Use Of Common Resources Research Articles

Gestão e reconhecimento institucional na Reserva da Biosfera de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán

This research aims to describe the institutional recognition of the rational use of common resources in a Mexican reserve from a management and implementation perspective. After its declaration as a reserve, new environmental management systems were established, and the local population had to incorporate new institutions and, with this, new permitted and prohibited actions. The methodological strategy consisted of a mixed study that included surveys in eight municipalities with a convenience sample of 400 people and key informant interviews. The results reveal that, although the initial configuration by decree was top-down, the information that all inhabitants needed to recognize the institutions responsible for the new policies was not disseminated. Therefore, after almost 24 years, the need for an integrated and participatory management that actively includes the local community and the various entities involved is still pending.

Дробление бизнеса с точки зрения оценки обстоятельств получения необоснованной налоговой выгоды

The article analyzes business splitting as one of the circumstances of obtaining an unjustified tax benefit. The work is written using general scientific and private-scientific methods of cognition: analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparative-legal and formal-legal. In the course of the research it is substantiated that in order to reduce the risks of recognition of business splitting as illegal it is necessary: to define a clear, economically justified purpose of splitting; to ensure the independence of enterprises at the level of schemes of work, accounting, receipt and distribution of resources; it is desirable to split the business to enter a new market, expand the customer base or optimize fixed assets. The paper substantiates that among the characteristic features of business splitting as a circumstance for obtaining an unjustified tax benefit are: the presence of a single controlling person; splitting of a single production process; lack of independence of controlled entities in decision-making; use of common resources and the presence of common counterparties; formal distribution of resources or their gratuitous provision. The paper substantiates that business splitting can be assessed (qualified) by tax authorities as actions aimed at obtaining an unjustified tax benefit, but not always by itself.

НОВЫЕ ТРАЕКТОРИИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ БИЗНЕСА ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ НА ПУТИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ОБЩЕСТВА В РФ

The article considers the processes of globalization in conditions of high turbulence of business, developing today on the basis of digitalization and qualitatively new information exchange, which leads to a significant transformation of social relations. In the field of transformation of business architecture and management technologies, an understanding is formed that the competitive advantages of companies can be best realized through the joint use of common resources, competencies, network effects, and institutional conditions. This circumstance determines the need for economic and managerial research of new objects, which includes the "business ecosystem". The purpose of the study is to substantiate the directions of creating institutional conditions necessary for the establishment and functioning of ecosystems as a new organizational and economic form of doing business in the conditions of ensuring self-preservation of the natural ecosystem. The authors used an institutional approach to the subject of the study, based on the synthesis of economic and organizational theory, systems theory, innovation theory, and the concept of sustainable development. The main results are based on the generalization of historical stages of formation and comparative characteristics of functioning of different models of business ecosystems in banks, determination of value properties of complex banking products.

Use of common resources by rural communities in Russia: Problems of collective choice

One of the key elements of well-being of rural residents is the development of rural social infrastructure. Measures for the development of rural areas often do not take into account the opinion of rural residents themselves, which leads to their dissatisfaction. The level of cohesion and collectivism of the rural community plays an important role in identifying problems and finding solutions, including the use of common resources of the territory. This article makes an attempt to apply Elinor Ostrom’s theoretical considerations to the investigation of rural communities in Russia. The experimental part of the study was carried out in small settlements of Stavropol Krai and Krasnodar Krai in South Russia. The hypothesis about the possibility of forming self-governing rural communities, independent in determining the rules for the use of common resources and participating in the implementation of development policies for their territory, was tested. The surveyed residents very rationally selected directions for the social and everyday development of their settlements that allow them to obtain maximum benefit from their implementation. Continuing such research will make it possible to clarify true preferences of rural residents regarding social standards and make timely adjustments to the state policy of rural development.

Climate as a new urban common: thermal comfort on the right to the city agenda

This article seeks to contribute to the theoretical debate on the urbanization process and its impact on the use of common resources in cities (urban commons) in the face of climate change inherent in the contemporary urbanization model. Parks, streets, buildings, energy, and water are recognized as urban common goods, however, with the increase in climatic risks inherent to the process of densification of these spaces, the increase in temperatures has generated discomfort and health problems for its inhabitants. In this work, we approach the climate as a common good, associated with the concern of climate change in cities from the concept of thermal comfort (cooling the commons). Based on a dialectical approach to the contradictions and limits of Ostrom's theory of the commons adapted to the urban context, we aim to contribute to the theoretical debate on urban commons through articulation with Lefebvre's “right to the city” claims. In order to go beyond the public-private antithesis, State-market, it is possible to rethink shared and sustainable practices and alternatives for the social production of space so that urban praxis is socially and environmentally fair for all.

A Framework for Assessing Peaola Land and Nutrient Use Efficiency in the Field

AbstractCanola and pea intercropping (peaola) promises a number of benefits that could improve the efficiency and resilience of dryland agricultural systems. Using the correct methods for assessing these intercropping systems is important for determining whether or not an intercropping method is suitable in a particular instance. This article describes methods to assess two of the most common resource use efficiencies: land and nutrients. Earn 1 CEU in Crop Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.

Searching for a New Model of Governance in the High Seas: Game Theory Applied to International Commons Management

In the last decade, the United Nations took important steps for the creation of a new instrument for biodiversity protection in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This put under discussion the central issues of international commons management and of the governance model for the High Seas. The aim of this paper is to discuss and evaluate critically the political negotiations already made and yet to come, as well as their rationale. For this purpose, the paper applies game theory to fisheries management to get insights. This research aims to contribute toward more qualified and grounded decisions. The key role of cooperation in the sustainable use of common resources is stressed.

Methodology for the assessment of geoeconomics potential of agriculture

Agriculture has always played an important role in the country's economy. Its development and capacity were and is one of the factors of the population's security. That is why there is a need to develop a methodology that would assess the full geoeconomic potential of the country and determine whether the country still has unrealized potential in agriculture, or uses all opportunities for development in this area. The aim of the study is to substantiate the methodology for assessing the geoeconomic potential of the country’s agriculture taking into account its available resources and possibilities. The underlying procedure of the method consists in comparing the results of the use of common resources like land, labor, and capital by different countries. For this purpose, we used the method of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based on a comparative assessment of the efficiency indicators of the countries that have one specific feature in common. The DEA-analysis considers the result indicators per unit of resources used in agriculture. The efficiency indicators include indicators of economic, environmental and social effects. The target countries for assessment are selected regarding their similarity in terms of resource and political factors, as well as export specialization. The geoeconomic potential of Ukrainian agriculture has become a case study for practical approval of the assessment method. During the study, the following result were obtained: the geoeconomic potential of Ukraine and its competitors were assessed. It was concluded that Ukraine along with France and Spain fully use their geoeconomic potential. It was stated that in countries with the highest level of economic development is a highest level of environmentally destructive effect on the environment.

Symmetries and Asymmetries in Collective Management: Comparing Effects on Resilience and Rural Development in Galician Common Lands and the Brazilian Extractive Reserves

This study aims to comparatively analyse cases involving Galician common lands (MVMC) in Spain and the Extractive Reserves (RESEX) in Brazil, from the new perspective of community resilience in sustainable rural development. We studied the role of the state in legal transformations regarding land use and management to understand changes in access to and use of common resources, as well as to describe how relationships are established among user groups. The results are based on the analysis of 55 semi-structured interviews with people from seven communities with common lands in Spain and information gathered through Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques and interviews at the Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve in Acre (Brazil). Field work for the study was done in May 2013, April to June 2014 and February 2015. The research uncovers the frailties and strengths of the main management patterns in each reality. The two cases are marked by strong state intervention to regulate conditions of use and the implementation of management models in these areas. In both, the perceived economic importance of natural resources as a source of revenue was also a common point, though tenure of these resources became effective in different ways. The importance of ensuring access to land as a way of maintaining the freedom and autonomy of the user group was also prominent in both cases and should be seen as a crucial factor for economic and social development. Finally, the normative and practical arrangements found in MVMCs and RESEX areas present a good strategy for rural development based on relationships among user groups and shared land management organization patterns.

Archaeology of early medieval peasantry in the Basque Country: Landscapes, economic trends and societal change in Álava

The aim of this paper is to analyse early medieval economic trends and social change in the Basque Country, using a bottom-up approach that includes multiproxy archaeological evidence. Though comparisons will be made with other Northern Iberian areas, the study focuses on the 3,000 km2 Basque province of Álava, where research has been intense in the last decade. The work primarily relies on records of settlement patterns, paleoenvironmental evidence, field systems, livestock management, food patterns and crop production. Diachronic study of farming and livestock practices show patterns of socio-political interaction between local communities and elite agency in the Early Medieval Age. The main topics analysed are the emergence of local communities, the nucleation process, the use of common resources, the agency of village leaders and the formation of lordships.

Comunalización de la gestión del sistema socioecológico del bioma Pampa: análisis de un colectivo de ganaderos tradicionales de Uruguay

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo se lleva a cabo el uso y la gestión del recurso común, el bioma Pampa, en un colectivo de ganaderos familiares ubicados en los Departamentos de Maldonado y Rocha, en Uruguay. Este análisis es posible con el apoyo teórico de las propuestas de Elinor Ostrom con respecto a los sistemas socioecológicos. Los resultados señalan un alto potencial para la autoorganización comunitaria y la sostenibilidad en el uso tradicional de los recursos naturales. La acción colectiva ordenada entre instituciones estatales y organizaciones de productores privados ha fomentado acuerdos más eficientes, principalmente mediante el establecimiento de normas e incentivos para el uso sostenible de los recursos comunes. El caso estudiado se refiere a un grupo relativamente reciente que, sin embargo, demuestra un potencial y capacidades significativas para resolver problemas comunes y desarrollar formas de uso sostenible de los recursos naturales del sistema socioecológico del bioma Pampa.

The Improvement of Approaches to Service Activities Teaching

The article is devoted to the formation of approaches to service activities teaching. The analysis of these approaches has led to the understanding of the new content of services in the tourism and hospitality industry, creating a high-quality infrastructure of innovative business based on service innovations arising as a result of the interaction of innovative stakeholders. It is revealed that the common values of entrepreneurial culture of innovation subjects, providing the possibility of beneficial cooperation and optimal use of common resources, can become the basis for such interaction. It is proved that a special role within the framework of the modern phase of the development of the tourism and hospitality industry should be played by entrepreneurial universities that effectively implement projects of academic and intellectual entrepreneurship and create fractals of entrepreneurial culture. Within the framework of creating a system to ensure the innovative development of the tourism and hospitality industry, they add new functions of the initiator of innovative stakeholders' interaction to their traditional functions of training specialists.

Resilience Assessment Workshops: A Biocultural Approach to Conservation Management of a Rural Landscape in Taiwan

Local and indigenous communities play a crucial role in stewardship of biodiversity worldwide. Assessment of resilience in socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes (SEPLS) is an essential prerequisite for sustainable human–nature interactions in the area. This work examines application of resilience assessment workshops (RAWs) as a biocultural approach to conservation management in Xinshe SEPLS, Hualien County, Taiwan. RAWs were conducted in 2017–2018 in two indigenous communities—Amis Fuxing Dipit Tribe and Kavalan Xinshe Paterongan Tribe—as a part of an ongoing multi-stakeholder platform for the “Forest–River–Village–Sea Ecoagriculture Initiative” (the Initiative). Objectives of the study include (1) performing a baseline landscape resilience assessment in two communities and identifying their common and varying concerns and priorities, and (2) eliciting a community-driven vision for enhancement of the landscape resilience based on adjustments to the action plan of the Initiative. Assessment methodology employs 20 indicators of resilience in SEPLS jointly developed by the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) and Biodiversity International; an “Explain–Score–Discuss–Suggest” model is applied. Results show that the communities’ primary issues of concern and adjustments to the action plan are related to biodiversity-based livelihoods, transfer of traditional knowledge, and sustainable use of common resources. The study concludes that this approach has a high potential to help facilitate nature-based solutions for human well-being and biodiversity benefits in Xinshe SEPLS.

Influence of Transformational Economic Processes on Marketing Management by an International Diversified Conglomerate Enterprise

In this article it is substantiated the necessity of radical changes study in the practice of domestic agricultural enterprises managing, creation of a new functional and organizational structure that will maximally facilitate the marketing strategy of business diversification by the agrarian enterprise of Ukraine. It is analyzed agrarian enterprises efficiency of activity under the conditions of the transformation processes, it is determined that the leaders of the domestic and world markets of agrarian products are agroholdings with a rigid management structure, and their marketing goals are a decisive factor while making choice of markets under the conditions of diversification activities. It is substantiated that the formation of an international diversified company of agrarian business provides equally to participating enterprises the use of common resources, redistribution of resources between structural units operating on one financial result, the possible loss of one enterprise is compensated by the profit of the group as a whole. Reformation of agrarian enterprises of Ukraine process is analyzed; in particular, in the case of farms in the context of international business diversification; it is determined the necessity of creating a new organizational structure of management by the agrarian enterprise. It is grounded the creation of a functional and organizational mechanism for an international diversified conglomerate enterprise activity in order to ensure the stability of its functioning under the conditions of the transformation processes.It is proposed a new structure of functional and organizational management an international diversified conglomerate company on the basis of the developed marketing mechanism of enterprise management under the conditions of international diversification. It is substantiated that in Ukraine, the formation of such new international diversified conglomerate enterprises from small enterprises, by grouping farms (which by their number in Ukraine is most) will provide a positive result from overcoming the grinding of domestic agrarian business, consolidation of the agrarian sector and creating the opportunity to benefit from the budget of Ukraine from international diversified conglomerate business structures. Keywords: transformational economic processes, international marketing, globalization, marketing management, international diversified conglomerate enterprise, business consolidation.

The collaborative interdependence in the local production arrangement of gems and jewels in South of Brazil

This research aims to understand the inter-organisational relations (RIOs) in the local productive arrangement (LPA) of gems and jewels of the South of Brazil, analysing to what extent the prevalence of characteristics of collaborative interdependence occurs. The paper addresses questions about developing LPAs, followed by the centralised discussion on the importance of the presence of collaborative interdependence between the different actors in RIOs. This exploratory research is characterised as a qualitative case study. The data collection was done through interviews, non-participant observation, and documentary analysis. Content analysis was adopted as a data analysis technique. The results indicate the occurrence of collaborative interdependence between the different actors that maintain RIOs. Collaboration on actions related to shared goals, use of common resources and complementarity of tasks is confirmed. However, it is also evidenced that the collaborative interdependence can be more effective, covering the LPA.

Innovations and protection of property rights in the era of radical economic transformations

Formation of the ecosystem of knowledge economy assumes creation of necessary institutional conditions. The most important elements of these conditions are property rights and mechanisms of their security. The paper discusses the questions of formation of institutional prerequisites of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and claims that the evolution of property land rights (land during a pre-industrial era was the basic common resource) provided exclusivity of the rights of large landowners. It also shows the importance in this process of the English educated and ruling class with its ideological and moral traditions, which were marked by the emphasis on individualism and subjectivity. It is concluded that one needs to carefully treat the recommendations based on the experience of the Industrial Revolution. In the knowledge economy, the efficient use of common resources (the main of them being information) for creating innovations involves the development of the distributed property rights system and its protection.

Comparative isotopic natural history of two native passerines (Troglodytes cobbi and Cinclodes antarcticus) and the invasive rats (Rattus norvegicus) that extirpate them

AbstractWhile several studies have shown that invasive rats can have negative effects on island birds through predation (both direct predation and nest predation), other mechanisms for the effects of invasives on island biota have been given less attention. Here, we explore another potential mechanism by which invasive rats can affect native island birds: the competitive use of common resources. We used stable isotope analyses to estimate the fraction of marine and terrestrial sources incorporated into the tissues of two species of passerines (Troglodytes cobbi, Troglodytidae; and Cinclodes antarcticus, Furnariidae) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus, Muridae) in the Falkland Islands. These two passerines are absent on islands where rats are present. We found significant incorporation of marine resources in the three species, with the highest incorporation in tissues of T. cobbi. This species appears to be one of the passerines most reliant on marine sources and the most marine member of the family Troglodytidae. We also used the results of these isotopic analyses to estimate the isotopic niche breadth of each of these species and the isotopic niche overlap among them. Rattus norvegicus had a large isotopic niche that overlapped broadly with those of the two passerine species. We propose that different ways of both depicting and estimating isotopic niche widths are complementary rather than alternative. Our results are consistent with the notion that invasive rats might have an impact on these two species of Falkland Island passerines by using common resources but do not rule out the possibility that part of their effect is through direct predation.

Ação coletiva, cooperativismo e turismo: Estudo de caso da Comunidade Menonita de Witmarsum (Paraná/Brasil)

This article is an analysis of collective action and the use of common resources for tourism development in the Mennonite community of Witmarsum (Palmeira municipality, Parana, Brazil). The research is divided in different phases: a) bibliographical research on theories of agency and collective work; b) bibliographical and documental research on Tourism in Witmarsum and the Parana Cooperative for Tourism (COOPTUR); and c) interviews with local leaders involved in tourism development through cooperative action. Based on Ostrom’s principles (2011) for community studies with reference to collective actions that are making use of commons, it can be observed that Witmarsum has a vast potential for cooperative development activities due the fact that it is an ethnic?religious community with a shared migration history based on a religious fundament in Mennonite faith. It should be mentioned, however, that the dynamics of touristic cooperative activities are different from traditional agricultural cooperatives in Witmarsum.

Finding Pure Nash Equilibrium for the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

The paper focuses on solving the Resource- Constrained Project Scheduling (RCPS) problem with a method based on intelligent agents. Parallelism for performing the tasks is allowed. Common and limited resources are available to all agents. The agents are non-cooperative and compete with each other for the use of common resources, thereby forming instances of RCPS problem. We analyze the global joint interaction of scheduling via a congestion network and seek to arrive at stable assignments of scheduling. For this class of network, stable assignments of scheduling correspond to a pure Nash equilibrium, and we show that in this case there is a guarantee of obtaining a pure Nash equilibrium in polynomial time complexity. The pure Nash equilib- rium point for this congestion network will be a local optimum in the neighborhood structure of the projects, where no project can improve its completion time with- out negatively affecting the completion time of the total system. In our case, each state of the neighborhood represents an instance of the RCPS problem, and for solving such problem, we apply a novel greedy heuristic. It has a polynomial time complexity and works similar to the well-knowing heuristic NEH.

Modeling socio‐economic aspects of ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation

AbstractFor successful ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation, in addition to ecological and evolutionary processes, we need to consider social and economic influences on the management target. Here, we introduce several theoretical models that address economic and social aspects of the human society which are closely related to ecosystem management. The first model analyzes economic decisions on the use of the common fishing ground in Jeju Island, Korea, by traditional divers and tourists. We observe that the way the number of tourists increases with the availability of resources strongly influences how benefits are distributed among fishing ground stakeholders. The second model discusses activities that raise public awareness about biodiversity, which will help maintain public support for conservation in the future. Based on control theory, we derive the optimal investment in these activities to maximize the long‐term quality of the conservation target. The third model analyzes punishment scheme as a mechanism to enforce people to follow the regulation on the use of common resource. An important aspect of successful management is “graduated punishment”, in which the severity of the punishment applied to deviators gradually increases with the amount of harm caused by deviation from the rule. We show that graduated punishment is the most efficient way to ensure cooperation when evaluation errors are unavoidable and when people are heterogeneous with respect to the sensitivity to utility differences. We conclude that socio‐economic aspects related to ecosystem management are promising research foci of theoretical ecology.