Use Of Cyber-physical Systems Research Articles

ConGraph: Advanced Persistent Threat Detection Method Based on Provenance Graph Combined with Process Context in Cyber-Physical System Environment

With the wide use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in many applications, targets of advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been extended to the IoT and industrial control systems. Provenance graph analysis based on system audit logs has become a promising way for APT detection and investigation. However, we cannot afford to ignore that existing provenance-based APT detection systems lack the process–context information at system runtime, which seriously limits detection performance. In this paper, we proposed ConGraph, an approach for detecting APT attacks using provenance graphs combined with process context; we presented a module for collecting process context to detect APT attacks. This module collects file access behavior, network access behavior, and interactive relationship features of processes to enrich semantic information of the provenance graph. It was the first time that the provenance graph was combined with multiple process–context information to improve the detection performance of APT attacks. ConGraph extracts process activity features from the provenance graphs and submits the features to a CNN-BiLSTM model to detect underlying APT activities. Compared to some state-of-the-art models, our model raised the average precision rate, recall rate, and F-1 score by 13.12%, 25.61%, and 24.28%, respectively.

Security in cyber physical systems: Transformation and challenges

<p>Network technology has significantly improved due to the growing use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in various industries, including healthcare, transportation, and communication. The efficiency of these domains has increased overall due to the transmission of sensor data to the cloud and its use by various apps. However, increased data transfer increases the risk of unauthorized modification and data breaches. The degree of risk varies per domain, and security is a crucial area of concentration to mitigate these concerns. Significant developments in network technology have resulted from the growing use of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in various industries, including healthcare, transportation, and communication. The efficiency of these fields has increased overall due to sensor data being sent to the cloud and used by various applications. However, data breaches and unauthorized alteration are risks that come with increased data flow. Depending on the domain, the risk level varies, and security is a key concern in addressing these concerns.</p>

Neurotechnologies Applied to Society's Perception of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in Smart Cities

This study aims to quantify the perception of value and acceptance by citizens of the use of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in transportation systems and smart cities using neurotechnologies. The work has been developed in the main cities of the following Latin American countries: Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, and Argentina. Targeting urban, public transport-using graduates, it assesses CPS in smart cities and user experiences. Triangulating qualitative research and neurotechnology, the study extends the taxonomy of emotional domains. The results indicate that users do not always assign equivalent importance to what they truly feel, and it is noteworthy that the most important factor, both quantitatively and emotionally, is the application of CPS to improve efficiency in public transportation. The implications of these analyses are discussed in the final part of the article with the aim of providing recommendations to policymakers on the key aspects to be considered in the design and development of CPS for use in smart cities.

Applications of AI/ML in Maritime Cyber Supply Chains

Digital transformation is a new trend that describes enterprise efforts in transitioning manual and likely outdated processes and activities to digital formats dominated by the extensive use of Industry 4.0 elements, including the pervasive use of cyber-physical systems to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and increase responsiveness. A new domain that intersects supply chain management and cybersecurity emerges as many processes as possible of the enterprise require the convergence and synchronizing of resources and information flows in data-driven environments to support planning and execution activities. Protecting the information becomes imperative as big data flows must be parsed and translated into actions requiring speed and accuracy. Machine learning and artificial intelligence have become critical in supporting extensive data collection and real-time processing to assist decision-makers in configuring scarce resources. In this paper, we present four different applications that investigate issues related to the broader maritime supply chain security domain affecting the planning, execution, and performance of complex systems while exploring novel frontiers in cyber research and education. This paper will focus on Machine Learning and AI applications on Unmanned Aerial Systems and Cryptography related to Cybersecurity in Maritimes and Shipbuilding Spheres.

Detection and Localization of Stealthy Cyberattacks in Cyber-Physical Discrete Event Systems

The widespread use of cyber-physical systems (CPS) not only brings new opportunities with it but also introduces the risk of cyber attacks on the system. One of the most dangerous and sophisticated types of attacks are the stealthy attacks that can hide their influence and are not detectable by conventional anomaly detection schemes. In this paper, a detection method for the replay attack and the covert attack on discrete event systems is proposed. Unexpected behavior is introduced into the transmitted signals by the integration of permutation matrices into the sensor and actuator channels. The permutation disrupts the stealthiness of an attacker and allows the detection of cyber attacks. Moreover, an attack localization scheme is proposed, which allows to determine which signals are attacked in case that the attacker only attacks a subset of communication channels and not the whole system.

Increasing the construction production efficiency based on the use of cyber-physical systems and technologies

Objective: The article proposes a classification of cyber-physical systems and technologies at the stages of the life cycle of a construction project, considers an algorithm for choosing these technologies depending on the effectiveness of the project. Theoretical framework: The study is based on the review of publications in international scientific journals, methodological literature on the topic of the use of digital tools in construction. The experience of different countries in the application of cyber-physical systems and technologies in construction was represented. Method: The study was conducted based on materials published in open sources, including scientific articles, reports, regulatory documents. In addition, the study used the experience of several companies operating in the construction industry. Results and conclusion: The main approaches to planning construction projects at the stage of the life cycle are studied. Approaches to the formation of a graphical hierarchical block diagram of a simulation model, consisting of different levels of nesting, are proposed. The results may be of interest to manufacturing companies that decide to implement digital technologies in construction, as well as individual scientists who study the problem of increasing the efficiency of production organization at the stages of the construction projects life cycles. Implications of the research: The results of the study can be used by construction companies when planning the choice of cyber-physical systems and technologies at the stages of the life cycle of construction objects Originality/value: The authors propose an approach that allows choosing tools for designing and building objects using cyber-physical systems and technologies at the stages of the life cycle. A hierarchical block diagram of the simulation model is proposed, which contains more than a dozen child diagrams that combine several hundred smaller typical modules.

Hydraulic Data Preprocessing for Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems

The protection of critical infrastructure such as water treatment and water distribution systems is crucial for a functioning economy. The use of cyber-physical systems in these systems presents numerous vulnerabilities to attackers. To enhance security, intrusion detection systems play a crucial role in limiting damage from successful attacks. Machine learning can enhance security by analysing data patterns, but several attributes of the data can negatively impact the performance of the machine learning model. Data in critical water system infrastructure can be difficult to work with due to their complexity, variability, irregularities, and sensitivity. The data involve various measurements and can vary over time due to changes in environmental conditions and operational changes. Irregular patterns and small changes can have significant impacts on analysis and decision making, requiring effective data preprocessing techniques to handle the complexities and ensure accurate analysis. This paper explores data preprocessing techniques using a water treatment system dataset as a case study and provides preprocessing techniques specific to processing data in industrial control to yield a more informative dataset. The results showed significant improvement in accuracy, F1 score, and time to detection when using the preprocessed dataset.

Detection of abnormal situations in the operation of communication channels

Currently, many countries have high expectations for the digitalization of economies, meaning various elements of automation. One of the most effective tools in achieving a new level of digitalization can be the Internet of Things (IoT). The development of IoT provokes the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), which will be marked by the transition to fully automated digital production, the use of cyber-physical systems and cloud computing. Processes will be controlled by "smart" devices online. An example of such smart devices is modern telecommunications equipment, the operation of which accumulates large amounts of data - telemetry of various kinds. This "big data" can be used to predict possible future failures and other faults (abnormal situations) in the equipment itself. This article is devoted to the issue of creating models of normal behavior of various characteristics of communication channels, which is central in creating predictive diagnostics systems. Examples of such models are given.

Logistics 4.0 in intermodal freight transport

While Industry 4.0 is the use of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing and supply chains, Logistics 4.0 is the use of similar systems within logistics (robotics and material handling) such as adaptive programming and AI. The EU's environmental policy - more precisely - the pressing need to reduce CO2 emissions from freight requires technological advancement. A possible solution to the problem is to increase the proportion of rail freight instead of road freight. This is not a new idea, but recent decades brought modest solutions. By examining current rail-road intermodal freight transport and container handling procedures, we established a new freight transport model and propose an efficient automated container handling procedure that will bring us closer to the environmental objectives. Efficient horizontal container handling proposed in this paper can facilitate growth in continental intermodal freight transport. The technological and process solutions presented in this paper increase competitiveness in terms of reducing costs and transportation times.

Multi-Level Fusion Optimization in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Computer Vision-Based Fault Detection

The healthcare sector's use of cyber-physical systems to provide high-quality patient treatment highlights the need for sophisticated security solutions due to the wide range of attack surfaces from medical and mobile devices, as well as body sensor nodes. Cyber-physical systems have various processing technologies to choose from, but these technical methods are as varied. Existing technologies are not well-suited for managing complex information about problem identification and diagnosis, which is distinct from technology. To address this issue, intelligent techniques for fusion processing, such as multi-sensor fusion system architectures and fusion optimization, can be used to improve fusion score and decision-making. Additionally, the use of deep learning models and multimedia data fusion applications can help to combine multiple models for intelligent systems and enhance machine learning for data fusion in E-Systems and cloud environments. Fuzzy approaches and optimization algorithms for data fusion can also be applied to robotics and other applications.. In this paper, a computer vision technology-based fault detection (CVT-FD) framework has been suggested for securely sharing healthcare data. When utilizing a trusted device like a mobile phone, end-users can rest assured that their data is secure. Cyber-attack behavior can be predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN), and the analysis of this data can assist healthcare professionals in making decisions. The experimental findings show that the model outperforms with current detection accuracy (98.3%), energy consumption (97.2%), attack prediction (96.6%), efficiency (97.9%), and delay ratios (35.6%) over existing approaches.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АГРЕГАТІВ АВТОМОБІЛЯ

Research of control systems of vehicle transmission units is an important stage in the process of creating the latest developments in this area. One of the problems on the way to create and adapt to specific operating conditions of control systems of transmission units is an experimental studies of their operation, including as part of the vehicle. The main difficulty in conducting experimental research is often the high cost of the necessary equipment and the problems associated with the reproduction on a particular experimental stand of various operating conditions of the system. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of cyberphysical systems to test vehicle units and study their control systems. The purpose of the work is theoretical substantiation and practical creation of cyberphysical system, which allows to work out algorithms of control of transmission element in different operating conditions without need of its installation on real vehicle and consists of electropneumatic clutch control mechanism realized at physical level and model of vehicle transmission elements. The approaches adopted in the work to achieve this goal are based on the laws of physics, the main processes and phenomena reproduce and study by mathematical modeling. The research technique which allows to combine experimental methods with receptions of mathematical modeling is offered. The concept of cyberphysical modeling of complex devices and their control systems is presented. The process of transition from the physical to the model level of the cyberphysical system is described, the software and hardware means for its realization are offered. The study of the created cyberphysical system and the comparison of the obtained results with the experimental data of the study of the electropneumatic clutch control drive allowed to draw a conclusion about the possibility of using the proposed approach to test vehicle units. The proposed approaches and the given material and technical base can be used in the design of new and research of previously created units and systems of vehicles. Keywords: cyberphysical model, pneumatic cylinder, DC motor, Arduino, solenoid valve, angle of rotation.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Performance Measurement Indicators Determining the Uptake of CPS for Facilities Management

With the use of cyber-physical systems (CPS) advanced computational capabilities, the delivery of facilities management (FM) mandates are efficiently and effectively conducted. Since performance measurement is an important yardstick in ascertaining the outcome of FM approaches, this study assesses the performance measurement indicators that influence the uptake of CPS for FM functions. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from built environment professionals in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data collected was analysed using a five-stage process which includes: data reliability and validity, descriptive statistics, establishing a difference in groups’ opinion, principal component analysis, and model testing and fit statistics for confirmatory factor analysis. Results from the study indicate that three significant performance indicators are influential in determining the uptake of CPS for FM, which are operations efficiency, facility adaptation, and client’s satisfaction. The study contributes immensely to the body of knowledge. It unveils the significant performance measurement indicators that would help organisations, facilities managers, and policymakers guide their decisions hinged on the espousal of innovative technologies. Furthermore, the study serves as a solid theoretical base for further studies showcasing a roadmap for digitalisation for FM functions by unravelling the significant performance measurement indicators.

Integrated Estimation of a Cyber-Physical System’s Sustainability

Currently, in conditions of Industry 4.0, the use of cyber-physical systems in various fields is becoming widespread. This article is devoted to the problem of estimating CPS sustainability in the context of modern challenges faced by decision makers and IT developers in order to ensure effective proactive business process management using this innovative technology. The purpose of the research is to propose and substantiate a methodology for estimating CPS sustainability to ensure the reliability and strength of its elements, their interrelationships and interaction, as well as the effective functioning and development of this system in conditions of high dynamism and uncertainty of the external environment. In this study, we used methods of integral evaluation, synthesis, expert assessments, dynamic analysis, and systematic approach, and coined the term ‘CPS sustainability’. Our study showed that negative risks, external and internal threats may have a significant adverse impact on CPS sustainability. The reliability of this system should be evaluated on the basis of integrated indicators. The key indicators, reflecting the reliability of maintaining the properties of the CPS in a normal state of its function and further development, were identified. We propose a methodology for estimating CPS sustainability. In general, the presented results form the basis for improving CPS management to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its functioning and development.

Artificial Intelligence and its Impact on Leaders and Leadership

An increasing networking of IT systems as well as the use of cyber-physical systems in the industrial environment are raising the current amount of data. To process this enormous amount of data and derive conclusions companies use Artificial Intelligence (AI) more frequently. The increasing application and use of AI have a significant impact on socio-technical work systems. In particular, challenges and requirements for leaders and leadership can be identified. Accordingly, leaders and leadership are crucial for implementing and using AI successfully. This and the dynamic development of AI require further research on its impact on leaders and leadership for supporting companies with practice-proven guidelines and recommendations. For developing those a comprehensive analysis of existing literature has been conducted and will be the basis for further steps. The literature analysis’ results were grouped into four main clusters: Strategic Transformation Process, Qualification and Competencies, Culture and Human-AI Interaction. The results are presented in detail and an outlook on the further steps of research and development will be given.

Koncept prediktivnog održavanja 4.0 (PdM) u energetici – konekcija sa budućom primenom Industrije 5.0

Industry 4.0 marks the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the use of cyber-physical systems. In order to achieve an optimal maintenance strategy (but also production), it is necessary to develop systems that support advanced intelligent maintenance systems or smart maintenance technologies. This resulted in the postulates of Predictive Maintenance 4.0, which define the very near future in the field of maintenance of technical systems. Predictive Maintenance 4.0 involves harnessing the power of artificial intelligence to create ongoing insights into detecting causes and anomalies in equipment operations that are not detected by cognitive power. In other words, Predictive Maintenance 4.0 makes it possible to predict what was previously unpredictable. Industry 5.0 focuses on the return of human hands and minds to the industrial framework. The man and machine harmonize with each other and find ways to work together to improve production / maintenance efficiency.

Інтелектуальне керування виробничими системами

Introduction. The research is devoted to the problem of building intelligent production management systems. They allow organizing modern efficient production without human participation in its management. Problem. To develop a scheme for creating an algorithm underlying the creation of an intelligent production management system, using the example of a mechanical workshop of a machine-building enterprise. Purpose. To present a scheme for constructing an intelligent control of management system (workshop), which is developed based on the application of an intelligent modeling algorithm and the use of a set of knowledge about the subject area. Methods. The main method used in the development of an intelligent control system is the method of intelligent modeling, which is applied to the knowledge of the machine-building enterprise workshop. Result. A diagram of an intelligent shop management system is built based on the use of knowledge that describes this shop. The model of the workshop is proposed. It consists of a system of plans describing the work of the workshop. Not only the production process is planned, but also material and technical supply, resources, and financial management. Plans are built using the scheduling theory. Conclusion. An intelligent management system at an enterprise implies the possibility of management without human participation in the management process. This system is based on obtaining information about the state of all elements of business processes based on the use of cyber-physical systems and the Internet of things.

Assessment of Barriers to the Implementation of Intelligent (Smart) Logistics on the Example of Selected Systems Among Manufacturing Companies in Poland

Purpose: The development of intelligent logistics is the result of implementations made under the idea known as Industry 4.0. Intelligent logistics includes many systems whose task is to improve the efficiency of logistics processes. Despite many advantages, Polish enterprises are not willing to apply these solutions in practice. This is due to the existence of barriers that effectively limit the implementation of these systems. The article aims to identify barriers and assess their negative significance in the process of ISL implementation in the context of intelligent logistics. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted in 2020 on a sample of 2,500 enterprises operating in Poland. An original questionnaire prepared for this study was used. The researchers used statistical summaries of structure indices to answer the researchers' questions. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the t-Student test were used to verify the hypotheses. Findings: The results show that the barriers have a important negative impact on the decisions of enterprises regarding the implementation of intelligent systems in logistics. To a large extent, the level of impact depends on many factors (the size and age of the enterprise, the type of barrier or the number of implemented systems). Internal barriers are more negative than external ones. The conclusions clearly indicate that the greatest obstacles exist inside the entities - the importance of external barriers, i.e., those coming from the environment, are less important. Practical Implications: The posted results are important for scientists and practitioners dealing with logistics or directly related to the use of cyber-physical systems in production and logistics processes. Originality/value: Recognition of the negative importance of barriers in the implementation of intelligent systems in logistics among Polish manufacturing companies.

Cyber Physical Systems: Analyses, challenges and possible solutions

It is becoming more difficult to protect the authentication of our data in today's world of smart living. On the one hand, we are able to live in smart homes and smart cities with ease. Even if we use the most complicated passwords, we can't be sure that the Internet of Things and the Internet of Everything are safe. One way to make sure people and things are safe is to use Multi-Factor Authentication. Also, a big and complicated system needs more efficient and robust solutions for real, and strong, security, so this is important. There are a lot of smart ways to solve problems today. For this reason, the internet of things is being used in every possible field or application. This new ecosystem, which is called Cyber Physical Systems, was built by IoTs. Cyber-Physical Systems use computing, communication, and control to make new technology or the next generation of engineered systems. In the last decade, there has been a lot of work done on cyber physical systems that we didn't expect. There have been a lot of threats, challenges, and important issues in the last decade. We have a big problem with the security of CPS because the basic blocks used to make them are very different. Even if we're talking about natural gas systems or transportation systems or other automated systems, they all have something to do with CPS, no matter what. These days, CPSs systems are used for energy, transportation, the environment, and health care, among other things. This article talks about a number of problems that need to be solved by researchers and scientists (working related to respective area, i.e., CPS). As a result, this article also talks about a partial survey of important research issues, and an overview of several research projects that have been done in the last decade by a number of different people to improve CPS.

Analysis of the human factor influence on the cyber-physical system

The issue of rapid application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies for different aspects of human life, which summarizes various technical means and information technologies through the implementation of cyber-physical systems, cyber-physical production systems, and the Internet of Things in the production of goods and services. The widespread use of cyber-physical systems as a new mechanism and a way to achieve a new, higher standard of living is analyzed. Cyber-physical systems collect, store, and analyze data from sensors. This is necessary to provide generalized information and then use it to combine virtual and physical environments. The purpose of such integration is to create a network environment in which intelligent objects interact with each other. Currently, cyber-physical systems ensure the integration of computing facilities into physical processes, and in the future, such systems will provide for the introduction of artificial intelligence elements into control processes. This is necessary because man is no longer able to provide effective management within the existing automated systems of extremely complex production, technological, and social processes. Emphasis is placed on the risks of cyber-physical systems and the importance of dealing with them is shown. Their classification taking into account the influence of the application of the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution with the use of cyber-physical systems is given. This classification covers the components that reflect each component of the innovation concept – the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The main causes of errors in the functioning of “man-machine” systems to human bias have been studied. Cyber-physical systems have been found to include interdependent analog, digital, physical, and human components designed to function with integrated physical devices and logic elements. The definition of the term “cognitive bias” is given. It is stated that cyber-physical systems have nine aspects, which are called “problem clusters”. The advantages and disadvantages of using the latest technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will depend on the need to assess the balance of “benefit-security” for the evolutionary process in general and the individual in particular.

Problems of proactive management of socio-cyberphysical systems: current state and prospects of solution

Goal. The purpose of the study is to consider existing and promising approaches to solving the prob-lems of complex modeling and proactive management of socio-cyberphysical systems (SCPS). Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the authors of the article used the methods of modern system analysis, integrated modeling and management decisions in complex organizational and technical objects, which include SCPS. Results. The article analyzes the main aspects of the investigated problem under study related to its con-structive description, the formation of the necessary data, information and knowledge for this, their constant updating based on the use of cyberphysical systems (CPS), as well as intelligent multimodal interfaces. In addition, the article describes the problem of the proactive management of SCPS at the set-theoretical level. Scientific novelty. The article proposes a new scientific approach based on the applied theory of proactive control of the structural dynamics of SCFS developed by the authors. It consists in the fact that, on the basis of it, as shown by preliminary studies, the following possibilities work out. Firstly, to directly relate those common goals, the achievement of which the functioning of a specific SCPS at a specific stage of its life cycle, with its strategic and tactical goals. Secondly, reasonably determine and choose the appropriate sequences of tasks and performed operations (actions) related to controlled structural dynamics (controlled by self-organization of SCPS). And, thirdly, to consciously find compromise multi-criteria solutions for the allocation of limited resources of SCPS allocated to control the structural dynamics of these systems in the conditions of possible crisis, emergency and emergency situations.