The adipose tissue, obtained by suction-assisted lipectomy (i.e., liposuction), are processed to obtain a fibroblast-like population of cells, also called processed lipoaspirate (PLA). PLA cells has the potentiality to differentiate in vitro into adipogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic, and osteogenic cells in the presence of lineage-specific induction factors. This attributable feature of ASCs may be of significant importance in future clinical cell-based therapy for periodontal disease as well. This review describes current knowledge & recent advances in ASCs & their application. This review describes current knowledge and recent advances in ASCs and their application in periodontal regeneration.

Possibility of using the infrapatellar (Hoffa's) fat pad as a source of autologous stem cells

Stem cells are the basis for the creation of tissue-engineered structures in regenerative medicine. The most well-studied sources of stem cells are the embryo and bone marrow. The use of embryonic cells is associated with ethical problems, and the collection of bone marrow is accompanied by invasive procedures. Using adipose tissue as a source of stem cells avoids these problems. But the collection of adipose tissue requires additional interventions, which does not exclude the occurrence of cosmetic defects. Aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad. Material and methods . As a source of MSCs, tissue samples of Hoffa’s fat pad removed during the operation were used (8 cases), as a control - MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue (6 cases). MSCs were isolated using an enzymatic method. At the 3rd passage, phenotyping with specific antibodies against CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105 was performed by flow cytometry. Differentiation in the chondro- and osteogenic direction was carried out at the 3rd passage with the appropriate differentiation media. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by staining with alcian blue, osteogenic - staining according to von Kossa. Results and discussion . Statistically significant decrease in CD105 expression, increase in CD73, CD34 expression and lack of adequate differentiation under standard conditions of differentiation media by MSCs isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad compared to control was found. The data obtained indicate a discrepancy between the cells isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad and the requirements for MSCs. Conclusion . The infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad_cannot be used as a source of standardized MSCs.

The use of embryonic cells in the treatment of osteochondral defects of the knee: an ovine in vivo study.

the aim of this study was to determine whether local delivery of embryonic stem-like (ESL) cells into osteochondral defects in the femoral condyles of sheep would enhance regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage. male ESL cells embedded in fibrin glue were engrafted into osteochondral defects in the medial condyles (ESL-M) of the left femur in 22 ewes. An identical defect was created in the medial condyle of the contralateral stifle joint and left untreated as a control (empty defect, ED). The ewes were divided into 5 groups. Four sheep each were euthanized at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months from surgery, and 6 ewes were euthanized 24 months post-implantation. To study the effect of varying loads on the long-term regeneration process, an identical defect was also created and ESL cell engraftment performed in the lateral condyle (ESL-L) of the left stifle joint of the animals in the 12- and 24-month groups. The evaluation of regenerated tissue was performed by biomechanical, macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical (collagen type II) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assays. no significant differences were found between treated and control sites in the biomechanical assays at any time point. ESL cell grafts showed significantly greater macroscopic evidence of regeneration as compared to controls at 24 months after surgery; significantly better histological evidence of repair in ESL-M samples versus controls was found throughout the considered period. At 24 months from surgery there was significantly improved integration of graft edges with the host tissue in the ESL-M as compared to the ESL-L samples, demonstrating that load bearing positively affects the long-term regeneration process. ESL cells enhanced the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. FISH confirmed that the regenerative tissue originated from ESL cells. ESL cells are able to self-renew for prolonged periods without differentiation and, most importantly, to differentiate into a large variety of tissues.

Culture and Manipulation of Embryonic Cells

Culture and Manipulation of Embryonic Cells

In vivo imaging for stem cell therapy: new developments and future challenges

In recent years, the ground-breaking field of stem cellbased regenerative medicine has been throwing up the tantalising prospect of potential new therapies for a range of diseases. Adult, autologous stem cells have already been tested in early-phase clinical trials in humans and in some cases are now being examined in longer-term clinical trials. Meanwhile, potential therapies based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (reprogrammed differentiated somatic cells) are still in the basic research phases; their translation to human diseases will depend on the adequate addressing of crucial issues, such as the risk of mutagenesis and malignant transformation. Furthermore, the clinical translation, to humans, of techniques shown to be suitable in animal models of disease may encounter hurdles beyond simple biocompatibility issues. Challenges to be overcome are related, among other things, to the high cost of these techniques, their applicability in acute conditions, ethical concerns over the use of embryonic cells and the need for regulatory approval [2]. There also remain important unanswered questions regarding the engraftment, viability, biology and safety of transplanted stem cells, as well as the feasibility of correlating organ functional information with their presence/absence in the living subject. These are questions that can be addressed through the use of non-invasive imaging of transplanted stem cells in the living subject. Indeed, noninvasive molecular imaging strategies are destined to play an increasingly critical role as the different regenerative therapies are tested for clinical use. Such imaging data can potentially shed light on the interaction of exogenous stem cells with the host organism and provide answers to questions such as the best cell type(s), timing of delivery, dose and delivery route to use. The ideal imaging modality, which will have excellent spatial resolution and molecular sensitivity, should be able to guide the delivery of cells and should serially monitor stem cell fate. Currently, however, no such imaging modality exists. The use of direct labelling, with compounds such as iron oxide or [F]fluorodeoxyglucose, is hindered by concerns that the label may become dissociated from the exogenous stem cell and that this approach may thus not be a reliable means of monitoring long-term cell viability. Conversely, these techniques continue to be a valid method for determining the immediate success of stem cell delivery. Reporter gene imaging, meanwhile, is a “Focus on...” abridgements aim to highlight papers published within the past year and draw extensively on the texts and summaries of the articles referenced. Less recent citations are also included when deemed useful to provide background information on the topic reviewed.

Design and Fabrication of All-in-One Unified Microfluidic Chip for Automation of Embryonic Cell Manipulation

We developed a microfluidic chip for automation of cloning process based on a new protocol. The protocol is based on removal of the zona pellucida outside the chip which contributes to simplify on-chip automation of cloning. Then, the oocytes are put into the chip. The design concept of the chip is summarized as follows. (1) The oocyte is cut into two parts. (2) The divided half oocyte is sorted with and without nucleus. (3) The half oocyte without nucleus is coupled with a donor cell, and (4) they are fused by an electrical field. For the current study, the all-in-one unified microfluidic chip was designed to execute (1) cutting, (2) sorting, and (3) coupling parts continuously for this process. Basic functions of these parts as well as fusion part are verified independently. Then, all-in-one unified microfluidic chip was successfully designed and fabricated.

2A2-K08 マイクロロボティクスを適用した胚操作の自動化のための流体チップの設計と製作

2A2-K08 マイクロロボティクスを適用した胚操作の自動化のための流体チップの設計と製作

Production of germline chimera in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and proposal of new method for preservation of endangered fish species

As part of the technique for preservation of endangered fish species, germline chimeras using the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) model were generated by embryonic cell manipulation. Transplanting cells from early-stage embryos of a wild-type strain to the blastoderm of an orange-type strain generated chimeras. Within three days, many of the resulting individuals exhibited a dark pigment on several parts of their body, characteristic of the donor but not of the orange strain. At one year of age, four chimeras (one female and three males) were pair-mated with the orange type, and F(1) was obtained. One of the four F(0) chimeras produced progeny similar to the wild type at a frequency of 0.24% (2/841). The results suggest that this method is a promising technique for the preservation of endangered fish species.

Transplantation of embryonic hepatocytes. Experimental substantiation of a new approach to the therapy of liver failure.

The use of embryonic cells for the therapy of insufficiency in vitally important organs is a promising approach of transplantation medicine. Transplantation of fetal cells can restore liver functions during severe failure of various geneses. We review modern notions about histogenesis, structure, and mechanisms of functioning of low differentiated hepatocytes and extrahepatic cells that can be used for transplantation. Methods for ex vivo isolation of fetal cells for transplantation are described.

From uncommitted to committed embryonic cells: opportunities for their study and manipulation.

This paper offers a broad review of the methodologies used for the study of embryonic development and for the manipulation of embryonic cells. It was written in the context of the silver anniversary of the Australian Society for Reproductive Biology and places particular emphasis on the achievements of Australian scientists in this field. It has attempted to place recent advancements in some historical perspective, to examine the present "state of the art' in reproductive technologies and to consider future directions.

Legal implications of the use of embryonic cells for transplants.

Legal implications of the use of embryonic cells for transplants.