Use Of Copper Sulfate Research Articles

Interventions for treating phosphorus burns.

Phosphorus burns are rarely encountered in usual clinical practice and occur mostly in military and industrial settings. However, these burns can be fatal, even with minimal burn area, and are often associated with prolonged hospitalisation. To summarise the evidence of effects (beneficial and harmful) of all interventions for treating people with phosphorus burns. In October 2013 for this first update we searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library);Ovid OLDMEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid EMBASE; EBSCO CINAHL and Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S). We did not apply any methodological filters or restrictions on the basis of study design, language, date of publication or publication status. Any comparisons of different ways of managing phosphorus burns including, but not restricted, to randomised trials. We found two non-randomised comparative studies, both comparing patients treated with and without copper sulphate. These two comparative studies provide no evidence to support the use of copper sulphate in managing phosphorus burns. Indeed the small amount of available evidence suggests that it may be harmful. First aid for phosphorus burns involves the common sense measures of acting promptly to remove the patient's clothes, irrigating the wound(s) with water or saline continuously, and removing phosphorus particles. There is no evidence that using copper sulphate to assist visualisation of phosphorus particles for removal is associated with better outcome, and some evidence that systemic absorption of copper sulphate may be harmful. We have so far been unable to identify any other comparisons relevant to informing other aspects of the care of patients with phosphorus burns. Future versions of this review will take account of information in articles published in languages other than English, which may contain additional evidence based on treatment comparisons.

Effect of different culture conditions on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities in the sediment of earth ponds stocked with gilthead seabreamSparus aurata(Linnaeus, 1758)

In this study, we evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) for monitoring the effect of different aquaculture practices on sediment prokaryote (Archaea and Bacteria) communities. The effect of initial fish (gilthead seabream Sparus aurata) stocking density on the structural diversity of prokaryote communities of earth ponds bottom sediments was evaluated using PCR-DGGE after a 5 month grow-out period. An identical approach was used to monitor the effect of supplying different fish feeds [commercial feed (CD) versus an ecofeed (ECO)]. One additional variable was the use of copper sulphate (CuSO4) as an algicide in some of the experimental rearing tanks. The statistical analyses of prokaryote community profiles showed that the presence of fish in earth ponds significantly influenced the structure of sediment prokaryote communities, when compared with earth ponds without fish, independently of the stocking density. Our results also indicated that the structure of the prokaryote communities of earth ponds supplied with the ECO feed shared a strong similarity with that fed CD. Curiously, the use of CuSO4 in ponds receiving the ECO feed promoted significant differences on the structural composition of the bacterial community, but not on the archaeal community. DGGE molecular fingerprints are suitable for fast evaluation of new management practices in food-fish production on earth ponds by monitoring shifts on microbial communities in bottom sediments.

The eutrophication history of a tropical water supply reservoir in Brazil

Guarapiranga Reservoir is the second most important public water supply in Sao Paulo, Brazil and has been eutrophic for several decades. We inferred the major ecological shifts for the period 1919–2010 related to multiple stressors (forest flooding, hydrological change, use of algicide and eutrophication), using geochemistry (TOC, TN, TP, C/N, δ15N, δ13C) and diatom assemblages in a short (75-cm) sediment core. Thirty-two diatom species were abundant in the core and stratigraphically constrained incremental sum of squares analysis enabled identification of three diatom zones and four subzones, i.e. depths at which marked changes in species composition occurred. Early diatom assemblages were dominated by benthic, oligotrophic taxa, mainly Eunotia, influenced by flooded vegetation after dam construction. A shift to dominance by a planktonic species (Eunotia tukanorum) occurred ca. 1932, during the period of initial physical disturbance and early use of the water body as a public water supply. Diatoms and geochemical variables show that the reservoir was oligotrophic from ~1919 to 1947. Eutrophication began ~1975 and by the early 1980s the reservoir had become eutrophic, in response to an explosive increase in human population in the watershed. Severe cultural eutrophication has persisted since ~1990. Higher concentrations of copper in the sediments, beginning in 1991, reflect the increased use of copper sulfate to control cyanobacteria blooms and provide a chronological marker. Higher δ15N values in recent sediments indicate greater sewage inputs and low C/N values reflect the predominant contribution of algae to sediment organic matter. Eutrophic taxa Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia sp. dominate recent diatom assemblages, along with Aulacoseira granulata, a species that is tolerant of copper sulfate. Diatom assemblages reflect multiple stressors, however, geochemical information provides a better understanding of the early phase of the reservoir. Paleolimnologically documented trophic state changes in this important drinking water supply are largely attributable to increased urbanization of the drainage basin and inputs of sewage. Management efforts should focus on mitigating this nutrient source.

The Effect of Mixed Collectors on Zinc Oxide Flotation

In this study, factors influencing zinc oxide flotation are investigated. These factors include the dosages of sulfidizing reagent, the pH of the regulator and the activator, the use of sodium carbonate as the pH regulator and activator, the use of copper sulfate as the activator and the use of isoamyl xanthate as the collector. All of the above factors are essential to the effective recovery of zinc oxide. Flotation using mixed collectors (isoamyl xanthogenate + dithionphosphate) showed promising results. The ratio of the mixed collectors and the addition sequence of the mixed collectors were important in attaining a true mixed collector for zinc oxide flotation. In the closed circuit experiment, these agents helped to produce a zinc concentrate with 12.41% Zn, 80.03% recovery and 17.29% Zn in the tailings. The zinc concentrate with 12.41% Zn was used as a material for hydrometallurgy to collect zinc.

Application of acacia natural dyes on cotton by pad dyeing

Coloration of textiles, traditionally achieved using natural dyes, commonly employs synthetic dyes at the industrial level. A revival of commercial interest in natural dyes has opened several research avenues. This paper investigates the application by padding of cotton fabric with 10 g/l of two natural dyes derived from the Acacia plant family. Three mordanting techniques were studied; of which post-mordanting produced the most even shade. Among the two mordants investigated, the use of copper sulfate resulted in a level beige shade at 15 g/l concentration while ferrous sulfate performed best at 5 g/l yielding a yellow-grey shade. An optimum process-sequence for the copper sulfate mordant was “pad (dye)→dry→steam followed by pad (mordant)→steam→dry”, and for ferrous sulfte it was “pad (dye)→steam→dry followed by pad (mordant)→steam→dry”. Typically a change in mordant resulted in a different shade with the same dye. The study concluded that padding is a readily adaptable process for the dyeing of cotton using natural dyes and acceptable fastness in shades can be obtained.

Developing fungal pigments for “painting” vascular plants

The use of fungal pigments as color additives to wood as a method to increase forest revenue is a relatively new, but quickly developing field. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is currently the primary utilized hardwood for spalting and appears to be the best suited North American hardwood for such purposes. The combination of Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera adusta has been identified in several instances as a strong fungal pairing for zone line production; however, Xylaria polymorpha is capable of creating zone lines without the antagonism of a secondary fungus. Few fungal pigments have been developed for reliable use; Scytalidium cuboideum is capable of producing a penetrating pink/red stain, as well as a blue pigment after extended incubation, and Chlorociboria sp. produces a blue/green pigment if grown on aspen (Populus tremuloides). Several opportunities exist for stimulation of fungal pigments including the use of copper sulfate and changes in wood pH.

Farm Ponds as Potential Complementary Habitats to Natural Wetlands in a Mediterranean Region

We compared morphometric and physico-chemical characteristics of farm ponds and natural wetlands in Andalusia (southern Spain) to determine whether artificial waterbodies might act as alternative and/or complementary habitats for aquatic biodiversity. Farm ponds were much smaller than natural wetlands, making them unsuitable for species requiring large waterbodies. However, we observed high farm pond density in areas lacking natural wetlands, which suggests a prime role for the conservation of species with low dispersal capacities. Natural-substrate ponds were abundant in traditional extensive farming systems and showed shoreline complexity as high as the most complex natural wetlands. Areas with more intensive agriculture were dominated by artificial-substrate ponds and wetlands, with low physical complexity in both. The high copper load in sediments, due to the use of copper sulphate as biocide, differentiated the artificial-substrate ponds from natural-looking ponds and all natural wetland types. Aqueous mineral levels in farm ponds were much lower than in natural wetlands. We can conclude that farm ponds might play a principal role in region-wide habitat complementarity, by providing a relatively high density of small, permanent, oligohaline waterbodies that is not matched by natural wetland. To enhance this role, measures regulating both pond construction and management are needed, particularly for artificial-substrate ponds.

Dose-Confirmation of Copper Sulfate for Treating Fungus on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Eggs at a Commercial Hatchery

This study at a commercial hatchery was required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to provide independent substantiation of the results of previous laboratory dose-confirmation studies on the use of copper sulfate (CuSO4) to control fungus (Saprolegnia spp.) on the eggs of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The study compared an untreated control group of eggs to eggs treated with 10 mg/L CuSO4 in a flow-through system; mean water temperature was 23.5°C. Eggs were treated once daily until the embryos reached the eyed stage (5 treatments). Hatching was complete by day 11, and fry were counted to determine the percentage of survival in each treatment. Fungus was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as Saprolegnia spp. The mean survival in the control treatments was 4% and 40% in the CuSO4 treatments; the latter survival was significantly higher, but still lower than normal. This study confirms that 10 mg/L CuSO4 is an effective treatment to control fungus on catfish eggs when used daily until the eggs are eyed. However, continued treatment of eggs until hatching occurs may be warranted based on fungal growth rates observed after treatments were discontinued.

Ultrasonic control of nuisance species in commercial aquaculture settings.

One of the major challenges facing commercial catfish farmers is managing water quality and nuisance organisms. High stocking densities coupled with high feeding rates support many parasitic organisms. One such organism is the trematode that lives in an obligate parasitic relationship with another nuisance species, the ram’s horn snail. One method of controlling the trematodes is the use of copper sulfate to kill the snails. This is not an ideal solution as the copper will build up and eventually poison the entire pond. An alternate method, pursued here, is the use of high amplitude ultrasound to kill or mortally wound the snails. Since this method of removing the snails is mechanical, it reduces the amount of chemicals used to maintain the pond. To investigate the efficacy of this proposed technique, an ultrasound system was designed and built at NCPA to test the effects of various ultrasonic dosages on pathogens of interest. The system is designed to be tunable, allowing for the widest range of possible...

Metallic copper corrosion rates, moisture content, and growth medium influence survival of copper ion-resistant bacteria

The rapid killing of various bacteria in contact with metallic copper is thought to be influenced by the influx of copper ions into the cells, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. This study showed that the kinetics of contact killing of copper surfaces depended greatly on the amount of moisture present, copper content of alloys, type of medium used, and type of bacteria. We examined antibiotic- and copper ion-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pig farms following the use of copper sulfate as feed supplement. The results showed rapid killing of both copper ion-resistant E. coli and E. faecium strains when samples in rich medium were spread in a thin, moist layer on copper alloys with 85% or greater copper content. E. coli strains were rapidly killed under dry conditions, while E. faecium strains were less affected. Electroplated copper surface corrosion rates were determined from electrochemical polarization tests using the Stern-Geary method and revealed decreased corrosion rates with benzotriazole and thermal oxide coating. Copper ion-resistant E. coli and E. faecium cells suspended in 0.8% NaCl showed prolonged survival rates on electroplated copper surfaces with benzotriazole coating and thermal oxide coating compared to surfaces without anti-corrosion treatment. Control of surface corrosion affected the level of copper ion influx into bacterial cells, which contributed directly to bacterial killing.

The Effects of Copper in Large-Scale Single-Fungus and Dual-Fungi Wood Systems

Copper sulfate can be utilized to stimulate fungal pigment production for commercial spalting applications. This research explored two larger-scale uses for fungus stimulation by copper: “drawing” exclusion areas on sugar maple by surface application of copper sulfate and the use of copper sulfate in dual-fungi inoculation systems to increase the number of colors and types of spalting produced. Sugar maple boards treated with 2 mL of 0.13 percent copper sulfate in an S pattern and inoculated with Xylaria polymorpha showed a distinct area of clear wood, followed by thick dark zone lines and then by a general black pigmentation expanding outward from the S. Sugar maple blocks treated with 0.06 kg/m3 copper sulfate and inoculated with X. polymorpha/Arthrographis cuboidea had fewer black zone lines than the control blocks but more pink zone lines and internal pink stain.

Manure Nutrient Content on Vermont Dairy Farms: Long‐Term Trends and Relationships

Manure nutrient analysis is an important component of nutrient‐management planning on dairy farms. The University of Vermont Agricultural and Environmental Testing Laboratory analyzed more than 2,300 dairy manure samples from 1992 to 2006. Means of nutrient content were consistent with published values, but variability among the sample results supports the need for laboratory analysis to determine manure application rates. Phosphorus (P) content of manure decreased by about 30% from 1992 to 2004, presumably reflecting a shift in dairy diets to avoid feeding excess P, but P content increased in the following 2 years. The copper (Cu) content of liquid manure increased four‐fold, mostly after 1998, a change attributed to increased use of copper sulfate (CuSO4) in foot baths. While not reliable for making nutrient‐management decisions on individual farms, long‐term summaries can be useful to detect trends and to put individual analytical results in context.

Following the self assembly of supramolecular MOFs using X-ray crystallography and cryospray mass spectrometry

We describe the ligand directed self assembly of two mesoscopic supramolecular MOF architectures based upon the rigid ligand cis,trans-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane with copper(II) salts. The use of copper fluoride results in the assembly of an unprecedented cubic 3D network with 1 nm void spaces while the use of copper sulfate yields a hexagonal 3D layered network containing nanotubes which are 1.5 nm in diameter. Further, experiments probing the self assembly of the structures after complexation using cryospray mass spectrometry show it is possible to follow the nucleation events that lead to the supramolecular MOFs, and this opens up a new avenue for the direct observation and control of the assembly of complex inorganic architectures.

Chronic Copper Toxicosis in Sheep Following the Use of Copper Sulfate as a Fungicide on Fruit Trees

Between January and October 2006, 15 Chios sheep died in a field located near a factory in Orhangazi, Bursa, Turkey. In addition, in May 2007, 2 ewes died after aborting in the same field. Clinical signs in affected animals prior to death were anorexia, hematuria, icterus, incoordination, and ptyalism. Postmortem findings included generalized icterus; yellow, friable livers; distended gallbladders with dense, dark bile; and dark, hypertrophic kidneys with hemorrhage. Copper (Cu) concentrations were measured in multiple specimens of the following: 9 sera, 3 livers, 3 kidneys, 4 plants (including 2 artichoke leaf specimens), 3 soil samples, and 1 drinking water sample. High Cu concentrations were present in the livers, kidneys, and sera of dead sheep, as well as in the vegetation and soil samples from the field. Chronic Cu toxicosis was confirmed as the cause of death attributed primarily to the use of copper sulfate as a fungicide for fruit trees within the field. In addition, factory dust containing Cu might have been an additional factor in the toxicosis.

Impact of Copper Sulfate on Plankton in Channel Catfish Nursery Ponds

Abstract Many fish culturists are interested in applying copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, nursery ponds as a prophylactic treatment for trematode infection and proliferative gill disease by killing snails and Dero sp., respectively, before stocking fry. However, copper is an algaecide and may adversely affect phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. We evaluated the effects of prophylactic use of copper sulfate in catfish nursery ponds on water quality and phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. In 2006, treatments of 0 mg/L CSP, 3 mg/L CSP (0.77 mg/L Cu), and 6 mg/L CSP (1.54 mg/L Cu) were randomly assigned to 0.04‐ha ponds. In 2007, only treatments of 0 and 3 mg/L CSP were randomly assigned to the 16 ponds. Ponds treated with CSP had significantly higher pH and significantly lower total ammonia concentrations. Treatment of both CSP rates increased total algal concentrations but reduced desirable zooplankton groups for catfish culture. CSP has been shown to be effective in reducing snail populations at the rate used in this study. CSP treatment also appears to be beneficial to the algal bloom, shifting the algal population to green algae and increasing total algal biomass within 1 wk after CSP treatment. Although zooplankton populations were adversely affected, populations of important zooplankton to catfish fry began rebounding 6–12 d after CSP treatment. Therefore, if CSP is used to treat catfish fry ponds of similar water composition used in this study, fry should not be stocked for about 2 wk after CSP application to allow time for the desirable zooplankton densities to begin increasing.

Surface water quality in Manitoba with respect to six chemical parameters, water body and sediment type and land use

Surface waters at 425 sites in Manitoba were analyzed for total dissolved solids, nitrate-nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, cadmium, lead and copper. Regional differences in chemical parameters were found for various areas of the province and for some bottom sediment types. Sites were classified according to predominant type of land use: minimal, cropland, livestock, mining, recreation, forest logging, hydroelectric development and urban effluent. The highest mean values of total dissolved solids, cadmium and copper were associated with mining, although the highest absolute values for copper were found in cottage and recreational areas due to the use of copper sulphate to control algal blooms. Urban effluents and agriculture significantly elevated total dissolved solids and nitrate. Elevated dissolved organic matter was most associated with land clearing and urban effluents. The relative significance of the various human activities differed with geographical region. Streams were the most vulnerable to contamination, particularly on the Precambrian Shield. Water quality problems exist in some areas in the province, and management must take into account the regional characteristics of surface waters, as well as address the varying nature and intensity of contamination generated by human land uses.

Relationship between Copper, Glycopeptide, and Macrolide Resistance among Enterococcus faecium Strains Isolated from Pigs in Denmark between 1997 and 2003

A significant relationship between copper resistance (tcrB), glycopeptide resistance (Tn1546), and macrolide resistance [erm(B)] in Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs was found. The tcrB gene was located closely upstream of the Tn1546 element. However, the continued use of copper sulfate has not been able to maintain high levels of macrolide and glycopeptide resistance.

Use of copper sulphate for the treatment of dermatophilosis (‘brown spot’ disease) in farmed crocodiles

Use of copper sulphate for the treatment of dermatophilosis (‘brown spot’ disease) in farmed crocodiles

Occurrence of copper resistant mutants in the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: characterisation and future implications in the use of copper sulphate as algaecide

Freshwater toxic cyanobacteria are an increasing problem to human and animal health. Control of cyanobacteria in water supply reservoirs involves the use of algaecides, such as copper sulphate, usually in a repetitive way. Repercussions of recurrent algaecide treatments on cyanobacteria population dynamics remain still unknown. We studied the adaptation of cyanobacteria to lethal doses of copper sulphate by using Microcystis aeruginosa as an experimental model. A fluctuation analysis demonstrated that copper-resistant cells arise by spontaneous mutations that occur randomly prior to exposition to copper sulphate. The rate of spontaneous mutation from copper sensitivity to resistance was 1.76×10 −6 mutants per cell division. Resistant mutants exhibited a diminished fitness in the absence of copper sulphate, but only these variants were able to grow at Cu 2+ concentrations higher than 5.8 μM. In addition, copper-resistant cells were significantly smaller than wild-type ones. Warnings on the long-term consequences of repetitive algaecide treatments in water supplies are suggested.

Acute Toxicity of Copper to Juvenile Freshwater Prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Copper sulfate is an algicide that is commonly used for phytoplankton and filamentous algae control and has been used as a therapeutant in aquaculture. The objectives of this study were to determine the acute toxicity of copper sulfate and the safe level for use in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, production ponds in a high calcium and alkalinity environment. Six concentrations of copper sulfate (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mg/L) were tested in 8-L glass aquaria for 48 hours with three replicate aquaria per treatment. Concentrations of calcium hardness and alkalinity were set at 100 mg/L using calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, respectively. After 48 hours, survival of the control treatment (0% CuSO4) averaged 97%, which was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that of all other treatments. The survival in the 0.2 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L (70% and 73%, respectively) concentrations of CuSO4 were significantly greater (P< 0.05) than higher dose treatments; but were not significantly different from each other (P> 0.05). Treatments containing 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0-mg/L copper sulfate demonstrated a dramatic decrease in prawn survival, which averaged 30, 7, and 0%, respectively. Regression analysis of the data predicted 48-hour LC50 for copper sulfate tobe0.46 mg/L. Since recommended application rates for use of copper sulfate as an algicide are 1.0 mg/L or more for water with alkalinities of 100 mg/L, copper sulfate treatments are not recommended for prawn production ponds.