Use Of Coercion Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors for seclusion and restraint in old-age psychiatry inpatient units

Background and objectivesCoercion in psychiatry is legally tolerated as a last resort. The reduction of the use of coercion is a shared goal of hospital administrators, medical and nursing staff and representatives of patients and families but requires the identification of risk factors for coercion. These risk factors in geriatric psychiatric inpatient settings are not well known, especially regarding seclusion. Through examining the prevalence of coercion and patients’ characteristics, this study aims to identify risk factors for coercion in elderly people.MethodsThe use of coercion in the geriatric psychiatry division of Geneva University Hospital in 2017 was retrospectively analyzed. The incidence rate ratios were estimated with multivariable Poisson regressions to assess risk factors for coercion.ResultsEighty-one of 494 patients (16.4%) experienced at least one coercive measure during their stay (mainly seclusion). The risk factors for coercion were younger age, male gender, being divorced or married, cognitive disorders, high item 1 of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) score (overactive, aggressive, disruptive or agitated behavior) at admission, previous psychiatric hospitalizations and involuntary referrals from the emergency department. Other disorders and global HoNOS scores were not associated with the use of coercion.ConclusionHigher risks of coercion were outlined in men with cognitive disorders, agitated behaviors, and previous psychiatric hospitalizations. They differed from those observed in younger adults in terms of age, civil status, disorders, global HoNOS scores and referrals. Therefore, geriatric psychiatric populations should be specifically investigated for the development of interventions aiming coercion reduction.

COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN AFRICA: THE TENSION BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE

The promotion of peace and security in Africa necessitates security cooperation between states and collective security remains a way to pursue it. This paper explores the changed meaning and application of the concept of collective security within the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) to deal with both interstate and intrastate security concerns within the African Union (AU). Since the AU has made clear commitments to collective security, the aim is to determine to what extent the AU subscribed to collective security and applied it in terms of coercion, which includes interventions. While dealing with genocide, war crimes and extended presidential terms remains problematic, the AU has taken an assertive stand with the use of coercion in cases of unconstitutional changes of government. The article highlights the tension between the theory and practice of collective security in Africa.

A German Version of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale. Development and Empirical Validation.

Background: Individual staff factors, such as personality traits and attitudes, are increasingly seen as an important factor in the reduction of coercion in mental health services. At the same time, only a few validated instruments exist to measure those factors and examine their influence on the use of coercion.Aim: The present study aimed to develop and validate a German version of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS).Methods: The original English version of the SACS published was translated into German. Subsequently, it was empirically validated on a sample of N = 209 mental health professionals by conducting an exploratory factor analysis.Results: The three-factor structure in the original version of the SACS, consisting of critical, pragmatic and positive attitudes toward the use of coercion, could not be replicated. Instead, the German version revealed one factor ranging from rejecting to approving the use of coercion.Conclusion: The SACS is one of the first instruments created to assess staff attitudes toward coercion in a validated way. The version of the instrument developed in this study allows for a validated assessment of those attitudes in German. Our results highlight the ethical importance of using validated measurements in studies on the role of staff factors in the reduction of coercion.

Public attitudes and health law in conflict: somatic vs. mental care, role of next of kin, and the right to refuse treatment and information

BackgroundNorwegian law and regulations regarding patient autonomy and the use of coercion are in conflict with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the Oviedo Convention on several points. A new law concerning the use of coercion in Norwegian health services has been proposed. In this study we wanted to investigate the attitudes of the Norwegian lay populace with regards to some of these points of conflict.MethodsAn electronic questionnaire with 9 propositions about patient autonomy, the use of coercion, the role of next of kin, and equality of rights and regulations across somatic and mental health care was completed by 1617 Norwegian adults (response rate 8.5%).ResultsA majority of respondents support the patient’s right to refuse treatment and information in serious illness, that previously expressed treatment preferences should be respected, that next of kin’s right to information and authority in clinical decision-making should be strengthened, and that this kind of legal regulations should be equal across somatic and mental health care.ConclusionsThe findings in this study suggest that the opinions of the Norwegian lay populace are in conflict with the national law on several points relating to patient autonomy, the role of next of kin and use of coercive measures, and different legal regulation of somatic vs. mental health care. The study suggests that the populace is more in line with the CRPD, which supports equal rights across somatic and mental health care, and the Oviedo Convention, which does not allow for the same degree of strong paternalism regarding coercive measures as the current Norwegian law. This can be taken to support the recently proposed legislation on the use and limitation of coercion in Norwegian health services.

Mental health professionals' feelings and attitudes towards coercion

BackgroundDespite absence of clear evidence to assert that the use of coercion in psychiatry is practically and clinically helpful or effective, coercive measures are widely used. Current practices seem to be based on institutional cultures and decision-makers' attitudes towards coercion rather than led by recommendations issued from the scientific literature. Therefore, the main goal of our study was to describe mental health professionals' feelings and attitudes towards coercion and the professionals' characteristics associated with them. MethodMental health professionals working in the Department of Psychiatry of Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, were invited to participate to an online survey. A questionnaire explored participants' sociodemographic characteristics, professional background and current working context, and their feelings and attitudes towards coercion. Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) was used to determine the structure of mental health professionals' feelings and attitudes towards coercion and to estimate to which extent sociodemographic and professional characteristics could predict their underlying dimensions. Results130 mental health professionals completed the survey. Even if a large number considered coercion a violation of fundamental rights, an important percentage of them agreed that coercion was nevertheless indispensable in psychiatry and beneficial to the patients. ESEM revealed that professionals' feelings and attitudes towards coercion could be described by four main dimensions labelled “Internal pressure”, “Emotional impact”, “External pressure” and “Relational involvement”. The personal as well as the professional proximity with people suffering from mental disorders influences professionals' feeling and attitudes towards coercion. ConclusionsAs voices recommend the end of coercion in psychiatry and despite the lack of scientific evidence, many mental health professionals remain convinced that it is a requisite tool beneficial to the patients. Clinical approaches that enhance shared decision making and give the opportunity to patients and professionals to share their experience and feelings towards coercion and thus alleviate stress among them should be fostered and developed.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРИМУСОВОЇ ФОРМИ ОСВІДУВАННЯ НЕПОВНОЛІТНЬОГО ПІДОЗРЮВАНОГО

The article is devoted to the study of such an investigative (investigative) action as an examination carried out in a coercive form against a minor suspect. The national and international legislation in the field of protection of the rights of children who have committed a crime and the peculiarities of criminal proceedings with such a vulnerable category are analyzed. It is noted that the current provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine do not contain a regulated procedure for compulsory examination of a juvenile suspect. Such non-determination of the legal norm presupposes the investigator to conduct a compulsory examination at his own discretion, which sometimes significantly violates the rights of children. Attention is drawn to the views of scientists on the feasibility, legality and admissibility of investigative (search) action in the form of compulsory examination. It has been established that scientists have different opinions about the need to conduct a survey in a coercive form. Scientists distinguish such concepts as “psychological” and “physical” coercion during the survey. It is proposed to reduce the psychological pressure on a person subject to compulsory examination by persuasion and work with a psychologist, which is especially relevant for a juvenile suspect. As a result of the research, it was established that the legal regulation of compulsory examination of a juvenile suspect should be conditioned by the principle of proportionality. Given the principle of proportionality and vulnerability of the procedural position of a juvenile suspect, his psychological and social immaturity, it was concluded that the use of coercion during the examination of a juvenile suspect is better dependent on the severity of the criminal offense in which the juvenile is suspected. In order to improve the procedural situation of a juvenile in the field of criminal justice, it is proposed to amend the national legislation on the compulsory examination of a juvenile suspect, witness or victim only in criminal proceedings for serious or particularly serious crimes.

Estonia as an Area of Russian Influence: Analysis and Synthesis of the Kremlin’s Methodology of Exerting Influence on Tallinn’s Political and Social Stability

Russia's hostile actions against the Estonian state structures take the form of soft power, which can be observed in such areas as the activities of the Russian-speaking minority, media coverage, or through the use of coercion when it comes to fuel sales. This article presents qualitative methods of measuring Russian influence on Estonia. An observable trend in international relations is replacing hard power with soft power, commonly used against states within the sphere of interest of certain geopolitical entities. It is more difficult to identify the latter and prove it results from an aggressor's deliberate actions. Information warfare, including disinformation and propaganda, is one of the means Russia uses to exert political influence. By accepting the offer of a political and military alliance with the Western world, the Baltic States have become a threat to the Kremlin's imperialist aspirations. Russia's direct military actions against Estonia and the other Baltic states would have provoked a strong reaction and could even have led to military confrontation. However, the Russian government wishes to avoid it and, for the time being, limits itself to soft power measures.

Intégration des droits humains dans la pratique du personnel infirmier faisant usage de coercition en santé mentale : recension systématique des écrits et méta-ethnographie

Introduction and background : The last decade has seen a steady and rising use of coercion in mental health care, as well as an increase in the number of forms it takes. The application of these measures frequently relies on the work of nurses, but few studies have analyzed the human rights issues raised by these practices.Aim : To produce a qualitative synthesis of how human rights are integrated into the practice of nurses who use coercion in mental health care.Methodology : A systematic review of qualitative scientific literature published between 2008 and 2018 was conducted and supplemented by a meta-ethnographic analysis.Results : The analysis of the forty-six selected studies revealed four distinct themes : coercion in mental health care as a socio-legal object, issues of recognition of human rights in mental health care, role conflict experienced by nurses, and the conceptualization of coercion as a necessary evil or a critical incident.Discussion and conclusion : Further research is needed to understand the specifics of the continuum of support and control that characterizes the coercive work of psychiatric nurses.

Coercion or collaboration: service-user experiences of risk management in hospital and a trauma-informed crisis house

ABSTRACT Background and aims. Improving care for people in crisis remains high on the UK government agenda. Trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) have been advocated to address concerns raised about psychiatric hospital services by service-users, particularly around the use of coercion in risk management. This study explores service-users’ experiences of risk management in both hospital services and a trauma-informed crisis house. Methods. Eight women were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis within a critical realist framework. Results and discussion. Four themes were developed. In the first two (‘The Medical-Custodial Approach: They Only Think About Physical Safety‘ and ‘Coercion is Counterproductive‘) participants described hospital as being dominated by a medical-custodial approach, which they said was ineffective in managing long term safety and could exacerbate distress. In the next two themes (’Talking Heals’ and ’Relationships as Risk Management’) the crisis house was described as using a relational approach to risk management that enabled women to maintain some freedom, privacy and control and was felt to be more effective long term. This research was carried out with a small sample and both recruitment and context likely privileged positive accounts of TIAs. Clinical implications and areas for further research are discussed.

The effect of flexible assertive community treatment in Denmark: a quasi-experimental controlled study

Flexible assertive community treatment (FACT) is a community-based treatment model for patients with severe mental illness that has been widely implemented despite little evidence for its effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effect of FACT on mental health care outcomes compared with treatment from standard community mental health teams (CMHTs) or assertive community treatment (ACT) teams in Denmark. We did a quasi-experimental, propensity-score matched, controlled study in five FACT teams, four ACT teams, and five CMHTs in the Capital Region of Denmark. The FACT teams were established on May 1, 2016 (the index date). Patients were identified through the Danish Psychiatric Register and the study population consisted of all patients receiving care from any of these teams on the index date. Assignment to treatment was based on administrative considerations and was not done by the researchers. Patient data were collected from Danish registers. The primary outcome was analysed in the intention-to-treat population and compared mental health care outcomes (psychiatric admissions and bed days, outpatient contacts, self-harm, coercion, and death by any cause) for patients under the care of CMHTs or ACT teams that were reconfigured to FACT teams (CMHT-FACT or ACT-FACT) with patients who remained under the care of CMHTs and ACT teams. Patients who received FACT were matched using propensity scores with control patients from CMHTs and ACT teams to balance differences in baseline characteristics. On May 1, 2016, 2034 individuals (887 in the CMHT-FACT group, 887 in the matched CMHT group, 130 in the ACT-FACT group, 130 in the matched ACT group) were enrolled and were followed up from Nov 1, 2016, to Nov 1, 2018. The number of outpatient contacts was higher for patients receiving FACT than for those in the control groups (CMHT-FACT vs CMHT: incidence rate ratio 1·15; 95 % CI 1·10-1·20; ACT-FACT vs ACT: 1·15; 1·03-1·29). Patients receiving FACT had fewer admissions than those in the control groups (CMHT-FACT vs CMHT: 0·84; 0·76-0·92; ACT-FACT vs ACT: 0·71; 0·59-0·85). However, there were no significant differences in total inpatient days, use of coercion, episodes of self-harm, or deaths. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of FACT compared with treatment from a CMHT or ACT team. Our results suggest that FACT can provide a more intensive approach in terms of increased outpatient contacts than CMHT care or ACT. FACT requires further evaluation through randomised controlled trials that include a cost-effectiveness component before wider implementation. Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark.

MODERN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF UKRAINE:

The legal system of Ukraine is in a state of reform due to the establishment of a democratic, social, rule of law society. The above mentioned necessitated a rethinking and proper reformation of all public authorities, including law enforcement agencies. The subject of the research is the analysis of problems of modern law enforcement agencies in the genesis of their formation and development. The purpose of the article was specified in the tasks in the following areas: analysis of the current state of the law enforcement system, highlighting the problems of their reform, scientific forecasting of prospects for improvement. The theoretical and legal features of law enforcement activities were adopted as a methodological basis of the research as a type of law enforcement activity, which constitutes the relevant state institutions – law enforcement agencies. Their activities were investigated in the main legislatively recognized areas. As a result, it made it possible to distinguish a list of their characteristic features: state-power specificity; legality; the enforceable nature of the decisions made; the use of coercion.

Of pipe dreams and fossil fools: Advancing Canadian fossil fuel hegemony through the Trans Mountain pipeline

This article uses the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project as a Canadian case study to critically examine and showcase one instance of the hegemony of fossil fuels in the era of global heating. The present Canadian federal government, under the leadership of Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, is seeking to simultaneously position itself as a global climate leader while supporting the exploitation of Canada’s extensive bitumen oil reserves. We apply a critical discourse analysis to seven speeches given between 2016 and 2019 by two members of the Canadian federal government on the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project to interrogate how the government discursively reconciles these two contradicting stances. Our analysis yields three main results: 1) the government naturalizes bitumen as a substance, culturally and politically hindering the capacity for Canada to move beyond it, 2) the extraction of bitumen is portrayed as an imperative, implicating the overall economic and social health of Canada and justifying the government’s use of coercion and 3) appeals to climate change and action are paradoxically subsumed into the argument for bitumen extraction. Overall, we argue, this discourse depoliticizes the social and environmental struggles surrounding bitumen extraction. It functions to maintain the hegemony of fossil fuels in the era of global heating, thus foreclosing on possibilities of leaving the fuels in the ground while reinforcing Canadian bitumen’s multi-dimensional carbon lock-in.

Las Casas’ Articulation of the Indians’ Moral Agency

This article deals with Bartolomé de Las Casas’ contribution to the notion of universal human rights. Though much study has been devoted to Las Casas’ work, what remains understudied is the Spanish philosopher’s conception of religion, which in many ways resembles what Kant called “the religion of reason.” For Las Casas, then, Christianity was conceived more as a rational system of ethics than as a compendium of Biblical and scholastic dogmas. Like the later Enlightenment philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Las Casas believed that all humans belonged to the same universal community of rational beings. By examining Las Casas together with Fichte, this article sheds further light on Las Casas’ anticipatory notions of moral agency, formal freedom, rational religion, and the rights of a free people against the use of coercion—regardless of their race, religion, or culture. They are the ideas underpinning his notion of universal human rights (Paulist and Thomist in nature), and his ethics of the Other, who “is just like me”: a rational, feeling human being, deserving of equal justice and rights.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a CRSCE-based de-escalation training program among psychiatric nurses: a study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe high incidence of workplace violence (WPV) in clinical mental health settings has caused a series of negative impacts on nurses, which has subsequently increased public concern. De-escalation (DE) is recommended as a training program which aims at providing nurses with skills and strategies to more effectively respond and manage WPV. Very few studies have examined the effectiveness of DE training, with current studies possessing various limitations due to their design and small sample sizes. By using a cluster randomized controlled design, the proposed study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a CRCSE-based DE training programs among psychiatric nurses.MethodA cluster randomized controlled trial, with a 6-month follow-up period after the end of the intervention, will be conducted among psychiatric hospitals in Guangdong, China. The randomization unit is each involved psychiatric hospital. Participants in the control group will be assigned to routine WPV management training, participants of the intervention group will undergo the same training while additionally receiving DE training. The DE training will include the following five modules: communication, response, solution, care, and environment (CRSCE). Primary outcomes are objective clinical indicators, which will be extracted from the information systems of the enrolled hospitals. These include the incidence of WPV, injuries caused by WPV, and the use of coercion (physical restraint and seclusion) by nurses. Secondary outcomes, aims at evaluating the effects of DE training on nurses, include the capacity of DE, DE confidence, level of job burnout, and professional quality of life. Data will be collected at baseline (T0), at 3 months (T1, intervention completed), and at 6 months after intervention (T2, follow-up).DiscussionThis study will offer trial-based evidence of the efficacy of a DE training program targeted at WPV among psychiatric nurses. DE training is expected to reduce both the total incidence and negative impacts of WPV, with additional improvements in psychiatric nurses’ coping skills.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900022211. Prospectively registered on 30 March 2019.

Legal regulation and grounds for theuse of coercive measures by law enforcement bodies of Ukraine

The issue of regulatory and legal support for the use of coercion by authorized entities, as well as the grounds for the application of coercive measures by such bodies have been studied. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the legal regulation of law enforcement agencies to apply coercive measures is carried out by a certain system of legislation, consisting of a large number of regulations that differ from each other in many ways and is a hierarchical system based primarily on the Constitution of Ukraine. At the same time, the legal grounds for the use of coercion by law enforcement officers are enshrined in the hypotheses of the norms of only certain regulations - the Laws of Ukraine "On the National Police", "On the National Guard", "On Pre-trial Detention", "On the Military Law Enforcement Service in Armed Forces of Ukraine ”as well as the Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine. The rest of the laws, although giving law enforcement officers the right to apply force, contain blanket rules that refer to the above three regulations to clarify the legal basis for their application, mainly to the Law on the National Police. It is also determined that the limits of harm caused by a law enforcement officer during the appli-cation of coercive measures must be commensurate with two factors: first, with the potential for danger to law enforcement interests (legal basis), and secondly, with the situation in which turned out to be the subject of coercion during the elimination of the specified non-security (factual basis). These two factors, combined, are nothing more than a complex basis of harm to the offender. And the actions of law enforcement officers will only be morally justified and permitted by law if the damage they caused is commensurate with both factors of the cause that caused it, ie the reason for the damage. The article expresses the opinion that the researched issues reflect the opposition of public and private interest, which is solved using the universal principle of proportionality. It is in this way that the legal regulation is carried out, where the legislator approaches the infliction of harm as a result of the use of force in a differentiated manner.

Aims to Reduce Coercive Measures in Forensic Inpatient Treatment: A 9-Year Observational Study.

Protecting the human rights is particularly important within the forensic context because patients in forensic psychiatry are not admitted voluntarily and so the treatment itself is of a coercive nature. Coercive measures (i.e., actions against the will of the patient such as forced medication, seclusion or restraint) form an additional incision of personal rights. Although the use of coercion within forensic psychiatric institutions remains controversial, little empirical research has been conducted on the use of coercive measures within forensic settings. The study presented here can contribute to close this research gap by informing about rates of coercive measures within the present institution. National and international organizations on the prevention of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment have emphasized the need to keep the incidents of coercive measures to a minimum. Criticisms by such organizations on high rates of seclusion, restraint, and compulsory medication have led to organizational changes within the present institution which is Switzerland’s largest forensic clinic with an average of 124 patients per year. After a first visit of such a committee, e.g., the detailed documentation of coercive measures became obligatory and part of special reports. Changes in the use of coercive measures are presented here. Data on coercive measures was analyzed for years 2010 to 2018. With respect to the most invasive coercive measurement, restraint, a minimum of four patients in 2017 and a maximum of 14 patients in 2010 have been subject to this form of coercive measurement. A minimum of sixteen patients in 2012 and a maximum of 40 patients in 2010 were secluded. Though total number and duration show a trend towards a reduction in severity of coercive measures on average, a few patients are not responsive to deescalating interventions. Preventive mechanisms, documentation standards, and efforts to ensure humane and adequate treatment are discussed under ethical considerations of coercive measures within court mandated treatment.

What limits the efficacy of coercion?

We model a game between an authority, seeking to implement its state identity, and a parental generation, seeking to socialize a younger generation into their own identity. The authority first selects a coercion level against the non-state identity. The parental generation then chooses whether to insurrect in response to the coercion level and, if not, decides how much to invest in socializing their children into the non-state identity. In this overlapping generations model, we formalize and explore the consequences of an intrinsic negative reaction to coercion: coercion resentment. We show how coercion resentment can create an interval where coercion has negative efficacy in imposing the state identity. This causes the rational legitimacy maximizing authority to restrain its use of coercion. We then show how this inefficacy of coercion can make certain levels of coercion unimplementable without causing the non-state identity to insurrect. This causes the long-run equilibrium size of the non-state identity group to be dependent on their initial size and, thus, path dependence. We consider the validity of the model by reviewing two historical episodes: Stalin’s secularization project (1922–1953) and the Counter-Reformation in early modern France and the Holy Roman Empire (1517–1685).

Manifestations of Institutional Aggression in the Practice of Child Protection Workers

Studies show that practice in some professional fields may be socially and morally unattractive: employees working with stigmatized groups have to use methods, related to aggression and confrontation, which leads to stress and reduces their professional well-being. This applies to child rights and protection institutions which have a responsibility to take a child out of the family in the case of a threat to their safety. Problems related to workplace quality lead to a lack of qualified employees in this sector, and this problem is emphasized not only in Lithuania. Institutional aggression is typical of institutions to which the state attributes certain functions of abuse (e.g. public safety). Employee’s intervention into the family can also be regarded as aggression performed by institutions, and the nature of work in these institutions may be associated with the problem of workplace aggression. However, in the research on workplace quality among the indicators of workplace aggression we do not find the indicator of employees’ aggression against clients. We presume that an employee’s function to take a child from a family (the use of coercion) can affect their well-being. So, in the context of workplace quality, the concept of workplace aggression has to be re-conceptualized by including institutional aggression enforced by an employee.

Проблема ненасилия в зарубежной психологии (обзор публикаций)

<p>Актуальность исследования проблемы ненасилия в психологии обусловлена двумя факторами. Во-первых, ненасилие выступает в качестве альтернативы прямому и структурному насилию как способность противостоять негативным явлениям в обществе: войнам, росту преступности, нетерпимости, конфликтам на всех уровнях и др. Во-вторых, — интересом психологии к миролюбивой личности, способной достигать жизненных целей без необоснованного использования принуждения. Цель настоящего обзора — представить в систематизированном виде исследования проблемы ненасилия в зарубежной психологии.</p><p>Раскрываются содержательные стороны ненасилия, которое понимается не только как отрицание принуждения, но и как созидательная жизнеутверждающая сила. Ненасилие изучается на разных уровнях: внутриличностном, межличностном, социальном и международном. Дается обзор различных теорий ненасилия: Р. Берроуза, В. Кула, А. Бренеса, Д. Риттера, Д. Мейтона, М. Розенберга. Рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с измерением ненасилия: шкала пацифизма Эллиотта, шкала ненасильственной личности Хасана и Хана, тест ненасилия Кула и Сена, подростковый тест ненасилия Мейтона и др. </p><p>Осуществлен анализ различных направлений психологии ненасилия: психологии мира, психологии миролюбия, психологии смирения, психологии нонкиллинга. Дается обзор проблематики эмпирических исследований в рамках каждого направления. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам обучения ненасилию, анализируются программы образования в духе мира и ненасилия, коррекции агрессивного поведения и формирования способности к ненасильственному взаимодействию.</p>Делается вывод о том, что в зарубежной науке психология ненасилия выступает как самостоятельное направление, имеющее свою методологию, теорию, исследовательский аппарат, практическое приложение.

ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПУБЛІЧНОГО АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ СФЕР ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ І СПОРТУ В УКРАЇНІ

Метою даної статті є встановлення місця і ролі адміністративно-правового забезпечення сфер фізичної культури і спорту в Україні через визначення галузевої належності норм, які складають основу правового забезпечення публічного адміністрування вказаних сфер, а також з’ясування значення таких норм в меха-нізмі правового регулювання сфер фізичної культури і спорту в Україні. У статті встановлені місце і роль адміністративно-правового забезпечення сфер фізичної культури і спорту в Україні через визначення галузевої належності норм, які складають основу правового забезпечення публічного адміністрування вказаних сфер. Визначено, що захист професійних спортсменів забезпечується нормами адміністративного права як щодо статусу суб’єктів захисту, його форм, методів тощо, так і в аспекті визначення підстав та порядку захисту. Кодекс України про адміністративну відповідальність визначає ті дії чи бездіяльність суб’єктів чи об’єктів управлінської системи, які становлять склади адміністративних правопорушень у сферах фізичної культури та спорту, а також санкції за вчи-нення адміністративних правопорушень, підстави та порядок притягнення до юридичної відповідальності. З’ясовано, що у сферах фізичної культури і спорту складаються відносини, які будуються на засадах влади та підпорядкування, передбачають застосування примусу, імперативність методу регулювання та інші ознаки, які не притаманні предметам і методам перерахованих вище галузей права. Такі відносини, наприклад, виникають у зв’язку з порушенням прав спортсменів, при визначенні та впровадженні державної політики у сферах фізичної культури та спорту, при наданні чи зміні дитячо-юнацьким спортивним школам певної категорії тощо. Зроблено висновок, що провідне місце у правовому забезпеченні сфер фізичної культури і спорту належить нормам адміністративного права, які складають основу публічного адміністрування вказаних сфер, визначаючи статус суб’єктів публічного адміністрування, принципи, підстави, форми і методи їх службової діяльності, пріоритети та шляхи формування державної політики в галузях фізичної культури і спорту, засоби та процедури її впровадження, регулюють контроль та нагляд у вказаних сферах.