Use Of Computer Analysis Research Articles

What You Heard Is What You Wrote: Dynamic Readings of ʿilm and adab Narratives in the Islamicate World

Abstract This article explores how the concepts of ʿilm and adab (knowledge and exemplary behavior) merged in formative Arabic literature and reached Al-Andalus. Originating in a proto-Sunni cultural milieu, different works were recycled across the Islamic world, giving rise to new literary adaptations and patterns of meaning. With the use of computational analysis, the data has revealed juxtaposed reuse practices. This contribution has found that early Andalusi works initially mirrored Eastern sources, gradually transitioning into a more specialized form of knowledge and performance, based on the legitimization of the authority of scholars during the challenging Taifa period.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effect on Allograft Survival of Glomerulonephritis Post-transplantation in a United Kingdom Population: Cohort Study.

Post-transplant glomerulonephritis (PTGN) has been associated with inferior long-term allograft survival, and its incidence varies widely in the literature. This is a cohort study of 7,623 patients transplanted between 2005 and 2016 at four major transplant UK centres. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis (GN) in the allograft was extracted from histology reports aided by the use of text-mining software. The incidence of the four most common GN post-transplantation was calculated, and the risk factors for disease and allograft outcomes were analyzed. In total, 214 patients (2.8%) presented with PTGN. IgA nephropathy (IgAN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy (MN), and membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary GN (MPGN/MCGN) were the four most common forms of post-transplant GN. Living donation, HLA DR match, mixed race, and other ethnic minority groups were associated with an increased risk of developing a PTGN. Patients with PTGN showed a similar allograft survival to those without in the first 8 years of post-transplantation, but the results suggest that they do less well after that timepoint. IgAN was associated with the best allograft survival and FSGS with the worst allograft survival. PTGN has an important impact on long-term allograft survival. Significant challenges can be encountered when attempting to analyze large-scale data involving unstructured or complex data points, and the use of computational analysis can assist.

Matlab Kullanarak Elektromanyetik Alan Problemlerinin Çözümlerin Görselleştirilmesi

In this study, we use the superposition principle to find a particular solution to Poisson and Laplace equations. It is assumed that the field in a homogeneous dielectric is excited by space charges under a specific density distribution. Under these assumptions, the results of visualization to electrostatic field solutions are reported for two cases: i) calculation of the electrostatic field between two shielded cables and ii) calculation of the electrostatic field between the dielectric corner and a parallel long charged conductor. In this study, we aim to initiate a discussion of the use of computer analysis and modeling as an educational tool for engineering students.

Exophthalmometry Practical Skills Trainer

The simulator for teaching practical exophthalmometry skills is a hardware and software complex. The hardware part is an imitation of the facial part, with the ability to perform exophthalmometry in various clinical conditions. The computer program controls the movement of artificial eyeballs in the simulator, depending on the clinical task. To control the correctness of the practical skills of exophthalmometry, a video recording and subsequent analysis are made by both the student and the teacher. Based on the survey results, a report form is generated, which is saved and can be used for comparison. This technique is based on digital technologies and the use of computer analysis. It is possible to use the hardware and software complex in a remote version with data transmission over the Internet.

Toward Data Sense-Making in Digital Health Communication Research: Why Theory Matters in the Age of Big Data

The rapidly increasing volume of health data generated from digital technologies have ushered in an unprecedented opportunity for health research. Despite its promises, big data approaches in understanding human behavior often do not consider conceptual premises that provide meaning to social and behavioral data. In this paper, we update the definition of big data, and review different types and sources of health data that researchers need to grapple with. We highlight three problems in big data approaches — data deluge, data hubris, and data opacity — that are associated with the blind use of computational analysis. Third, we lay out the importance of cultivating health data sense-making—the ability to integrate theory-led and data-driven approaches to process different types of health data and translating findings into tangible health outcomes — and illustrate how theorizing can matter in the age of big data.

Fast Track Integration of Computational Methods with Experiments in Small Wind Turbine Development

In general, standard aerodynamic design is divided into two paths—numerical analysis and empirical tests. It is crucial to efficiently combine both approaches in order to entirely fulfill the requirements of the design process as well as the final product. An effective use of computational analysis is a challenge, however it can significantly improve understanding, exploring and confining the search for optimal product solutions. The article focuses on a rapid prototyping and testing procedure proposed and employed at the Institute of Turbomachinery, Lodz University of Technology (IMP TUL). This so called Fast Track approach combines preparation of numerical models of a wind turbine rotor, manufacturing of its geometry by means of a 3D printing method and testing it in an in-house wind tunnel. The idea is to perform the entire procedure in 24 h. The proposed process allows one to determine the most auspicious sets of rotor blades within a short time. Owing to this, it significantly reduces the amount of individual subsequent examinations. Having fixed the initial procedure, it is possible to expand research on the singled-out geometries. The abovementioned observations and the presented overview of the literature on uses of 3D printing in aerodynamic testing prove rapid prototyping as an innovative and widely-applicable method, significantly changing our approach to experimental aerodynamics.

Comparing genres of Indonesian literature by utilizing big data

An academic study of literature generally requires researchers to understand literary genres, writers, periods, and even ideological clashes. A researcher is possibly able to master a wide range of literature dated back from the biblical period up to now in detail. In a certain case, comparing literary genre in a particular period provides a general understanding of literary trends. This paper offers a comparison of Indonesian literature genres by applying computational analysis in the context of Big Data utilization in Indonesian literature. Through the computational analysis, literary genres will be compared along with its popular authors following certain periods and trends. By transferring various literary works into the data, this analysis yields a diverse map of literary works that emerged in the Internet. The data reveals the relationship of literary characters that change over time. This paper argues that the use of computational analysis in the context of big data can be very helpful for scholars to know quickly and succinctly the Indonesian literature genres which is marked by certain categorization.

Biomechanical Material Characterization of Stanford Type-B Dissected Porcine Aortas.

Aortic dissection (AD) involves tearing of the medial layer, creating a blood-filled channel called false lumen (FL). To treat dissections, clinicians are using endovascular therapy using stent grafts to seal the FL. This procedure has been successful in reducing mortality but has failed in completely re-attaching the torn intimal layer. The use of computational analysis can predict the radial forces needed to devise stents that can treat ADs. To quantify the hyperelastic material behavior for therapy development, we harvested FL wall, true lumen (TL) wall, and intimal flap from the middle and distal part of five dissected aortas. Planar biaxial testing using multiple stretch protocols were conducted on tissue samples to quantify their deformation behavior. A novel non-linear regression model was used to fit data against Holzapfel–Gasser–Ogden hyperelastic strain energy function. The fitting analysis correlated the behavior of the FL and TL walls and the intimal flap to the stiffness observed during tensile loading. It was hypothesized that there is a variability in the stresses generated during loading among tissue specimens derived from different regions of the dissected aorta and hence, one should use region-specific material models when simulating type-B AD. From the data on material behavior analysis, the variability in the tissue specimens harvested from pigs was tabulated using stress and coefficient of variation (CV). The material response curves also compared the changes in compliance observed in the FL wall, TL wall, and intimal flap for middle and distal regions of the dissection. It was observed that for small stretch ratios, all the tissue specimens behaved isotropically with overlapping stress–stretch curves in both circumferential and axial directions. As the stretch ratios increased, we observed that most tissue specimens displayed different structural behaviors in axial and circumferential directions. This observation was very apparent in tissue specimens from mid FL region, less apparent in mid TL, distal FL, and distal flap tissues and least noticeable in tissue specimens harvested from mid flap. Lastly, using mixed model ANOVAS, it was concluded that there were significant differences between mid and distal regions along axial direction which were absent in the circumferential direction.

Protein Science by DNA Sequencing: How Advances in Molecular Biology Are Accelerating Biochemistry.

A fundamental goal of protein biochemistry is to determine the sequence-function relationship, but the vastness of sequence space makes comprehensive evaluation of this landscape difficult. However, advances in DNA synthesis and sequencing now allow researchers to assess the functional impact of every single mutation in many proteins, but challenges remain in library construction and the development of general assays applicable to a diverse range of protein functions. This Perspective briefly outlines the technical innovations in DNA manipulation that allow massively parallel protein biochemistry and then summarizes the methods currently available for library construction and the functional assays of protein variants. Areas in need of future innovation are highlighted with a particular focus on assay development and the use of computational analysis with machine learning to effectively traverse the sequence-function landscape. Finally, applications in the fundamentals of protein biochemistry, disease prediction, and protein engineering are presented.

Computational analysis of Ebolavirus data: prospects, promises and challenges.

The ongoing Ebola virus (also known as Zaire ebolavirus, a member of the Ebolavirus family) outbreak in West Africa has so far resulted in >28000 confirmed cases compared with previous Ebolavirus outbreaks that affected a maximum of a few hundred individuals. Hence, Ebolaviruses impose a much greater threat than we may have expected (or hoped). An improved understanding of the virus biology is essential to develop therapeutic and preventive measures and to be better prepared for future outbreaks by members of the Ebolavirus family. Computational investigations can complement wet laboratory research for biosafety level 4 pathogens such as Ebolaviruses for which the wet experimental capacities are limited due to a small number of appropriate containment laboratories. During the current West Africa outbreak, sequence data from many Ebola virus genomes became available providing a rich resource for computational analysis. Here, we consider the studies that have already reported on the computational analysis of these data. A range of properties have been investigated including Ebolavirus evolution and pathogenicity, prediction of micro RNAs and identification of Ebolavirus specific signatures. However, the accuracy of the results remains to be confirmed by wet laboratory experiments. Therefore, communication and exchange between computational and wet laboratory researchers is necessary to make maximum use of computational analyses and to iteratively improve these approaches.

Stability and Computer Simulation of Trailed Implement under Different Operating Conditions

The mechanics of a trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the off-road vehicle stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The results of this analysis showed that the off-road vehicle becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of (17318) N when the trailer was pushing the off-road vehicle downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of off-road vehicle-trailer combination on sloping ground.Keywords: Stability, Traction, Sloping ground, Drawbar.

High/Ultra-High Speed Imaging as a Diagnostic Tool

The ability to see what is happening during an experiment is often critical to human understanding. High and ultra-high speed cameras have for decades allowed scientists to see these extremely short time-scale events; starting with film cameras and now with digital versions of these cameras. The move to digital cameras has invited the use of computer analysis of the images for obtaining quantitative information well beyond the qualitative usefulness of merely being able to see the event. Digital image correlation (DIC) is one of these powerful and popular quantitative techniques, but by no means the only possible image analysis method. All of these analysis techniques ask more of the camera technology than simply providing images. They require high-quality images that are amenable to analysis and do not introduce error sources that compromise the data. Possible error sources include image noise, image distortions, synchronization and spatial sampling issues. As a minimal starting point, the introduced errors must be well understood in order to put error bounds on the results. This is because in many experiments some result is better than no result; with the caveat that the error sources and the relative confidence of the data are understood. The concepts will be framed in relation to ongoing ultra-high speed work being done at Sandia. A call and challenge will be given to begin thinking in more detail about how to successfully turn these cameras into diagnostic instruments.

Patient acceptance and diagnostic utility of automated digital image analysis of pigmented skin lesions

Computerized analysis of pigmented skin lesions may help to increase diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, help to avoid unnecessary procedures and reduce health care costs. We evaluated both the patient acceptance and diagnostic utility of such an analysis tool in a real clinical setting. Two hundred nine consecutive patients (median age: 34 years, range: 2-73 years), who were concerned about a pigmented skin lesion, answered a questionnaire about their attitude towards computerized analysis and their confidence in the resulting findings. Using a dermoscopy analyser, their skin lesions (n = 219) were then grouped into the categories, benign, suspicious and malignant, and results were compared with those obtained by in-person examination of dermato-oncologic experts. More than half of the patients (n = 114) would accept the use of computer analysis for melanoma screening; although 16 (14.0%) patients would accept this method solely, 98 (86.0%) patients would prefer an additional in-person examination by a dermatologist. Of the 219 pigmented skin lesions, the dermoscopic experts rated 171 (78.1%) as benign, 36 (16.4%) as suspicious and 12 (5.5%) as malignant, whereas computer analysis revealed 102 (46.6%) benign, 78 (35.6%) suspicious and 39 (17.8%) malignant lesions. At the expense of specificity (48.8%), the sensitivity of computerized analysis was excellent (100%) and equal to that of in-person examination. Most patients would accept computer analysis for melanoma screening, some of them even without reservations. However, due to a high rate of false positive computer assessments, it cannot be recommended as a screening tool at this time.

Catalytic insights into acid/base conjugates: highly selective bifunctional catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide

Herein, we report the use of acid/base complexes for the ring opening polymerization of (L)-lactide. The salt formed from an equimolar reaction of benzoic acid and DBU produced a catalyst capable of controlled polymerizations allowing for targeted molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. The use of computational analysis suggests a bifunctional catalytic mechanism wherein both the monomer and propagating hydroxyl group are activated toward polymerization.

Interaction of Organic Cations with Organic Anion Transporters

Studies of the organic anion transporters (Oats) have focused mainly on their interactions with organic anionic substrates. However, as suggested when Oat1 was originally identified as NKT (Lopez-Nieto, C. E., You, G., Bush, K. T., Barros, E. J., Beier, D. R., and Nigam, S. K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6471-6478), since the Oats share close homology with organic cation transporters (Octs), it is possible that Oats interact with cations as well. We now show that mouse Oat1 (mOat1) and mOat3 and, to a lesser degree, mOat6 bind a number of "prototypical" Oct substrates, including 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. In addition to oocyte expression assays, we have tested binding of organic cations to Oat1 and Oat3 in ex vivo assays by analyzing interactions in kidney organ cultures deficient in Oat1 and Oat3. We also demonstrate that mOat3 transports organic cations such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and cimetidine. A pharmacophore based on the binding affinities of the tested organic cations for Oat3 was generated. Using this pharmacophore, we screened a chemical library and were able to identify novel cationic compounds that bound to Oat1 and Oat3. These compounds bound Oat3 with an affinity higher than the highest affinity compounds in the original set of prototypical Oct substrates. Thus, whereas Oat1, Oat3, and Oat6 appear to function largely in organic anion transport, they also bind and transport some organic cations. These findings could be of clinical significance, since drugs and metabolites that under normal physiological conditions do not bind to the Oats may undergo changes in charge and become Oat substrates during pathologic conditions wherein significant variations in body fluid pH occur.

Assessment of the congruity of genetic relationships and variation revealed by individual- and bulked-samples-based approaches using RAPD and ISSR markers in Japanese turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) cultivars

To find out an efficient and accurate way to estimate the genetic relationship among cultivars having within-variety genetic variation by using different types of approaches, we compared among-varieties genetic similarity estimated based on individual samples and also on bulked population samples of six Japanese turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) cultivars using RAPD and ISSR markers. In both individual- and bulked-samples-based approaches, 37 individuals were sampled from each cultivar, amplified individually and also as bulked DNA, respectively. Genetic similarity matrices among six cultivars were estimated based on four similarity measures estimated with 125 or 124 polymorphic bands scored in the individual- or bulked-samples-based approach, respectively, and the correlations between the similarity matrices were calculated to evaluate the degree of agreement between matrices. Correlations between similarity matrices calculated based on individuals on the one hand and those calculated based on bulked samples on the other were also high and significant in all combinations of the four similarity measures. Use of computational analysis indicated that 6 to 8 individuals per cultivar were enough to accurately estimate similarity with the individual-based approach.

Using computational simulation to aid in the prediction of socket fit: A preliminary study

This study illustrates the use of computational analysis to predict prosthetic socket fit. A simple indentation test is performed by applying force to the residual limb of a trans-tibial amputee through an indenter until the subject perceives the onset of pain. Computational finite element (FE) analysis is then applied to evaluate the magnitude of pressure underlying the indenter that initiates pain (pain threshold pressure), and the pressure at the prosthetic socket–residual limb interface. The assessment of socket fit is examined by studying whether or not the socket–limb interface pressure exceeds the pain threshold pressure of the limb. Based on the computer-aided assessment, a new prosthetic socket is then fabricated and fitted to the amputee subject. Successful socket fit is achieved at the end of this process. The approach of using computational analysis to aid in assessing socket fit allows a more efficient evaluation and re-design of the socket even before the actual fabrication and fitting of the prosthetic socket. However, more thorough investigations are required before this approach can be widely used. A subsequent part of this paper discusses the limitations and suggests future research directions in this area.

A traveling-wave, modified ring linear piezoelectric microactuator with enclosed piezoelectric elements - the "scream" actuator

A 1.8 cc silent bidirectional traveling-wave, self-moving linear microactuator is shown to be capable of generating a sliding velocity of 0.22 m/s and sliding force of 1.1 N. Through the use of computational analysis in the actuator's design, the vibration characteristics were improved in order to obtain a better actuator. The generation of a radial traveling wave about the circumference of the actuator, akin to a ring, is shown to exist despite the unusual shape, and the presence of traveling wave motion along the output face also is shown to exist. By using short-time sinusoidal signals, slider displacements as small as 82 nm were obtained from the actuator, and by using direct current (DC) input, displacements of up to +/-107 nm were obtained, suggesting a way to obtain subnanometer positioning accuracy over arbitrary sliding distances. By reversing the phase between the paired driving signals, the direction of motion was reversed at up to 300 Hz; the slider displacement and velocity was found to be inversely proportional to the phase-reversal rate, and the slider's peak velocity and maximum thrust force were directly proportional to the phase between the driving signals. The output force and velocity of the actuator was fairly insensitive to the input frequency, giving measurable motion between 132.5 and 141.5 kHz, but was sensitive to the input voltage, requiring at least 38 V input for operation, and was approximately quadratically dependent on the applied preload centered about 2.25 N.

Computer simulation of stability and control of tractor-trailed implement combinations under different operating conditions

The mechanics of a tractor-trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the tractor stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The program was used to analyze a tractor-trailer system moving at uniform motion up and downhill. The results of this analysis showed that the tractor becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of 17318 N when the trailer was pushing the tractor downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of tractor-trailer combination on sloping ground.

エラータ : X線回折データにおけるコンピュータの利用

エラータ : X線回折データにおけるコンピュータの利用