Use Of Common Resources Research Articles

Common resources in SP88 style applications presented at the World Batch Forum

Independent of industry or control system, the design of SP88 style batch applications invariably involves the use of common resources. ISA's new standard on Batch Control, ISA-S88.01-1995, (SP88) defines common resources and provides some brief examples but does not expand these subjects. This paper attempts to expand upon this topic by discussing design considerations in the use of common resources, such as raw material supply units, transfer lines and headers, utilities and product storage tanks. Examples are used to illustrate design alternatives for common situations. Design considerations such as when to use equipment modules, stand-alone “single unit” recipes, or unit recipes that are part of larger product recipes are examined. This includes issues such as single vs. multiple concurrent users, selection priority, record keeping and reporting, and operational and recipe design factors. Often there is not one obvious “right” solution for a particular scenario. Instead the solution that best satisfies conflicting requirements needs to be selected. Sample process diagrams are presented as a basis for the discussion of trade-offs in specific situations. It is to be hoped that this paper will aid in the development of common design approaches and a common vocabulary to be used in the high level conceptualization of batch applications.

New international dictionary of acronyms in library and information science and related fields

The chapter discusses the issue of the protection and availability of digital cartographic information and products. Modern cartography and geographic information processing are moving from electronic versions of traditional cartographic products to multimedia systems where the products create a basis for the use in other types of work. In many countries, mapping and charting are done by both the government agencies and the military. For many governments, it is intriguing to let the users pay at least some of the costs of mapping thatwill have important consequences for both private and public users. The governments themselves also have a growing interest in the use of digital cartographic information and products. These can help create better tools for development, environmental protection, and the use of common resources. The development of a useful legal framework for both private and public activity in this field is an important issue.

The Role of Cost Allocations in the Acquisition and Use of Common Resources*

Abstract. For a common resource, we suggest that the benefits of fixed cost allocations lie not in inducing optimal utilization of available capacity but in deciding how much capacity to acquire. In the presence of sequential information asymmetry between the owner and two symmetric users of the resource, we show that cost allocations form a part of the optimal incentive contract. We derive an optimal cost allocation scheme and provide an explicit link between the allocated costs under this scheme and the fixed costs of the resource.Résumé. Selon les auteurs, pour une ressource commune, les avantages de la répartition des coûts fixes résident non pas dans l'induction d'une utilisation optimale de la capacité disponible, mais dans la décision relative à la capacité devant être acquise. En présence d'asymétrie de l'information séquentielle entre le propriétaire et deux utilisateurs symétriques de la ressource, les auteurs démontrent que la répartition des coûts est un élément qui entre dans le contrat d'intéressement optimal. Ils dérivent un plan optimal de répartition des coûts et établissent un lien explicite entre les coûts répartis au moyen de ce plan et les coûts fixes de la ressource.

Integrating maps of chromosome 21

The past year has seen major progress in the construction of various types of maps of human chromosome 21. Perhaps more significantly, the chromosome 21 research community is making very significant progress on integration of these maps through the use of common resources and increased collaboration and communication.

Integrated Optics. An Optical Arbiter Module

Summary ATTL driving optical arbiter module which consists of a hybrid combination of optical devices has been fabricated to demonstrate the performance of a parallel data processing arbiter. The optical arbiter module is assembled by a ten-port guided-wave optical arbiter circuit, fiber-connected laser diodes and fiber-connected avalanche photo diodes. Optical arbitration is shown through connecting ten processors to this module. It is confirmed that priority is decided by the connected input terminal position when many processors request common resource use simultaneously. Applying feasibility for parallel signal processing systems is verified by using this prototype optical arbiter module.

Life history patterns of six sympatric species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) in a New Zealand stream and the role of interspecific competition in their evolution

Nymphal life histories of six sympatric species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) were studied in Waitakere River and its tributary, Cascade Stream, a kauri forest stream system in northern New Zealand. Species examined were Neozephlebia scita (Walker), Austroclima jollyae Towns & Peters, Deleatidium myzobranchia Phillips, D. lillii Eaton, Deleatidium sp. A and Deleatidium sp. C. A mixture of well and poorly synchronised life cycles occurred within the guild. Species of Deleatidium had life histories which ranged from univoltine (D. lillii and D. myzobranchia) to weakly bivoltine with overlapping generations and cohorts (Deleatidium sp. C). There was little evidence of temporal segregation, but instead a highdegree of habitat and life history overlap. This conflicts with models based on stream insects from temperate northern hemisphere streams and usually attributed to niche differentiation in response to interspecific competition. The possible role of interspecific competition in evolution of life histories of stream in vertebrates is assessed. It is noted that temporal segregation of life histories does not by itself demonstrate differential use of common resources by congenerics, and that there is little direct evidence to support the widespread assumption that competition is a major influence on the evolution and composition of lotic communities.