Use Of Coal Ash Research Articles

Coal ash as a natural additive for subgrade stabilization in the construction of low-volume traffic roads

The road network in Colombia, as reported by the National Roads Institute of Colombia (INVIAS), comprises a total of 206,708 kilometers, with 142,284 kilometers falling under the rural roads with low traffic volume network category. Sadly, an estimated of 96% of these roads are in poor condition. The primary reason behind this issue is the presence of subgrades that exhibit inadequate mechanical performance, largely due to the lack of proper stabilization methods. Moreover, these roads often serve as the sole access and exit routes for rural communities, significantly impacting their connectivity with nearby urban centers. Recognizing this critical issue, this article proposes the use of coal ash for subgrade stabilization during the construction of low-traffic-volume roads. The study conducted demonstrates that coal ash can enhance the mechanical properties of subgrades, leading to an increase in strength and load-bearing capacity. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to the binding and reactive characteristics displayed by the coal ashes, which greatly contribute to soil stabilization. To verify these claims, a series of physical, mechanical, and strength characterization tests were conducted on both natural and treated clayey sand samples obtained from a rural population in Colombia. The detailed analysis of the results shows an improvement in the mechanical properties of the soil due to the use of coal ash as a stabilizing agent.

Potensi Limbah Fly Ash PLTU Anggrek, Gorontalo Utara sebagai Bahan Substitusi Semen Pada Beton

Accumulation of coal ash waste (fly ash) is a dangerous toxic material (B3) which light and fine so it easily flies in the air. This problem is urgent to be resolved because the production continues to increase in quantity and can cause air and water pollution. Currently, coal waste is used to make bricks, but research needs to be done on its potential as a concrete mixture and even as a cement substitute. Currently, coal waste is used to make bricks, but research necessery on its potential as a concrete mixture and even as a cement substitute. Therefore this research can be an alternative solution to the coal ash waste problem in Gorontalo Province. Research on the use of coal ash as a concrete mixture using crushed stone aggregate and sand from the quarry PT. CMP, Bonda Raya, South Suwawa To obtain a granular distribution that meets the requirements, the proportions used for crushed stone measuring 1-2 cm and measuring 2-3 cm are 65% and 35% respectively. Meanwhile, to obtain a combined gradation of fine and coarse aggregate that meets the requirements, percentages of 55% and 45% are used respectively. Based on the research results, the normal compressive strength value of concrete is 28.827 MPa. The compressive strength of fly ash variations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% is 25,069 MPa, 27,442 MPa, 23,096 MPa, and 20,934 MPa. The compressive strength of fly ash variations is lower than normal concrete. The optimum compressive strength value for fly ash substitution for cement with a 10% variation is 27.442 MPa.

Prospects for the effective use of fly ash in the technological processes of oil and gas production

The problem of efficient use of coal fly ash (CFA) is a global environmental problem that requires urgent attention and immediate action to address it. Research shows that huge amounts of CFA are generated every year, but only 25% of the waste is recycled. To overcome this alarming situation, there is a need to focus on increasing the use of coal ash in various industries. The promising uses of coal ash in construction, electronics, resource recycling, wastewater treatment, agriculture and other industries require further research. Of particular interest is the use of coal ash in industrial processes for the extraction of hydrocarbons. The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of ash, such as its morphology, surface area, porosity and chemical composition, make it an ideal material for various field processes. Increasing the use of coal ash in various industries and its use in industrial processes for the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials will significantly increase the level of utilization and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Keywords: coal fly ash; CFA; waste; hydrocarbon production; polymer gels; polymer flooding; enhanced oil recovery; nanoparticles; foam compositions; cementing compositions.

Use of coal ash- and lignite-enriched compost to improve soil biological properties and reduce pineapple disease in Ultisols of Central Lampung

Ultisols used for pineapple cultivation are classified as suboptimal lands because of their low soil fertility. Application of compost enriched with other soil ameliorants, such as coal ash in the form of fly ash, bottom ash (FABA), and lignite, can be a good alternative to improve soil properties, including increasing the soil microbial and fauna populations, which play an important role in improving soil fertility and reducing the incidence of pineapple disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FABA- and lignite-enriched compost on microbial and earthworm populations and the incidence of pineapple disease. FABA- and lignite-enriched compost at a dose of 50 tons/ha was applied using a spread-and-row technique in the pineapple plantation area in Central Lampung. The parameters observed included the microbial population (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Actinomycetes, Trichoderma), functional microbial populations (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microbes, siderophore producers), earthworm population, and incidence of pineapple diseases (marbling, brown spot, cork spot, and pink diseases). Generally, all treatments with FABA- and lignite-enriched compost showed better results than the control for all observed parameters. The treatment of FABA-enriched compost applied with a row technique was the best compared to other treatments because it tended to increase the population of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Actinomycetes, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as earthworm abundance and biomass. In addition, in this treatment, there was no incidence of pineapple fruit disease. The abundance of earthworms and soil microbes, especially Pseudomonas was one of the factors which can create a healthier soil ecosystem to suppress the incidence of pineapple diseases.

Current state of the coal ash handling problem in Russia and abroad, aspects of the coal ash applications in hydrogen economy

One of the global state tasks, contributing to the implementation of the goal of developing the energy sector of the Russian Federation and given in the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2035, is to reduce the negative impact of the fuel and energy complex industries on the environment.In this regard, special attention is paid to the coal ash handling problem, which is intensified by tightening of the environmental legislation with the transition to the principles of the best available technologies, greening of the coal power, depletion of the capacity of the coal ash disposal sites, etc. Disposal of ash, slag, ash-and-slag mixtures, formed at combustion of coal, peat and shale, is one of the main problems of the modern solid-fuel thermal power plants in Russia, the number of which makes 172. The average age of the coal-fired TPPs is about 50 years that significantly affects the technical and environmental performance of the ash removal system of TPPs. At the Russian TPPs for the ash and slag conveying hydraulic ash removal systems are the most common, used in the vast majority of cases being technically outdated, uneconomical and ecologically not friendly.Annually 25 … 30 million tons of ash and slag are formed at the coal-fired power plants of the Russian Federation. Currently more than 1.5 billion tons of ash and slag are accumulated at the ash disposal sites of thermal power plants, and every year these figures are growing. About 2/3 of all ash and slag disposals are close to the design filling or are already overfilled. Elimination of objects of the accumulated environmental damage, representing ash disposals of the coal-fired power plants, is one of the conditions for Russia's transition to the standards of “green” economy. The problem of coal-fired power plants in terms of elimination of the accumulated environmental damage can be solved only by implementing the large-scale projects of integrated coal ash processing, obtaining required products.The article provides statistical data for the 2019 relating to the volumes of the coal ash generation and utilization in various countries of the world. An overview of the various applications of the coal combustion by-products, the main of which are ash and slag, in Russia, India, China, EU countries, etc. is presented. The article contains data on the applicability of the coal ash for various technologies of its use according to the Russian Ministry of Energy. A review of scientific and technical information sources on the prospects of using coal ash in hydrogen power engineering for hydrogen sorption and storage is given, as well as a review of traditional methods of hydrogen storage. Terminology in the field of coal ash handling found in scientific and technical information sources is considered, and a classification of coal combustion by-products in Russia and abroad is given. The main recommendations of the author, contributing to the increase in the use of coal ash in Russia, are given.

Influence of coal ashes on fired clay brick quality: Random forest regression and artificial neural networks modeling

Finding a solution to the problem of the large buildup of coal ashes is a vital necessity. Although the use of coal ashes in fired clay bricks has been thoroughly investigated, there is insufficient information on their industrial utilization and researchers do not agree on whether or not this addition improves the quality of the final products. Therefore, a database has gathered 20 years of research containing key factors related to the quality of the bricks (i.e., chemical composition, firing temperature, soaking time, open porosity, water absorption and compressive strength). Then, random forest regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) modeling were used to separately predict the parameters concerning the quality of the final products. The overall conclusions were that the compressive strengths were the highest when using fly ashes and that class F ashes were highly suitable to be used in the brick industry as a replacement material for brick clay. In addition, the ANN models showed higher coefficients of determination and an overall better fit to the experimental data. By changing the chemical makeup of the initial materials and their proportions, the particle size of the ashes, the firing temperature and soaking time, as well as the size of a product, the created models can be used to estimate the quality of the brick containing coal ash. That is crucial because the inconsistent chemical composition of ash is generally the main obstacle to its utilization. The local sensitivity analysis revealed the highest influence of the content of the alkali oxides in the initial clay on the fired clay bricks due to their fluxing effect. In the case of ash-clay bricks, the decisive factors were the type of furnace used, the ashes' class, the Na2O content in raw clay, and the K2O introduced with the ash. The F class ashes containing about 2–3% of K2O and <5% of CaO gave the highest compressive strength in bricks fired at 1000–1100 °C.Additional analyzes were made for 50% pond ash and 50% clay bricks to test the best-suited model and fill in the knowledge gap. The results obtained in this study are important for supporting the decision in the selection of materials and process parameter values that will increase the quality of the ash-clay-fired bricks.

A preliminary study on production of roof tiles and paver blocks using wood and coal ash

The line-up of present analysis, to scrutinize regarding the probable utilization of wood ash along with coal ash for the manufacture of paver blocks and concrete tiles. The broad investigation is available from the antecedent experimental observations on the mentioned admixture for the manufacturer. The study provides necessary esoteric information as well as an experimental dossier for the use of coal ash mixed with wood ash to demonstrate its suitability as a sustainable building material. Samples worn were non-hazardous in nature and strenuously worn as admixture and their formations are ideally pertinent to make a tenacious compound combine material for paver blocks and tiles. Formerly done read-ups has been illustrated that, coal and wood ash-based paver blocks and roof tiles come up with an imperishable companion to the long-established paver blocks and concrete tiles also in addition it increases the competence of paver blocks and roof tiles. The admixture added benefits convincingly to cut down the environmental issues allied with disposition of these waste materials. In extension, this investigation focuses on admixtures for yielding sustainable construction materials.

Potential use of coal ash as growing media: Effect on the plant’s growth and future estimation for land reclamation

Coal ash, such as fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) is mostly generated from a Coal-fired Steam Power Generation (PLTU) process. An increase in the number of PLTUs in Indonesia is proportional to the high volume of FA and BA generated, causing adverse environmental impacts if not properly treated. Various studies have highlighted the potential valorization of FA and BA, including building materials, cement ingredients, concrete, and growing media. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of FA and BA as a growing media and to explore the potential future application for reclamation of heavy-metal-contaminated (or ex-mining) land. The results showed that composting FA with blackwater sludge (BWS) and rice straw (RS) produced compost that complied with the targeted standard. The addition of FA, BA, and composted FA in the growing media impact the growth and Zn adsorption ability of the dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott). However, the composted FA has superior performance in general as a growing media. The future estimation of the application FA and BA combined with domestic waste (blackwater and greywater) for reclamation of ex-mining land is proposed. By integrating the phytoremediation ability of the grass plants and the biorefinery approach, the proposed future estimation may provide a sustainable valorization pathway of FA and BA for heavy metal-contaminated or ex-mining land reclamation. Thus, transforming FA and BA as a component of growing media could reduce the potential risk of heavy metals distribution into the food chain and the surrounding environment.

Beneficiation of coal ash from ash silos of six Chinese power plants and its risk assessment of hazardous elements for land application

The tremendous amount of ash produced from coal-fired power plants must be disposed and utilized in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. This paper conducted a study on the beneficiation of silo ashes and the risk assessment for land use. Silo ash samples were collected from six Chinese power plants and segregated into five size fractions by a combination of sieving and air classification. The concentration distributions of nine hazardous elements (i.e., As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) were characterized. The results show that the particle size distributions of hazardous elements in the silo ashes do not exactly agree with the generally accepted models of their release and partitioning in the boiler. Environmental risks were assessed for agricultural and development land use of coal ash, according to related Chinese standards. The results suggest that all the bulk ashes meet the requirements for development land use. Beneficially, for some coal ashes, the coarse fraction (> 10 µm) can be applied to agricultural land while the remaining fraction (< 10 µm) still complies with the standard for development land use. This work demonstrates that a simple air classification is potentially an eco-friendly and value-added approach for the full utilization of coal ash.

Behavior on the mechanical performance and scanning electron microscopy of coal waste brick

Waste is a common ingredient in Malaysia that has to do with man-made waste. Waste materials can be abundant in landfills without any profit. Waste materials can be harmful to the environment as well as to human health. One of the most abundant wastes is coal combustion ash from coal-fired power plants. In addition, the most common material used in the construction industry is brick. Bricks have been used for non-polluting structures and must be made of durable materials. The common material used for bricks is clay, sand and cement. All these ingredients are derived from natural resources. The depletion of natural resources has been a cause of concern for many. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development of bricks from coal terms of mechanical properties. The density, compressive strength and water absorption capacity of bricks made from coal ash were investigated after curing for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results show that the density of bricks made from coal ash is low, while the compressive strength meets the requirements and is 10.25 MPa and 8.67 MPa higher than control concrete, respectively. For the crushing value, the coal ash was compared with the coarse aggregate to meet the requirements of the test. The result shows that the coal is 34.6% higher than the natural aggregate. In conclusion, the use of coal ash in the production of bricks is a promising long-term option for the production of bricks.

Uso de cenizas de carbón para mejorar la resistencia a la compresión del concreto

Coal ashes are environmental pollutants, however, they are used as an additive in cement for the production of concrete, in civil engineering works. The objective was to evaluate information on the use of coal ash in the optimization of concrete strength. Analysis of 61 current scientific articles, thus identifying information regarding the use of coal ash to improve the compressive strength of concrete. It was determined that the average resistance of the usual concrete at 28 days was 221 kg/cm2, with 2.5% ashes it was 223 kg/cm2, with 5% it was 231 kg/cm2, with 10% it was 200 kg/cm2 and with 15% it was 192kg/cm2 respectively. The coal ashes used in proportions less than 10% in substitution of cement, improves the resistance of the concrete; in contrast, use greater than 10% can lower the quality of the concrete.

Use of fly and bottom ashes from a thermoelectrical plant in the synthesis of geopolymers: Evaluation of reaction efficiency

The use of by-products as raw materials in the manufacturing of industrial products has risen in the last years because of environmental considerations. One example is the use of coal ashes from thermal-electrical plants in the production of geopolymer -- a green cement made by mixing aluminosilicate with alkaline activator. In this study, fly and bottom ashes from a thermal-electrical unit were used as sources of aluminosilicate in the synthesis of geopolymers. A mixture of sodium hydroxide (10 mol/L) and sodium silicate (SiO2/Na2O ratio of 2.2) was used as the alkaline activator. The type (fly or bottom ash) and content of the ash were the variables in the synthesis. The ashes were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (DRX), particle size distribution (PSD), specific surface area (BET), and thermal analysis (DTA/TGA). The ash-based geopolymer samples were measured to obtain their compressive strength after curing. The evolution of the geopolymerization process was also assessed based on final alkali concentration measurements. The results show that it is possible to obtain geopolymers using coal ashes as raw materials with high solid content. The compressive strength for the bottom ash geopolymer after 90 days of curing is 35 MPa. The low concentration of unreacted alkalis after curing (1.5× 10-3 – 3.5 × 10-3 M) corresponds to high efficiency of the geopolymerization reaction.

The Investigation of the Corrosive Effects of Sulphates and Salts on the Concrete and the Study of Environmental Changes on it

Due to the environmental impact of sulphates and salts on concrete and the significant reduction in concrete strength, extensive research has been carried out to reinforce concrete against these types of attacks. The results show that the use of coal ash increases Concrete quality is counteracting the attack of sulfates. The sulfates include calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and the like. Sulfate attack in tropical coastal areas with hot and humid weather causes very severe damage. One can refer to ash of cane sugar syrup (bagasse) as one of the most suitable alternatives for cement in concrete. Other materials that can be considered for preventing attack of sulfates include concrete containing carbon nanotubes and shells ash pozzolan Rice. Using 80% cement, carbon nanotubes and 15% zirconium rice ash in concrete structure can improve concrete performance against sulfate attack and corrosion resistance. According to the results of concrete containing nanotube Carbon and rice structure has the highest corrosion resistance.

The use of coal ash and plaster waste to improve grounding system

The main safety element to prevent operational failures in High Voltage Substations (HVS) is the grounding system (GS) consisting to conduct unwanted lightning strikes (failures) to the ground. When it is desired to build a GS on sandy soils (low electrical conductivity) it is necessary to add a product to the soil to adjust its electrical conductivity to safe levels, avoiding the burning of HVS’s equipment. There are some commercial products that can be dosed into the ground to increase its electrical conductivity prior installing GS. These products are made of non-renewable materials at relatively high cost. This study brings an innovation to conventional products. A new product (GRRA) is proposed, composed of two problematic residues from the industry: coal ash (CA) (fossil coal combustion) and plaster waste (PW) (construction and demolition). This novelty exposes a new alternative to dispose of these residues and a viable alternative to existing commercial products to improve the electrical conductivity of soils. First, a Mixture Design Methodology was used to estimate the CA and PW amount that should be added to the soil to achieve an acceptable electrical conductivity. Then, experimental tests were performed with the optimized mixture to determine its technical viability. Finally, a comparison of mixture was made, in terms of experimental results, with the products already available on the market. The optimum mixture mass composition was set in 70% coal ash, 15% sandy soil and 15% plaster waste. This mixture increased the soil electrical conductivity from 0.065 μS.cm-1 to 2792 μS.cm-1. The comparative study demonstrated the potential of replacing existing commercial products with the developed solution.

Coal ash use as a cement replacement in concrete production

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the main contributor of concrete CO2 emissions amongst concrete constituents. Use of alternative cementitious materials is highly encouraged to lower environmental footprint of concrete production. Local waste materials could be a feasible approach in terms of economic and environmental sustainability due to local availability. In this study, coal ash waste was used as a Portland cement replacement by 10% and 20% for the production concrete mix concrete mix with 28-day design strength of 45 N/mm2. Developed mixes were tested against various engineering properties including workability, bulk density, compressive strength, sound permeability, thermal conductivity, water permeability and porosity. Results showed that coal ash incorporated mixes had slightly lower slump values with slightly lower fresh density. Hardened properties including bulk density and compressive cube strength were reduced slightly for CA mixes. Other hardened properties showed that CA mixes had more compact structures compared to conventional mix. Therefore, CA mixes showed enhanced sound permeability, thermal conductivity, water permeability and porosity.

Influence of Coal Ash on Dense Bituminous Macadam

In the present study, dense graded bituminous mix specimens are prepared using natural aggregate as coarse aggregates, bottom ash as fine aggregates and coal ash as filler. Proportion of aggregate for dense graded bituminous macadam (DBM) grading has been considered as per MORTH (2013) having nominal maximum aggregates size (NMAS) 26.5 mm. The bitumen used is VG20. Firstly, bottom ash and fly ash was used as fine replacement in DBM mix. In this, the total coal ash content is taken as 35% by weight of the total mix, from which the percentage of fly ash as mineral filler is fixed, i.e. 5% of weight of the mix. The bottom ash content is varied according to the DBM gradation specified in MORTH (2013). Detailed study with Marshall test results were used to determine the Marshall characteristics, optimum binder content and also optimum use of coal ash. The maximum stability value of 11.826 kN was achieved when 14% of coal ash by weight of the mix was mixed for preparing DBM samples. It is finally observed that results are not only satisfactory, but also much improved engineering properties with coal ash as fine aggregate and filler. Utilization of non-conventional aggregate like coal ash may help to find a new way of bituminous pavement construction.

Potential CO2 reduction and cost evaluation in use and transport of coal ash as cement replacement: A case in the Philippines

Coal ash can potentially be utilized as partial replacement for cement in concrete and mortar formulations. The use of coal ash can lessen the cost and energy production, and reduce the impact on the environment. At present, the annual coal ash generation amounts to ~2.78 Mt and may reach to ~13.02 Mt by 2035 in the Philippines. If coal ash is utilized as clinker replacement in the production of cement at a clinker-to-cement ratio of 0.7, GHG emissions can potentially be reduced to at least ~1.26 Mt CO2_eq in 2018 and could further be reduced by ~5.89 Mt CO2_eq by 2035 when surplus coal ash is utilized as partial cement replacement in concrete mixtures in concrete batching plants. As transport of coal ash can also result in GHG emission owing to fuel combustion, a critical distance is calculated in order to achieve positive net reductions. Critical distance is obtained by comparing the emission on coal ash transportation with that of cement production, while taking into consideration the emissions of the return trip. Thus, transporting the coal ash is limited to a distance of ~2841 km. Existing concrete batching plants are situated within 2,000 km from existing coal-fired power plants, where the transport of coal ash to these plants would not result in additional emissions but instead result in annual net reduction of GHG. Further, the cost of coal ash per bag varies according to the distance travelled and is much lower than the cost of cement per bag.

PERBANDINGAN KUAT TEKAN MORTAR DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN COAL ASH WASTE

The utilization of coal ash waste (Fly ash) which is processed into raw material in making mortar, is expected to be useful in daily life, in addition to improve the economy of the community, can also reduce the impact of environmental pollution due to waste from coal ash (Fly ash). And provide information to the public about the effect of addition of coal ash (Fly ash) to the quality of mortar. From the results of this study it can be seen that the strength of mortar pressure without the mixture of coal ash or normal is 109.33 kg / cm, while for the average compressive strength of mortar mixed with coal ash is 9%, 12%, and 15% respectively, were 156 kg / cm2, 125.33 kg / cm2, and 110.6 kg / cm2. From the results of the study. it can be seen that mortar strength is highest if the variation of coal ash mixture is 9% of cement amount. While mixing more than 9% of mortar compressive strength will decrease. Thus the use of coal ash with a content of 9% is the optimum mixture content in this mixture. If a mixture of coal ash exceeds that level, it will decrease the strength of mortar. This decrease is thought to be due to the less strong bonds between aggregates (mixed materials) on the use of coal ash over 9%&#x0D;

Avaliação do uso de cinzas de carvão mineral produzidas em usina termelétrica na construção de pavimentos

O aproveitamento de rejeitos produzidos em centrais termelétricas pode representar uma excelente alternativa para construção de pavimentos sustentáveis. O estudo proposto tem por objetivo avaliar a utilização de cinzas de carvão provenientes de uma termelétrica, localizada na Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, em camadas dos pavimentos. Inicialmente foram caracterizadas as cinzas que estavam dispostas em um módulo da termelétrica em estudo e foi comprovado que os materiais, além de heterogêneos, não tinham comportamento mecânico satisfatório. Sendo assim, foram produzidas em laboratório misturas de cinza-solo-cal submetidas aos diferentes ensaios (compactação, módulo do resiliência, deformação permanente, resistência à compressão simples e resistência à tração por compressão diametral) de interesse na pavimentação. Posteriormente, foram dimensionadas pelo método mecanístico-empírico estruturas de pavimentos com as misturas que apresentaram resultados mecânicos mais satisfatórios. Concluiu-se que o reaproveitamento dos resíduos da termelétrica na pavimentação representa uma alternativa viável para a construção de pavimentos econômicos e autossustentáveis.

A Case Study of Environmental Policies and Guidelines for the Use of Coal Ash as Mine Reclamation Filler: Relevance for Needed South Korean Policy Updates

The South Korean government is pursuing a national project to use the complex carbonates found in coal ash to capture CO2 and promote coal ash recycling. One possible approach is the use of coal ash as fill material in mine reclamation, but environmental concerns have so far blocked the implementation of this procedure, and no relevant regulations or guidelines exist. In this study, we review international approaches to the environmental management of coal ash recycling and consider how the lessons learned can be applied to South Korea. Each studied country was proactively using coal ash for beneficial uses under locally suitable conditions. The United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan are all putting coal ash to beneficial use following thorough analyses of the environmental impact based on several considerations, including bulk concentration, coal ash leachate concentration, field inspections, and water quality monitoring. Our findings can contribute to the development of proper regulations and policies to encourage the use of recycled coal ash in South Korea as an approach to managing carbon emissions and climate changes. There are currently no relevant regulations in South Korea, so we consider the adoption of the strictest standards at each stage of the other cases at the time of introduction. Based on our findings, detailed and appropriate management guidelines can be developed in the future. Establishing management plans for complex carbonates, verifying their environmental stability, and using them as fill material will provide clear benefits for South Korea in the future.