Use Of Cognitive Reappraisal Research Articles

Marital Conflict and Health: The Moderating Roles of Emotion Regulation and Marriage Order

ABSTRACT This study examined differences between first-married and remarried couples in marital conflict, physical and mental health, and the emotion regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Marriage order and emotional regulation strategies were examined as potential moderators of the association between marital conflict and health. Remarried couples residing with a stepchild (n = 108) and first-married couples (n = 111) residing with a child completed online surveys. For cognitive reappraisal, a moderating effect was found for wives only. Greater use of cognitive reappraisal weakened the negative association between marital conflict and mental health for first-married wives, but not for remarried wives. Expressive suppression moderated the effects of marital conflict on the physical health of husbands differently by marriage order. Among first-married husbands, higher levels of expressive suppression attenuated the positive association between marital conflict and physical health symptoms; but for remarried husbands, higher levels of expressive suppression exacerbated the positive association between marital conflict and physical health symptoms. Among wives, however, more use of expressive suppression increased the negative effects of marital conflict on mental health, regardless of marriage order. These findings underscore the importance of examining context when considering the capacity for emotion regulation strategies to moderate the link between marital conflict and health.

Valuing emotional control in social anxiety disorder: A multimethod study of emotion beliefs and emotion regulation.

This study examines relationships between emotion beliefs and emotion regulation strategy use among people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and a psychologically healthy control group. Using experience-sampling methodology, we tested group differences in 2 types of emotion beliefs (emotion control values and emotion malleability beliefs) and whether emotion beliefs predicted trait and daily use of cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. People with SAD endorsed higher emotion control values and lower emotion malleability beliefs than did healthy controls. Across groups, emotion control values were positively associated with suppression (but unrelated to reappraisal), and emotion malleability beliefs were negatively associated with suppression and positively associated with reappraisal. We also addressed 2 exploratory questions related to measurement. First, we examined whether trait and state measures of emotion regulation strategies were related to emotion control values in different ways and found similar associations across measures. Second, we examined whether explicit and implicit measures of emotion control values were related to daily emotion regulation strategy use in different ways-and found that an implicit measure was unrelated to strategy use. Results are discussed in the context of growing research on metaemotions and the measurement of complex features of emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response self-reporters showed higher scores for cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy.

BackgroundAutonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) describes the experience of a pleasant tingling sensation along the back of the head, accompanied with a feeling of well-being and relaxation, in response to specific audio-visual stimuli, such as whispers, soft sounds, and personal attention. Previous works have assessed individual variations in personality traits associated with ASMR, but no research to date has explored differences in emotion regulation associated with ASMR. This omission occurred even when ASMR, a sensory-emotional experience, has been proposed to be located in a sound sensitivity spectrum as the opposite end of misophonia, a phenomenon associated with difficulties regulating emotions. The present work aimed to assess group differences between ASMR self-reporters and non-ASMR controls associated with emotion regulation strategies.MethodsWe used the validated Spanish version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to assess individual differences in the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.ResultsOur results showed that participants who experience ASMR had higher scores in the cognitive reappraisal subscale of the emotion regulation questionnaire than the non-ASMR group.ConclusionsIndividuals who experience ASMR reported higher use of cognitive reevaluation of emotionally arousing situations, suggesting more effectiveness in regulating emotions. Our finding further elucidates individual differences related to this experience, supporting that ASMR is a real psychophysiological phenomenon associated with other psychological constructs and has remarkable consequences in affective/emotional dimensions and general well-being.

Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study

Emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal are emotion regulation strategies that have been linked to the severity of depression. Recent research has shown that greater ruminative inertia (i.e., rumination that is more resistant to change across time) is also associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms in clinical samples. However, it is unknown how tendencies to use suppression or reappraisal might be related to the inertia of rumination from day to day. After completing a baseline assessment of depressive symptoms and trait emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal use, undergraduates (n = 94) completed daily-diary questionnaires assessing rumination for two weeks. Both higher depressive symptoms and greater tendencies to use suppression predicted stronger ruminative inertia, while tendencies to use reappraisal were unrelated to ruminative inertia. These results suggest that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies may contribute to a pattern of rumination that is more resistant to change over time. They also provide the first evidence that ruminative inertia is positively associated with depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample.

Emotion Regulation Strategies and Stress in Irish College Students and Chinese International College Students in Ireland

Little is known about the association between emotion regulation strategies and perceived stress in college students, and in particular the strategies used by international students. Present research examined if differences exist in the use of emotion regulation strategies between Irish college students and Chinese international students, and investigated the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and perceived stress in these two student populations. Chinese students reported more frequent use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression compared to Irish students. There was a significant negative association between the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and levels of stress in both Irish and Chinese students. There was a significant positive relationship between the habitual use of expressive suppression and levels of stress in Irish college students, but not in Chinese students. The findings highlight the importance of cultural context when investigating the association between emotion regulation strategies and perceived stress in students.

The Emotion of Fear: Its Experience in Situations Involving Animals, Accidents, and Violence and Its Regulation by the Cognitive Reappraisal Strategy

AbstractIn the present study, the experience of fear in various stimulus situations (involving animals, accidents, and violence) and its regulation by the cognitive reappraisal strategy in 46 psychology students was analyzed. The students self‐assessed their experience of fear via questionnaires and a computerized task. In the questionnaires, the intensity of the experience of fear in everyday situations and the frequency of cognitive reappraisal strategy use were measured. In the computer application, photos eliciting fear were presented under two conditions: the first involved experiencing the photos and the continuation of this experience, while the second involved experiencing the photos followed by the use of the cognitive reappraisal strategy. The results confirm differences between the various stimulus situations. When measured with the questionnaires, the most intense fear was reported in situations involving accidents, whereas violence triggered the most intense fear while experiencing the photos. When the students continued to experience a photo, their experience of fear intensified significantly, but when they regulated their experience using cognitive reappraisal, their fear decreased. However, the intensity of the regulated fear was not connected to the frequency of the everyday use of cognitive reappraisal, as reported in the questionnaire. The study confirms the importance of contextual factors when experiencing and regulating fear.

A 16-week aerobic exercise and mindfulness-based intervention on chronic psychosocial stress: a pilot and feasibility study

ObjectivesResearchers have begun delivering mindfulness and aerobic exercise training concurrently on the premise that a combination intervention will yield salutary outcomes over and above each intervention alone. An estimate of the effect of combination training on chronic psychosocial stress in a nonclinical population has not been established. The objective of this study was to establish protocol feasibility in preparation of a definitive RCT targeting healthy individuals, and to explore the preliminary effect of combination training on reducing chronic psychosocial stress in this population.MethodsTwenty-four participants were allocated to a single-arm pre-post study and subjected to 16 weeks of concurrent mindfulness psychoeducation and aerobic exercise training. Feasibility criteria were collected and evaluated. Within-group changes in chronic psychosocial stress, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also assessed. Primary analyses were based on 17 participants.ResultsRetention rate, response rate, recruitment rate, and sample size analyses indicate a definitive trial is feasible for detecting most effects with precision. There was also a decline in our primary dependent measure of chronic psychosocial stress (dpretest = −0.56, 95% CI [ −1.14,−0.06]). With regard to secondary measures, there was an increase in the use of cognitive reappraisal, and a reduction in use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. We are insufficiently confident to comment on changes in mindfulness and aerobic capacity left (dot {V}O_{2max}right). However, there were subgroup improvements in aerobic economy at submaximal exercise intensities.ConclusionsWe recommend a definitive trial is feasible and should proceed.Trial registrationANZCTR (ID: ACTRN12619001726145). Retrospectively registered December 9, 2019.

Parental emotion socialisation of young children and the mediating role of emotion regulation

ABSTRACT Objective Parental emotion regulation plays a central role in the socialisation of emotion, especially when teaching young children to cope with negative emotions. This study aimed to explore to what extent parental psychological distress contributes to difficulties in emotion regulation, the way parents respond to children’s expression of negative emotions and whether two emotion regulation strategies are mediating mechanisms through which psychological distress affects parental responses. Method A sample of 307 Australian parents with children aged 3 to 10 years completed an online questionnaire that explored recent symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, the use of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal as emotion regulation strategies, and hypothetical parental responses to scenarios related to children’s expression of negative emotions. Results Parents who reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress reported more frequent use of expressive suppression and less frequent use of cognitive reappraisal as emotion regulation strategies. Mixed findings were noted, with expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal acting as mediators of depression and stress symptoms but not anxiety. Conclusion The findings highlight the need for targeting overarching factors such as difficulties in parental emotion regulation, not only as intervention for parental psychological distress but also for detection and prevention of maladaptive parenting practices. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Parental emotion socialisation is of key importance to children’s development. (2) Parental emotion regulation is a vital component of adaptive parenting. (3) Psychological distress compromises emotion regulation and functional parenting behaviour. What this topic adds: (1) Maladaptive emotion regulation may be present even at subclinical levels of emotional distress, thus highlighting the need for emotion regulation skills to be addressed preventatively. (2) Emotion regulation skills training in interventions with parents experiencing psychological distress may offer benefit in terms of parenting and child outcomes. (3) Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression may be two underlying processes which predict subsequent problems with parental emotion socialisation.

Applying a Multicomponent Framework to Manage School Refusal: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction: This paper presents the rationale of applying a combined cognitive behavioral and dialectical approach with parent management strategies to a case of anxiety-based school refusal. School refusal is a serious concern that causes much subjective distress to the child, placing his/her parents under tremendous stress. It negatively impacts the child’s self-worth and psychological well-being, and also interferes with social and educational development. The condition is frequently co-morbid with emotional difficulties including depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Method: The client in this study is a 17-year-old boy with an above average intelligence level presented with school refusal, along with symptoms of anxiety, obsessive worry and excessive reassurance seeking behaviors. Initial assessments using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) revealed moderate impairment in the social area and severe impairment in the academic area. The client showed clear difficulties in emotion regulation, in terms of a higher use of expressive suppression and lesser use of cognitive reappraisal, which were identified on the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Psychotherapy involved weekly sessions of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) techniques including facilitating exposure, cognitive restructuring, distress tolerance, effective goal setting, and interpersonal effectiveness skills in the family context. Changes were assessed at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months follow-up. Results: Results showed reductions in subjective anxiety and reassurance seeking behaviors, and an increase in distress tolerance, with a higher use of cognitive reappraisal. Improvements in interpersonal effectiveness in the family context were noted. The CGAS and ERQ ratings at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months follow-up showed steady improvement, with the client resuming regular schooling. Conclusion: A combined cognitive behavioral and dialectical behavioral approach can be useful in managing school refusal. This case report emphasizes the need for further research to understand the effectiveness of multicomponent approaches to school refusal.

A Single-Session Workshop to Enhance Emotional Awareness and Emotion Regulation for Graduate Students: A Pilot Study

Emerging adults are at substantial risk for developing or worsening psychopathology and university students appear to be particularly vulnerable. Interventions targeted at these young adults that can mitigate transdiagnostic causal risk factors or burgeoning mental health problems have the potential to make a large impact. We aimed to develop and pilot test an accessible, single-session, transdiagnostic group intervention with the goals of enhancing emotion regulation skills and reducing risk for mental health problems in graduate students. The intervention included psychoeducation, skills instruction (e.g., mindful emotion awareness, cognitive flexibility, countering emotion-driven behaviors), group discussion, and supervised practice based on content from the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. The pilot program demonstrated strong feasibility and acceptability. Baseline, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up surveys also suggested benefits for reducing emotional avoidance and suppression, increasing use of cognitive reappraisal, and reducing symptoms of depression and neuroticism. Graduate students have seldom been the beneficiaries of university-based intervention and prevention research. Furthermore, most college and university mental health centers do not have the capacity to provide psychoeducation, preventative, or early intervention services to the many students who need or could benefit from them. Results suggest that future iterations of this intervention could address such barriers to meaningfully supporting emerging adults in graduate school.

Do metacognitions mediate the relationship between irrational beliefs, eating disorder symptoms and cognitive reappraisal?

Objective: Cognitively oriented therapies, first-line treatment for eating disorders (EDs), still show room for improvement in treatment retention and outcomes. Despite the development of additional cognitive models and therapies, few studies examine the relationship between traditional and third-wave cognitive targets in EDs. The study explores the relationship between irrational beliefs (IBs) and metacognitions and their relationship with ED psychopathology and cognitive reappraisal in ED outpatients. Method: Seventy-seven patients (mean age 27.49 ± 12.28 years) were assessed with The Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-ABS-2, Meta-cognitions Questionnaire-MCQ-65, Eating Disorder Inventory 3-EDI-3, Eating Attitudes Test-EAT-40, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-ERQ. Results: Correlational analyses showed that IBs and metacognitions significantly correlated with each other. Metacognitions partially mediated the relationship between IBs and ED-related general psychological maladjustment and completely mediated the relationship between IBs and ED symptom severity. Cognitive reappraisal was predicted only by IBs and metacognitions were not significant mediators. Conclusions: While IBs are sufficient in explaining ED-related psychopathology and reduced use of cognitive reappraisal, a potential integration of metacognitions about need to control thoughts in CBT models for EDs may offer incremental validity given their contribution to ED severity. Treatment implications include targeting metacognitions concerning need to control thoughts, as a potential maintenance mechanism of ED symptomatology through cognitive restructuring.

Dynamic Neural Interactions Supporting the Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion.

The cognitive reappraisal of emotion is hypothesized to involve frontal regions modulating the activity of subcortical regions such as the amygdala. However, the pathways by which structurally disparate frontal regions interact with the amygdala remains unclear. In this study, 104 healthy young people completed a cognitive reappraisal task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used to map functional interactions within a frontoamygdalar network engaged during emotion regulation. Five regions were identified to form the network: the amygdala, the presupplementary motor area (preSMA), the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Bayesian Model Selection was used to compare 256 candidate models, with our winning model featuring modulations of vmPFC-to-amygdala and amygdala-to-preSMA pathways during reappraisal. Moreover, the strength of amygdala-to-preSMA modulation was associated with the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal. Our findings support the vmPFC serving as the primary conduit through which prefrontal regions directly modulate amygdala activity, with amygdala-to-preSMA connectivity potentially acting to shape ongoing affective motor responses. We propose that these two frontoamygdalar pathways constitute a recursive feedback loop, which computes the effectiveness of emotion-regulatory actions and drives model-based behavior.

On Emotion Regulation Strategies and Well-Being: The Role of Passion

Emotion regulation entails using specific strategies to manage emotions, impacting on well-being. Research has uncovered important factors that may affect one’s use of emotion regulation strategies. Because passionate individuals experience positive and negative emotions while engaging in the activity that they deeply care about (Vallerand in The psychology of passion: a dualistic model, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015), it was proposed that they should be more likely to make use of emotion regulation strategies. Using the Dualistic Model of Passion (Vallerand et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol 85:756–767, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756 ), this research tested an integrated model of passion, emotion regulated strategies, and psychological well-being. Three online studies were conducted. Study 1 (n = 370) used a cross-sectional design in order to explore the relationships between passion, emotion regulation strategies, and well-being in the context of various leisure activities. Using the same design, Study 2 (n = 253) aimed at replicating the findings from Study 1 within the specific context of romantic relationships. Finally, the goal of Study 3 (n = 253) was to replicate the findings from Studies 1 and 2 while using a prospective design. Overall, results from path analyses uncovered that HP was positively associated with cognitive reappraisal whereas OP was positively related to expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal was the only strategy positively linked to well-being. Findings underscore the important role of HP in the use of cognitive reappraisal, facilitating well-being.

Nature Reappraisers, Benefits for the Environment: A Model Linking Cognitive Reappraisal, the "Being Away" Dimension of Restorativeness and Eco-Friendly Behavior.

In the last decades, an increasingly prominent role has been given to the motivational factors that can promote pro-environmental behavior. In this contribution, we focus on the role of the individual’s ability to shape the emotions originating from nature in engaging in pro-environmental behavior. In particular, we expect that an emotion regulation strategy as cognitive reappraisal should positively predict pro-environmental behavior, through enhanced perceived restorativeness attributed to the natural environment in terms of the experience of “being away.” One-hundred and fifteen visitors to an urban park (Parco Nord Milano) filled out a questionnaire including measures of cognitive reappraisal, the experience of “being away,” and pro-environmental behavior while in the park. Results confirmed that cognitive reappraisal was positively and significantly related to pro-environmental behavior. Importantly, the indirect effect of cognitive reappraisal on pro-environmental behavior through the experience of “being away” was significant. Findings suggest the importance of implementing interventions aimed at promoting the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal to enhance the experience of “being away” and, thus, sustain pro-environmental behavior.

Regulating anger in different relationship contexts: A comparison between psychiatric outpatients and community controls

BackgroundThe capacity to regulate emotion is important for individuals' ability to adapt to society, the long-term lack of which can lead to related emotional disorders. However, evaluating whether an emotion-regulation strategy is appropriate requires consideration of the individual's distinct culture and situation. In this study, we compared the anger regulation strategies employed in various interpersonal situations by psychiatric outpatients and a community control group in Taiwan. MethodsWe surveyed 150 psychiatric outpatients (mean age = 45.30, SD = 12.48, 73.3% female) and 150 community controls (mean age = 45.05, SD = 12.24, 73.3% female) congruent in age and sex. Participants evaluated their emotion regulation in two interpersonal contexts by completing a set of questionnaires related to a recent incident of anger they experienced with family and friends, respectively. ResultsOutpatients used the emotion-regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression equally in various relationships; while the community control group made more use of cognitive reappraisal to regulate anger, which arose in their relationships with both family and friends. Relationship intimacy influenced the strategy adopted, and the community control group was more likely to use suppression to regulate anger towards friends than family members, which reflected a cultural belief—maintaining harmony in social relationships. LimitationsContext-specific emotion regulation was assessed via a retrospective self-report measure, which is subject to recall bias. ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of considering interpersonal contexts when studying emotion regulation and developing psychological interventions that target anger or other negative emotion regulation.

Neurophysiological Correlate of Emotion Regulation by Cognitive Reappraisal and Its Association With Psychotic Symptoms in Early Psychosis

Emotion dysregulation is crucial to both poor social functioning and psychotic symptom formation in patients with schizophrenia. The efficient use of emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, has been less frequently observed in the early phases of psychotic disorder. It is unknown whether neurophysiological responses related to emotion regulation by cognitive reappraisal are altered in early psychosis. Fifty-four patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 34 subjects at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) participated in event-related potential recordings during a validated emotion regulation paradigm to measure the effect of cognitive reappraisal on emotion regulation. Late positive potentials (LPPs), which reflect emotional arousal, were compared across the groups and the 3 conditions (negative, cognitive reappraisal, and neutral). The relationship among LPP modulation by cognitive reappraisal and social/role functioning and severity of psychotic symptoms was investigated in the early psychosis group. The FEP and CHR participants showed comparably larger LPP amplitudes in the negative and cognitive reappraisal conditions than in the neutral condition, whereas the HCs presented larger LPPs in the negative condition than in the cognitive reappraisal and neutral conditions. LPP modulation by cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with positive symptom severity in the FEP patients and with disorganization severity in the CHR subjects. Inefficient use of cognitive reappraisal may be related to the impaired emotion regulation and psychotic symptoms from the very beginning of psychotic disorder. This study provides the first neurophysiological evidence regarding current concepts of emotion regulation in early psychosis.

The interaction of emotion regulation and sleep quality: does social media usage duration play arole?

The bidirectional association of emotion regulation with sleep quality has received increased attentionin recent years. In this research, we investigated the correlation between the habitual use of differentemotion regulation strategies (i.e., Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal) and differentcomponents of sleep quality. Considering that previous research revealed that using social mediacould influence emotion regulation and sleep quality in different ways, we controlled for the effectof social media usage duration on the interplay of emotion regulation strategies and sleep qualitycomponents. Our results showed that the habitual use of Cognitive Reappraisal was associated withimproved daytime functioning; while, the tendency to use Expressive Suppression in various situationswas associated with shorter sleep duration. Our findings supported the view that the habitual useof Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression have different well-being consequences. Wealso observed that using any of the strategies was negatively correlated with more frequent use ofsleeping medications. Additionally, we did not observe any correlation between social media usageduration and other variables. We proposed that understanding the role of social media usage onthe interplay between sleep quality and emotion regulation requires a comprehensive evaluation ofindividual differences in using social media as well as a careful analysis of the social media platforms’characteristics.

Examining Facets of Mindfulness in the Relationship Between Invalidating Childhood Environments and Emotion Regulation.

Research has shown that growing up in an environment in which emotions are invalidated (i.e., ignored or responded to negatively) by parents is associated with later difficulties regulating emotions. Meanwhile, dispositional mindfulness has been shown to engender a greater capacity for emotion regulation, through use of adaptive strategies like cognitive reframing and minimizing use of maladaptive strategies like expressive suppression. The current study aimed to explore the role of invalidating childhood environments on use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression as emotion regulation skills and to investigate the role of mindfulness in this relationship. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 1094, Mage = 58.3% women) and completed self-report measures assessing perceptions of maternal invalidation, mindfulness, and emotion regulation. Results demonstrated that the mindfulness facets of describing, non-judging, and non-reactivity partially mediated the relationship between perception of maternal invalidation and expressive suppression. Awareness and non-reactivity were found to mediate the relationship between perception of maternal invalidation and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical implications are discussed.

Emotion regulation strategies modulate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on perceived chronicstress with implications for cognitive flexibility.

Exposure to early life adversity is associated with chronic stress and a range of stress-related health problems in adulthood. Since chronic stress debilitates activity in the prefrontal cortex (pFC), maladaptive regulatory strategies in response to stress have been proposed as one explanation for the impact of early life adversity on health outcomes in adulthood. We conducted a study to examine the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on cognitive flexibility, a key executive function implicated in activity in the pFC, in a sample of adults (N = 486). Additionally, we investigated whether perceptions of chronic stress in adulthood would mediate the influence of ACEs on cognitive flexibility. However, stress is a subjective experience, and emotion regulation strategies can attenuate the stress response. So, we also examined if individual differences in emotion regulation strategies would modulate the relationship between ACEs and chronic stress. Our results demonstrate that early life adversity, as characterized by ACEs, is associated with decreased cognitive flexibility in adulthood. Additionally, number of ACEs was positively correlated with perceived stress, which in turn was negatively correlated with cognitive flexibility. But, individual differences in the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies moderated the influence of ACEs on chronic stress. Specifically, habitual use of cognitive reappraisal attenuated the stress levels whereas habitual use of expressive suppression exacerbated stress levels. Overall, our study highlights the importance of examining emotion regulation in individuals who have experienced early life adversity.

Preventing Stress Among Undergraduate Learners: The Importance of Emotional Intelligence, Resilience, and Emotion Regulation

In the current investigation, we examined the association among emotional intelligence, emotional regulation tendencies, resilience and perceived stress within a sample of undergraduate students. Participants (N = 277, 71% Female, 55% White) completed the Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Resilience Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale. Using path analysis techniques, we demonstrated that resilience was a negative predictor of perceived stress. Additionally, our results indicated that the use of cognitive reappraisal exerted an indirect influence on perceived stress through resilience. Finally, the current investigation provided evidence emotional intelligence exerts an indirect influence on stress through both cognitive reappraisal and resilience. We believe the results of the current understanding expand our understanding of the determinants of effective information processing and have implications for intervention efforts designed to reduce perceived stress within university-based samples.