Use Of Digital Models Research Articles

Model‐Based Exploration of Web Guiding Behavior for a Novel Battery Cell Stacking Process

Innovative production processes are required to meet the rapidly growing demand for batteries and the associated material trends. In particular, the process step of stack assembly using new machine concepts promises a high potential for optimization. However, these concepts are untested in practice. The use of digital models makes it possible to develop corresponding optimization approaches. This article presents the development of a model for the web guiding systems of electrodes and its integration into an overall machine model for a novel machine concept. Finally, optimization approaches are identified by determining appropriate controller parameters for the web guiding systems.

Automation of repair company processes through the use of digital models

The article discusses the improvement of the process of picking and assembling an internal combustion engine, during repair, using the method of complete interchangeability, by digitizing it. The purpose of the study is to create a digital model of the process of picking and assembling an internal combustion engine during repair for an enterprise. In the study of the theoretical basis, which serves as the basis for the implementation of the picking and assembling process by the method of complete interchangeability, methods of analysis and synthesis were used. The Buisness Studio software product was used to design the digital model, the IDEF0 notation was used to determine the location of the picking and assembling process, and the BPMN notation was used to model the diagram of the process in question. As a result of the work, a diagram of the decomposition of the work processes of the repair enterprise was obtained, as well as a simulation model of the process of picking and assembling of the internal combustion engine, which presents the operations, the process, its resources, main events, and also details the features of the method of complete interchangeability. The resulting model makes it possible to optimize the order of assembly cycles, based on current information about the state of the enterprise, its resources and consumer requirements.

Model-based design and multidisciplinary optimization of complex system architectures in the aircraft cabin

The aviation industry is currently facing major challenges due to environmental and socio-economic trends toward sustainable and digitalized aviation. Revolutionary, more powerful and efficient technologies must be rapidly integrated into aircraft, while aircraft manufacturers must demonstrate the required safety. To support the implementation of new concepts, the DLR Institute of System Architectures in Aeronautics is researching methods for end-to-end digitalization from the preliminary design phase to assembly and production. In this context, Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization are important approaches for the development of complex systems. This paper presents a method for the end-to-end use of digital models for multidisciplinary optimization of system architectures. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is used to represent the system architecture. The focus is on the cabin and cabin systems, since they are highly coupled to other aircraft systems and have dynamic, customer-specific configuration requirements. The system architecture in SysML is instantiated and configured by the interface to the aircraft fuselage and cabin design parameter sets in the Common Parametric Configuration Schema. The subsequent coupling of the generated system architecture model with the cabin system design model developed in Matlab allows a multidisciplinary optimization of the system properties. A sensitivity analysis is performed using the Passenger Service Unit as an example. The effects of different cabin configurations on the system architecture are investigated and interdisciplinary synergies are identified and analyzed. The results of this analysis are discussed in this paper.

BIM‐models of bridges in the operational phase: use cases, phase model and reference architecture

AbstractFor several years, the use of the BIM method has been mandatory for public new construction and replacement projects of the transport infrastructure in the Federal Republic of Germany. As a result, about 20 use cases (UC) for the application of digital models have been defined. Most of them focus on the planning and execution phase. Despite the importance and long duration of the operational phase, there are isolated definitions for use case for operational phase and therefore underrepresented in the overall context. Moreover, none of the published use cases so far consider the specifics of bridge structures. For this reason, a further definition of specific BIM use cases for the operation of bridge structures is needed. In this article, BIM use cases for the use of digital models of bridge structures in the operation and maintenance phase are defined based on a qualitative empirical study. First, the current state of the art is elaborated by means of a literature analysis. Based on this, a expert interviews are conducted and systematically evaluated. The BIM use cases for operation are derived from the results. In addition, requirements and artifacts are defined. This results in a further specification of the use of BIM models in the operational phase of bridge structures and promotes the digitalization of maintenance management.

Nanite as a Disruptive Technology for the Interactive Visualisation of Cultural Heritage 3D Models: A Case Study

The use of digital models of cultural heritage objects obtained from 3D scanning or photogrammetry requires the development of strategies in order to optimise computational resources and enhance the user experience when they are used in interactive applications or virtual museums. Through a case study, this work compares an original photogrammetric model with its optimised version using traditional remeshing techniques and an improved version using Nanite technology, developed by Epic Games. A self-contained executable is created in Unreal® 5.1 game engine to test the performance of the three models measured in frames per second (FPS). As a result, it was demonstrated that, although there is no substantial difference in the FPS rate, the Nanite technology avoids the need to perform the mesh and texture editing processes that lead to the construction of the optimised model. This saves considerable time and specialised effort, as the photogrammetric model can be converted to a Nanite object automatically. This would be a great advantage in the case of virtualisations of large collections of heritage objects, which is a common case in virtual museums.

A Study of the Usefulness of Physical Models and Digital Models for Teaching Science to Prospective Primary School Teachers

This study focuses on the impact of the use of teaching resources on future teachers in different formats, physical and digital. We worked with a single task dealing with nutrition in humans with two groups of students, but one group worked with a version of the task that used physical resources, and the other group used digital resources as tools. Analyzing the work carried out and the answers given by the future teachers, it has been possible to observe the advantage of using digital resources over physical ones, although it did not generate significant differences between the two groups of participating students. This study shows how convenient it is to increase the use of digital models because of their lower cost, greater availability and ease of use. In short, they argue that the teaching of scientific knowledge should be complemented by the use of resources and models that facilitate learning, regardless of the format of the resource used.

From Digital Collection to Open Access: A Preliminary Study on the Use of Digital Models of Local Culture

In the past, most cultural content was in a passive state of protection. In recent years, with the popularity of digital printing and the emergence of the concept of open-source sharing, it provides a new idea for cultural preservation. Using cultural elements from the Taitung region as a sample, this study established an open-source database, and completed the production of 60 digital models and the archiving of related materials. Based on the concept of open-source sharing, our research hopes that this database can be applied in more places. Through surveys, it could be concluded that, when the models are designed in parts and are easy to print and display, it is more conductive for the models to be used in promotions and applications. It is expected that each township will have its own localized 3D model database. Through the open-source localized digital model’s unrestricted and free features, under the influence of COVID-19, it can also allow people from all over the world who cannot visit these places in person to print the local cultural content remotely, so as to have a three-dimensional under-standing of Taiwanese cultural objects. It is expected that the localized 3D model databases will help promote local cultural improvement and move towards local innovation.

A possible implementation of non-destructive data surveys in the definition of BIM models for the analysis of road assets

Recently, a strong push towards the use of BIM-based procedures and practices in the field of linear transport infrastructures has been addressed. In Italy, a series of ministerial decrees have been approved to encourage the use of this methodology in the design and management operations of civil works. In such a framework, a novel approach to the management phases of civil works is required, based on different types of data and analyses within an integrated process, making use of digital models of the assets. This study aims at defining a procedure able to integrate non-destructive surveys data, such as those from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS), into a BIM model of a road infrastructure. The different types of surveys allow to implement useful and multiple pieces of information regarding the assets of the infrastructure in the corresponding BIM model. The main goal of the research is to optimize the management phase of a road by combining different observations, made by separate operators, in a unified BIM environment, to define a methodology that can be applied to real infrastructures. In order to validate the proposed methodology, a digital model of a real highway has been generated by making use of non-destructive survey data obtained from inspections that have been carried out by means of GPR and MLS. The different datasets have been individually processed so that they could be unified in a single BIM model. As a result, the use of specifically designed parametric sections, along with the processed datasets, allowed to define a BIM model of the road that can also be analyzed in areas that usually cannot be reached by operators. This allows a more efficient management of the asset, showing that the proposed methodology could be a viable tool in the monitoring operations of linear transport infrastructures.

Comparação da percepção de ortodontistas e clínicos gerais sobre o uso de modelos digitais odontológicos na cidade de Aracaju / Sergipe

ABSTRACT Context: Digital study models have become a safe and advantageous alternative for diagnosis and planning in dentistry. Despite the superior characteristics in comparison with traditional plaster models, professionals seem to resist the use of new technologies. Aims: To assess the level of knowledge and the use of digital models through a questionnaire applied to dental professionals. Methods: A questionnaire with 12 multiple-choice questions about plaster models, digital, and use of the 3Shape - 3D viewer software was answered by 76 orthodontists (42 women and 34 men; mean age =37.82 years (SD ± 7.60)) and 30 general dental surgeons (18 women and 12 men; mean age of 33.93 years (SD ± 8.45)) in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. Data were tabulated in Excel spreadsheets and then analyzed using the SPSS statistical software version 20. An absolute analysis of frequency and percentage of responses was performed. Results: Most professionals reported using plaster models and claimed their low cost as justification for their use (P = 0.001). Aware of the benefits of digital models, professionals of both classes highlighted the facilitated storage and search for information as the main advantages, the cost and infrastructure as the main disadvantages. Regarding the use of the 3Shape - 3D viewer software, orthodontists showed better utilization of this resource than general dental surgeons (P = 0.0198). Conclusion: It verified that most professionals make use of plaster models. However, despite knowing the advantages of digital models, their cost is sees as a limiting factor for adherence to this technology.

Построение цифровой модели русла реки Пур в верховьях для обеспечения техносферной безопасности на внутренних водных путях

Purpose: To consider the issues of building and using digital models of riverbeds for to ensure technosphere safety on inland waterways on the example of river Pur. Methods: Collection, processing of the data of observations of water bodies and their transfer into electronic format with further analysis. Results: To ensure technosphere safety, digital model of riverbed Pur in the upper reaches is presented and meteorological and hydrological characteristics in the area of study are renewed. Air temperature difference is shown according to the current regulatory documents (SP 131.13330.2020 “Construction climatology”) and average for 30 years (basic climatic period is from 1991 to 2020) indicators. Practical importance: The need to clarify meteorological and hydrological characteristics in changing climate conditions is shown. To maintain dimensional parameters of riverbeds it is recommended to create the digital models. The work results can be recommended to practical use. The work main conclusion is that digital model use in shipping sphere can significantly facilitate tasks implementation. The main advantage of these models use is a visualization — one can easily and quickly identify problem areas with the help of the model. Obtaining information from the model, for example, of transverse profile, is being made in a couple of minutes also. When terrain changes, for example, after dredging works, it wouldn’t be difficult to introduce all changes to the model.

Data Augmentation to Support Biopharmaceutical Process Development through Digital Models—A Proof of Concept

In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are gaining a wide market share as the most impactful bioproducts. The development of mAbs requires extensive experimental campaigns which may last several years and cost billions of dollars. Following the paradigm of Industry 4.0 digitalization, data-driven methodologies are now used to accelerate the development of new biopharmaceutical products. For instance, predictive models can be built to forecast the productivity of the cell lines in the culture in such a way as to anticipate the identification of the cell lines to be progressed in the scale-up exercise. However, the number of experiments that can be performed decreases dramatically as the process scale increases, due to the resources required for each experimental run. This limits the availability of experimental data and, accordingly, the applicability of data-driven methodologies to support the process development. To address this issue in this work we propose the use of digital models to generate in silico data and augment the amount of data available from real (i.e., in vivo) experimental runs, accordingly. In particular, we propose two strategies for in silico data generation to estimate the endpoint product titer in mAbs manufacturing: one based on a first principles model and one on a hybrid semi-parametric model. As a proof of concept, the effect of in silico data generation was investigated on a simulated biopharmaceutical process for the production of mAbs. We obtained very promising results: the digital model effectively supports the identification of high-productive cell lines (i.e., high mAb titer) even when a very low number of real experimental batches (two or three) is available.

Enhancement of the virtual design platform for modeling a functional system architecture of complex cabin systems

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is a fundamental approach for the end-to-end use of digital models in the development of complex systems. The aviation industry in particular, where system complexity is constantly increasing, needs new concepts and methods to overcome ecological and socio-economic challenges. Therefore, domain-specific models are needed for the design and evaluation of systems to support the various system investigations, such as requirements management, installation space optimization, or failure analyses. An end-to-end coupling and linking of these mostly heterogeneous systems offer many advantages (e.g. shorter development times) over working with isolated digital sub-models, natural language documents, and purely physical prototypes. In addition, digitalization allows global and interdisciplinary collaboration of multiple teams of experts on the same virtual product. Since this approach is particularly promising for the configuration of aircraft cabins, a virtual development platform is developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for the conceptual design of the aircraft cabin and its systems. As a result, virtual prototypes of cabin configurations are quickly generated to allow new concepts to be visualized and investigated at an early design stage. Extending the conceptual cabin system design process with a functional system architecture and executable system architecture models promotes information traceability, early failure detection, and requirements verification. The methodology used for this purpose is presented in this paper. The systems modeling language (SysML) is used to build a model for the functional depiction of cabin systems and to link it to existing models of the conceptual cabin design process. The modeling is performed exemplarily for the passenger service functions. Subsequently, the results are automatically transferred to the virtual development platform to experience the generated cabin concept.

Digital Booklet about Natural Disasters with Graphic Animation Focused on Landslides

The main occurrences of natural disasters in Brazil occur, being in the biggest part constituted by floods and landslides. The use of digital models is very useful to assist in the understanding of those phenomena, mostly geological processes that are developed at subsurface as landslides and are not possible to be seen by humans. This way, a digital booklet about landslides was developed and evaluated with two studies. One, that evaluates the usability through the SUS scale and the other, that evaluates the booklet importance by the perception of Earth Sciences field professors. The results indicate that the booklet brings an important theme and easy utilization, helping to spread to the population how the landslides occur and what to do to avoid them.

EXPLORING DIGITAL TWIN ADAPTATION TO THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: COMPARISON WITH CIM TO AVOID SILO-BASED APPROACHES

Abstract. The use of digital models and tools to support a more sober, sustainable and human-centred spatial planning is constantly expanding. Among those, digital models of buildings and territories are considered useful by scientists and practitioners and used for a wide range of purposes. Several labels are currently used to characterise those digital tools and models, partly reflecting on technological developments: 3D city models, Planning support systems, Smart Cities, urbanism 3.0., City Information Model (CIM), Digital Twins (DT), etc. First used in industry, the label DT is now both used by practitioners and researchers, in relation to the development of innovative city models. Nevertheless, this label remains fuzzily defined and designates heterogeneous models from a technical standpoint. In this paper, we propose an exploration of the definitions and technical contents of DT at the city scale and a comparison with CIM approaches, as CIM is also used to label similar city models. Our analysis is based on a literature review of both DT and CIM definitions and applications to the urban context, an exploratory survey conducted with 13 practitioners about their views on DT and its potential regarding urban planning and management and a comparison of a few real-world projects either labelled CIM or DT by practitioners. Our analysis leads us to pinpoint several of the remaining challenges for a DT approach to be developed at the city scale. We also shed light on potential shortcomings of future research, if based on too narrow DT definitions.

Pass-by noise prediction of motor vehicles using gradient boosted models and physical calculations of longitudinal driving dynamics

In the prior decades, automotive manufacturers have steadily improved the vibroacoustics performance of their products. This process is highly influenced by the continuously rising requirements on regulations of noise emissions of motor vehicles, also known as pass-by noise. The legal requirements, demanding the reduction of the exterior noise emissions of motor vehicles, are caused by the impact of noise on human health. The latest legal norm of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) is the ECE R51.03 test, including continuous reductions of the allowed pass-by noise sound pressure level of motor vehicles. Additionally, the need for faster development cycles results in more intensive use of digital models to predict the expected physical behavior of future products. These models extend the so-called digital twin, which has gained a high importance in automotive manufacturing. Acoustic state-of-the-art simulation and analysis methods fail at the complexity of the over-all pass-by noise, consisting of multiple partial sound sources. These multiple sources are partly correlated, resulting in the absence of trivial deconvolution methods. This paper presents a digital representation of motor vehicles regarding their noise emissions by using machine learning techniques combined with physical calculations of longitudinal driving dynamics. Gradient boosted models are used to predict the exterior sound pressure levels of motor vehicles. The developed algorithm permits the possibility to predict the expected pass-by noise of future cars in early stages of the digital development process. This allows original equipment manufacturers to detect necessary changes to concepts and construction models of future cars. The prediction results are validated for three engines.

Obligatory transition to BIM-teсhnologies: to whom is it necessary and are the domestic companies ready for it?

In 2022 the transition of the construction industry to the use of digital models is going to take place, and it has begun with the obligatory implementation of BIM in the field of the government and municipal contracts. However, it is obvious that the implementation of BIM technologies will extend over time. To whom are the BIM technologies really necessary and useful? How real is their full implementation in the construction sphere of the Russian Federation in the nearest future? How ready are the domestic companies for this innovation?

ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE FUNCTIONING OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the article is to model the activities of an industrial enterprise as an independent economic unit in order to increase the profit of the enterprise in terms of economic efficiency.Method. In the course of the research the methodology of economic-mathematical modeling was applied. The enterprise is considered as a complex system — a sublimated enterprise, an economic object. The use of simulation methods on specific statistical material of the industrial enterprise «PivdGOK» is given. The application of the methods of digital economy allowed to obtain the relevant indicators of the enterprise and to obtain appropriate visual and graphical representations of the results.Results. The economic and mathematical model of the industrial enterprise of PJSC «PivdGOK» is constructed, it allowed to generalize results of activity of the industrial enterprise. Analytical relations concerning the activity of an industrial enterprise are obtained, namely a systematic study of the relationship between costs, volume of activity and profit of the enterprise.Scientific novelty. For the first time the economic-mathematical model of activity of the industrial enterprise in the sense of definition of its effective functioning as economic unit is constructed. Obtained in the implicit form of the dependence of profit at a given economic efficiency allowed us to investigate this relationship in order to build a simulation model.Practical significance. The use of Mathcad software allowed to building a simulation model of the industrial enterprise. An analytical expression of the connection between economic efficiency and profit is obtained, which allows to carry out a corresponding analysis of the activity of an industrial enterprise. It is shown under what conditions it is possible to achieve the greatest profit at a given economic efficiency. The use of digital modeling allowed to numerically obtain the optimal values of profit and graphically display the results. Graphical representation of the obtained results allows for visual analysis.

Application of openBIM for the Management of Existing Railway Infrastructure: Case Study of the Cancello–Benevento Railway Line

In the field of infrastructure, the development and application of the openBIM (open Building Information Modeling) approach and related standards (principally Industry Foundation Classes) remain limited with regard to processes in O&M (Operation and Maintenance) phases, as well as the broader context of AM (Asset Management). This article deals with the activities carried out as part of a pilot project based on the need to manage the operation and assess the condition and value of existing infrastructure along the Cancello–Benevento railway line. The principal goal was to systematize information by digitalizing the infrastructure, in order to enable the assessment of possible performance gaps (compared to national railway standards) in the event of integration within the national infrastructure. In compliance with the project requirements, a digitalization strategy was designed for the definition of surveying activities and the implementation of openBIM systems for the development of an object library and a federated digital model, structured within the collaborative platform that was used, and allowing management, maintenance, and subsequent financial evaluation in the broader context of asset management. The project involved the collaboration of railway operators, a university, and a software company that implemented innovative concepts concerning IFC (specifically, IFC4x2 was used) through the development of dedicated software solutions. The digital solution we proposed enabled the use of digital models as access keys to survey and maintenance information (ERP platforms used by the railway operators) that was available in real time. This project was nominated at the buildingSMART awards 2021 and was one of three finalists in the “Asset Management Using openBIM” category.

Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review

Digital 3 dimensional (3D) dental models are considered one of the most important advancements in modern dental history. Digital dental models are used in diagnosis, treatment planning, and appliance production phases in orthodontics. The present technology of digital dental models reached, and in some points, exceeded the plaster models' accuracy. The use of digital models with CBCT images and rapid prototyping techniques brought the possibility of new treatment techniques, some of which are considered as the future of modern orthodontics. This article aims to review the current use and success of digital 3D models in orthodontic practice.

Methodology for a reverse engineering process chain with focus on customized segmentation and iterative closest point algorithms

One-off construction is characterized by a multiplicity of manual manufacturing processes whereby it is based on consistent use of digital models. Since the actual state of construction does not match the digital models without manually updating them, the authors propose a method to automatically detect deviations and reposition the model data according to reality. The first essential method is based on the “Segmentation of Unorganized Points and Recognition of Simple Algebraic Surfaces” presented by Marek Vanco (2003). The second method is the customization of the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The authors present the overall structure of the implemented software, based on open source and relate it to the general reverse engineering (RE) framework by Buonamici et al. (2017).A highlight will be given on.•The general architecture of the software prototype.•A customized segmentation and clustering of unorganized points and recognition of simple algebraic surfaces.•The deviation analysis with a customized iterative closest point (CICP) algorithm.Especially in the field of one-off construction, characterized by small and medium companies, automated assessment of 3D scan data during the design process is still in its infancy. By using an open source environment progress for consistent use of digital models could be accelerated.