Industrial Electricity Use Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

This article is devoted to the analysis and assessment of the economic effect of power supply technologies in industry. The paper examines current trends in the development of the electric power industry and methods for assessing the economic efficiency of the introduction of new technologies. Special attention is paid to examples of successful implementation of energy efficiency projects in industry. Based on the analysis of the factors influencing the efficiency assessment, the article offers prospects for the development of this area and recommendations for optimizing the use of electricity in industry.

LIFECYCLE CARBON FOOTPRINT: THE CASE STUDY OF THE ELECTRICITY USE IN PUEBLA, MEXICO

Greenhouse gas emissions inventories and carbon footprints assessed at the local level are critical for any country, mainly for those countries which are part of the Paris Agreement such as Mexico, where federal and local governments join forces to design climate-change mitigation policies. However, determining carbon footprints is time and resource-intensive and not always possible for local governments. To meet this need, we propose an alternative method using lifecycle input-output analysis and location quotients to quantify direct and total emissions of the Mexican state of Puebla caused by its use of electricity during 2013. We quantify the emissions from the production and consumption-based perspective, finding that Puebla’s economy emitted a total of 15 million metric tons of CO2e caused by industrial sectors’ electricity use, which represented 3 % of the total national emissions caused by Mexico’s industrial electricity use. The most significant contributors to Puebla’s total greenhouse gas emissions were the “food and beverage preparation services” and the “business support services” sectors accounting for 38 % and 9 % of Puebla’s total emissions and 50 % and 23 % of direct emissions, respectively. We conclude that, in addition to the decarbonization of the energy matrix, potential climate change mitigation policies should reduce the intensity factors of the sectors with the highest emissions identified with the proposed method.

Technological change or process innovation – An empirical study of implemented energy efficiency measures from a Swedish industrial voluntary agreements program

The implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) is the primary means of improving industrial energy efficiency (IEE). Almost 69% of industrial electricity use emanates from motor systems. IEE has traditionally been explained with technology-diffusion models. According to these models, increased diffusion of more effective motors and drives onto the market leads to improved efficiency. Electric motor systems are represented by three levels: electric motor, core motor system, and total motor system. The first and second levels are related to stand-alone technology measures while the third has a more operational character. Based on a unique dataset of implemented energy-efficiency motor system measures from the 100 most electricity-intensive industrial companies in Sweden, the aim of this paper is to study whether technology diffusion is a valid model for understanding improved energy efficiency in electricity-intensive industries. Results show that 59% of the implemented EEMs from the dataset go beyond technology diffusion models, implying a need for revised models to understand how energy efficiency and technology diffusion occur in energy-intensive industry.

The influence of electricity prices on saving electricity in production: Automated multivariate time-series analyses for 99 Danish trades and industries

We examine whether industries save electricity per unit of output when electricity prices rise. This is of interest for policy makers considering changing tariffs on industrial electricity consumption. Previous studies use national or sector-level data offering limited information about how individual industries are affected, which is needed for better targeting policies. Using Danish time-series data (1966–2015), we therefore analyze industries at a detailed level. In particular, for each of 99 industries, we use Autometrics to find a well-specified partial VAR model for the intensities of electricity and other energy (an aggregate of oil, coal, gas, district heating and biomass). The model allows for cointegration and is conditional on energy prices and heating degree days. We find that, 15 industries (26% of total industrial electricity use in 2015), save electricity (per unit of output) when this becomes more expensive. For another 18 industries (10%), both electricity and other energy are saved when electricity prices increase. Finally, there are only 4 industries (3%), for which the savings on electricity are compensated by an increase in other energy.

The potential of industrial electricity savings to reduce air pollution from coal-fired power generation in China

Coal-intensive power supply systems, along with a fast-growing electricity demand driven by industry has caused serious air pollution and health concerns. These concerns are particularly prominent in countries where electricity use is likewise dominated by industry and heavily dependent on coal-based electricity. A more efficient industry and coal-free electricity systems are the core components of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Previous studies rarely reflect on the impacts of the electricity savings of industrial consumers on the electricity supply sector with respect to future air emission changes, and also neglect the potential benefits of reducing investments in new generation capacity. Here, a comprehensive modeling framework is newly developed to quantify the connections of electricity savings, coal-based electricity systems, air pollutant emissions, and control investments in China, a country exposed to poor air quality. The modeling framework includes 175 energy efficiency technologies (covering multiple industrial sectors) and detailed information of power generation units (thermal efficiency, environmental performance, and lifespan), and allows for unit-by-unit assessment. We find that industrial efficiency improvements can significantly decrease the dependence on coal-fired power generation, particularly the most polluting power fleet. Efficient use of electricity in industry can drive all small high-polluting coal generation units (i.e. units below 300 MW, in total 753 units) to be phased out and effectively curb less efficient coal-fired plants to come online in China. Meanwhile, the air pollutant emissions can be significantly avoided because of the closed coal-fired power units. Developed cost portfolios demonstrate that improving industrial energy efficiency is more cost-effective than installing flue gas controls in coal-fired plants. We further reveal that a sustainable industry could contribute to climate change mitigation even if less remarkable than air quality improvement, while enabling the expansion of intermittent renewable power supply.

Analysis of The Covid-19 Impact on Electricity Consumption and Production

With the year 2020, the world faced a new threat that affects all areas of life, negatively affects production in all areas and paralyzes social life. The measures and restrictions taken by the country's governments to prevent the epidemic from spreading rapidly in the society with the effect of the coronavirus (Covid-19), which first appeared in China and spread all over the world, brought a new lifestyle. Covid-19 has been much the impact on electricity use and electricity production in the period in Turkey as like other countries. There was a sharp decline in commercial and industrial electricity use. The coronavirus effect has also been reflected in the electricity demand and the consumption amount has undergone a great negative change. Due to the enactment of measures against the new type of coronavirus epidemic and the partial or full-time curfews, electricity consumption was moved to homes, supermarkets and hospitals in April 2020 from places where mass consumption is intense, such as industry, workplaces and educational institutions. In this study, Covid-19 period, the first cases were examined electricity production and consumption in Turkey as of the date it is seen throughout, in comparison with electricity consumption data in the same month of the previous years corresponding to this period, the effects on electricity generation and consumption habits of this period were examined.

Impacts of regional industrial electricity savings on the development of future coal capacity per electricity grid and related air pollution emissions – A case study for China

Moving to a sustainable industry and weaning electricity supply off coal are critical to mitigate ambient air pollution and climate change. This is particularly true in China which is globally the largest manufacturer and relies heavily on coal-fired electricity. Research that explores the linkages between industrial electricity use and the electricity supply sector to curb air pollution is limited. In this study, an integrated modeling framework is developed that quantifies the impact of industrial electricity savings on the evolution of the coal power plant fleet in China, and on air pollutants for the different power grids in the period 2016–2040. The framework includes a rich set of efficiency technologies and detailed unit-level information (geo-coordinates, thermal efficiency, environmental performance). We find that the reduced electricity load due to the industrial efficiency improvements can effectively scale down the coal power fleet, and most importantly allows closing the most polluting units. The potentials for electricity savings vary amongst the industrial sectors and provinces, resulting in significant heterogeneity of coal plant phaseout per power grid. Because energy-intensive industrial plants are mostly found in the North, Central and Northwest grids, these three grids provide 66% of the total displaced coal capacity. The closing of coal units leads to a variation in annual emission reductions per power grid of 13–85 kt-SO2, 19–129 kt-NOx, 3–17 kt-PM and 21–167 Mt-CO2, compared to business-as-usual emissions. The iron & steel, aluminium and chemical sectors, together contribute to 84% of the total electricity savings by 2040, and are thereby most important to target.

Price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity demand in the European Union

This study examines the short- and long-run price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity demand in the European Union between 1996 and 2016. Instrumental variable models using the between estimator, as well as dynamic panel models are employed to present robust estimates, and to assess the impact of different methodologies on the reported elasticities. The long-run price elasticity of residential electricity consumption is estimated between −0.53 and −0.56. These elasticities are more inelastic than that of industrial electricity use, which is reported between −0.75 and −1.01. The choice of different econometric methodologies has only moderate impact on the estimates. While long-run residential income elasticity estimates are moderately inelastic and estimated around 0.61, industrial electricity use tends to be closely tied to income, with elasticities between 0.76 and 1.08. Electricity demand in all sectors is highly price and income inelastic in the short run. Additionally, population density, temperatures, and policy measures also influence sectoral electricity use. The above estimates can aid the design of European energy and environmental policy.

탈석유화와 전기화의 관계 분석

, , Abstract - After the oil crisis in 1970s, many countries have tried to reduce oil dependency. Especially, in Korea, rapid declining oil consumption has speedily brought to electrification and a surge in electricity demand. This paper attempts to estimate the relationship between declining oil use and electrification in Korea using OECD panel data covering from 1985 to 2011. To this end, random effect model and fixed effect model are employed. The increase in the ratio of energy oil to total energy consumption by 10%p leads to reduce the electricity demand by about 15%. This result can be useful information to cope with the recent crisis of electric power. In addition, industrial sector is ranked in forth the ratio of industrial electricity use to total electricity use according to the result of comparative analysis of electricity consumption by use in OECD countries. Therefore, industrial sector should be treated as the main target of demand-side management policies for electricity.

Structural changes in industrial electricity use: the case of the pulp and paper industry in Sweden

The purpose of this paper is to analyse altering energy demand patterns and energy factor substitution possibilities over time in the pulp and paper industry in order to increase our understanding ...

What goes down must come up? Trends of industrial electricity use in the North-West of Russia

This article uses decomposition method to analyse industrial electricity consumption in North-Western Russia, namely in Archangelsk oblast, the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk oblast. The case sectors, forestry and electricity, have in most cases developed similarly in the chosen regions during 1990–2001. The decomposition analysis shows that the reduction of economic activity has reduced electricity consumption in all three regions but that it is not always the main factor reducing consumption. The changes in energy efficiency increased consumption in the forestry sector in all regions while in the electricity sector it led to a reduction. The changes in the structures of the regional economies increased electricity consumption in electricity industry which gained importance due to developments in the manufacturing industry. In Murmansk, forestry sector has almost disappeared during the observation period. This was the main observed electricity consumption reduction caused by structural changes. Many of the developments can be better understood against the general knowledge of transition factors.

Sustainable development policies and measures: institutional issues and electrical efficiency in South Africa

An innovative approach is introduced for helping developing countries to make their development more sustainable, and also to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a co-benefit. Such an approach is proposed as part of the multilateral framework on climate change. The concept of sustainable development policies and measures (SD-PAMs) is outlined, making clear that it is distinct from many other approaches in starting from development rather than explicit climate targets. The potential of SD-PAMs is illustrated with a case-study of energy efficiency in South Africa, drawing on energy modelling for the use of electricity in industry. The results show multiple benefits both for local sustainable development and for mitigating global climate change. The benefits of industrial energy efficiency in South Africa include significant reductions in local air pollutants; improved environmental health; creation of additional jobs; reduced electricity demand; and delays in new investments in electricity generation. The co-benefit of reducing GHG emissions could result in a reduction of as much as 5% of SA's total projected energy CO2 emissions by 2020. Institutional support and policy guidance is needed at both the international and national level to realize the potential of SD-PAMs. This analysis demonstrates that if countries begin to act early to move towards greater sustainability, they will also start to bend the curve of their emissions path.

Letting the (energy) Gini out of the bottle: Lorenz curves of cumulative electricity consumption and Gini coefficients as metrics of energy distribution and equity

Energy services are fundamental determinants of the quality of life as well as the economic vitality of both industrialized and developing nations. Few analytic tools exist, however, to explore changes in individual, household, and national levels of energy consumption and utilization. In order to contribute to such analyses, we extend the application of Lorenz curves to energy consumption. We examined the distribution of residential electricity consumption in five countries: Norway, USA, El Salvador, Thailand, and Kenya. These countries exhibit a dramatic range of energy profiles, with electricity consumption far more evenly distributed across the population in some industrialized nations than others, and with further significant differences in the Lorenz distribution between industrialized and industrializing economies. The metric also provides critical insights into the temporal evolution of energy management in different states and nations. We illustrate this with a preliminary longitudinal study of commercial and industrial electricity use in California during the economically volatile 1990s. Finally, we explore the limits of Lorenz analyses for understanding energy equity through a discussion of the roles that variations in energy conversion efficiency and climate play in shaping distributions of energy consumption. The Lorenz method, which is widely employed by economists to analyze income distribution, is largely unused in energy analysis, but provides a powerful new tool for estimating the distributional dimensions of energy consumption. Its widespread use can make significant contributions to scientific and policy debates about energy equity in the context of climate change mitigation, electric power industry deregulation and restructuring, and the development of national infrastructure.

Sources of change in industrial electricity use in the Taiwan economy, 1976–1986

This paper applies an input-output structural decomposition model in order to analyse the sources of change in the 1976 to 1986 electricity demands of the industrial sectors in Taiwan. Various types of demand shifts, technical substitutions and technological changes are identified. The relative importance of 14 mutually exclusive sources of change is evaluated. The results indicate that, over the course of the study period, while economic growth had the dominant impact on electricity use, followed in importance by substitution effects, effects due to technological change had an adverse effect, being much weaker than those resulting from economic growth and substitution effects. It is expected that this pattern will remain unchanged in the foreseeable future; hence, industrial electricity demand in Taiwan will continue to grow.

Microcomputer based system for efficient use of electricity in industry

This paper describes the principles for industrial load management and an estimation of the load management potential in Swedish industry. Microcomputer based equipment for metering and monitoring consumption of electric energy is presented as well as collected data from some industries. Finally an example of an industrial load management application is presented.

Electricity intensity in UK industry

Continuing a recent line of investigation, the issue of electricity use in industry is examined with the aim of presenting a more satisfactory explanation of the growth in overall electricity intensity. The present analysis deals with the changing composition of industrial production at a highly disaggregated level and the significant part that this has played in increasing the electricity-output ratio. Although the ratio has grown at 2% per annum, once allowance is made for the compositional effect and for changes in the level of private generation, electricity intensity appears to have been remarkably constant over the 1970s.

Electricity: Its Production and Applications

THE author addresses himself to the general reader who desires to understand something of the way in which electricity is produced and is utilised in present-day industries. The generation, distribution, and storage of electric power are first explained briefly, and then the author passes on to deal successively with lighting, heating, electric driving of machinery, traction, haulage, etc. Further chapters skim lightly over the leading features of electrochemistry, electrometallurgy, electric welding and cutting, telegraphy and telephony, and medical applications. So large a field can be covered in a little volume like this only by limitation to the barest essentials, but. it is remarkable how complete and accurate is the information given. The reader is, however, hurried on unpleasantly fast, and isnever allowed to pause where his interest is aroused. We are not as a rule over-fond of tabloid education, but the ubiquitous use of electricity in industry and daily life makes itdesirable for everyone to know something of its nature and scope. It will be an advantage to many to have at their disposal so well compiled a summary of the subject rather than to rely on the loose statements too often made in conversation and in the non-technical Press.