Use Of Closed Circuit Television Research Articles

The Privacy Price of School Safety Stakeholders' Perceptions Towards the Use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in Schools

CCTV surveillance cameras have played an influential role in safeguarding security, discipline, and a conducive learning environment in Nepali schools. However, as surveillance technology is gradually being installed and used, there is a growing concern about privacy violations. In this context, the article aims to explore the distinct perceptions and understanding of the key stakeholders, namely students, teachers and administrators, regarding using CCTV surveillance technology in their natural setting. This article especially seeks the stakeholders’ perceptions on the impact of surveillance technology on students and teachers about their privacy rights. To meet the objective, I have employed a qualitative study that follows the interpretivists’ research paradigm. I have purposively selected five respondents from each school, incorporating three students and two teaching faculties cum administrative persons. I employed semi-structured interviews at three secondary schools from inner Terai of Nawalpur district. Moreover, I utilized non-participant observation, field notes and google-form as a tool to gather content-rich data and verify the information accumulated through semi-structured interviews, regarding their lived and subjective perceptions about using CCTVs. Findings indicate effectively managing and mitigating various risk factors within schools’ premises, and cultivating a culture of shared responsibilities among students and teachers for building a conducive learning culture in schools. It is also found that surveillance technology in Nepali schools nurtures suspicion among stakeholders, along with acknowledging the importance of comprehensive policy, and students’ privacy concerns to ensure a safe and friendly learning culture.

Bridging the gap between criminology and computer vision: A multidisciplinary approach to curb gun violence

AbstractGun violence significantly threatens tens of thousands of people annually in the United States. This paper proposes a multidisciplinary approach to address this issue. Specifically, we bridge the gap between criminology and computer vision by exploring the applicability of firearm object detection algorithms to the criminal justice system. By situating firearm object detection algorithms in situational crime prevention, we outline how they could enhance the current use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems to mitigate gun violence. We elucidate our approach to training a firearm object detection algorithm and describe why its results are meaningful to scholars beyond the realm of computer vision. Lastly, we discuss limitations associated with object detection algorithms and why they are valuable to criminal justice practices.

Cross-sectional survey of staff and family perspectives on the use of CCTV in Australian residential aged care.

To describe staff and family members' opinions about closed-circuit television (CCTV) in communal and private areas of residential aged care facilities (RACF), and to investigate how this relates to perceptions of care quality. A cross-sectional survey was developed to capture perceptions of CCTV's influence on care quality, and acceptable locations for CCTV placement. Data were recorded as ordinal-scale and open responses. Non-parametric tests of association were conducted. The survey was completed by 81 staff and 74 family members. Both staff and family were satisfied with care quality and safety, irrespective of CCTV use. More family members were in favour of CCTV in both public and private areas, compared to staff who favoured public areas. Staff and family assumed there was real-time monitoring, leading to a belief that CCTV monitoring would improve safety and prevent falls and abuse. Concerns were raised that CCTV could be used instead of improving staff-to-resident ratios and interaction. Overall, participants supported the use of CCTV more in public than in private areas and believed it reveals and prevents poor care. There was no association between CCTV use and satisfaction with care. Closed-circuit television can have positive impacts if all stakeholders are involved in implementation.

Attitudes among the Australian public toward AI and CCTV in suicide prevention research: A mixed methods study.

Research is underway exploring the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and artificial intelligence (AI) for suicide prevention research in public locations where suicides occur. Given the sensitive nature and potential implications of this research, this study explored ethical concerns the public may have about research of this nature. Developed based on the principle of respect, a survey was administered to a representative sample of 1,096 Australians to understand perspectives on the research. The sample was aged 18 and older, 53% female, and 9% ethnic minority. Following an explanatory mixed methods approach, interviews and a focus group were conducted with people with a lived experience of suicide and first responders to contextualize the findings. There were broad levels of acceptance among the Australian public. Younger respondents, females, and those declining to state their ethnicity had lower levels of acceptance of CCTV research using AI for suicide prevention. Those with lived experience of suicide had higher acceptance. Qualitative data indicated concern regarding racial bias in AI and police response to suicidal crises and the need for lived experience involvement in the development and implementation of any resulting interventions. Broad public acceptance of the research aligns with the principle of respect for persons. Beneficence emerged in the context of findings emphasizing the importance of meaningfully including people with lived experience in the development and implementation of interventions resulting from this research, while justice emerged in themes expressing concerns about racial bias in AI and police response to mental health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Challenges and Opportunities of Electronic Workplace Surveillance in the Public Sector in Zimbabwe

Workplace surveillance is taking the world of work by storm and is becoming the flavour of the moment as a form of scientific supervision. This study sought to unpack the challenges and opportunities of electronic workplace surveillance systems in a selected Public Sector Organisation in Zimbabwe. The study adopted qualitative research using a sample size of twenty-one participants drawn from a population of 105 employees. Primary data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews, and secondary data was gathered using company records. Findings revealed various forms of surveillance including but not limited to the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV), biometric logging, vehicle tracking, telephone tapping email, and internet monitoring. Opportunities identified centered on the possibility to increase productivity, enhancing security, curbing abuse of organizational resources, and curbing sexual harassment and bullying at the workplace. Challenges identified were the invasion of privacy, the perpetuation of power dynamics, exertion of stress, emotional labour, the killing of innovation spirit, and erosion of trust between employees and employer. The researchers recommend crafting a robust surveillance policy that clears set guidelines, and parameters and provide remedial pathways in the public sector.

Effects of Application of Technology on Student Discipline in Public Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya

High standard of discipline amongst students is not only important in ensuring excellent academic performance, but it also guarantees success in the achievement of other school activities and ensuring sustainable development and instilling of good moral standards amongst students. It is worrying to note that the challenges of managing student discipline in secondary schools in Kenya are pervasive and constant. Different discipline management techniques have been used in schools, but the majority of them fail. This study was designed to investigate the effects of using technology to manage student behaviour in public secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study’s goal was to determine how the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) affected student behaviour in public secondary schools in Nakuru County. The theory of Reasoned Action provided the study’s direction (TRA). Explanatory sequential design, specifically mixed method research design, was employed. The target populations for the study included 579 teachers and 11,412 students, respectively. The sample population for the current study was composed of ten public secondary schools. Five of the schools have installed all of either of the four technologies, while the other five schools do not use technology in discipline management. The study compared the scores of the two categories of schools in regard to several disciplinary parameters. The sample size was 270 participants. Both questionnaires and interviews were used to gather data. Experts from the Department of Educational Management at Kenyatta University determined the validity of the study tools. Reliability was established using the test-retest methodology. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, which was then presented narratively. Through descriptive analysis, specifically using percentages and averages, quantitative data was examined. Inferential statistics included regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Quantitative data was presented in tables and charts. Results indicated a positive correlation between the independent and dependent variables. It implies that the more schools implement CCTV technologies, the more discipline can be managed effectively

HYBRID TEACHING IN THE USE OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) IN THE LEARNING OUTCOME AT BANCA-BANCA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This study determined the effectiveness of hybrid teaching in the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) in the learning outcome at Banca-Banca Integrated National High School, in the school year 2022-2023. A descriptive-comparative research design was used in conducting this study. Statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation were used to determine the efficiency of the equipment used in conducting hybrid teaching. To determine the level of learning of the students applying hybrid teaching by the use of CCTV, a T-test is used to compare the means of the two groups used in this study. The following result was found: (1) There was a significant difference between the perception of the level of the students respondents in the learning outcome using CCTV as an observation instrument for hybrid teaching relative to Basic Competencies. (2) There was a significant difference between the perception of the level of the students respondents in the learning outcome using CCTV as an observation instrument for hybrid teaching relative to General Competencies (3) There was a significant difference between the perception of the level of the students respondents in the learning outcome using CCTV as an observation instrument for hybrid teaching relative to Basic Competencies and General Competencies. (4) there is a partially significant relationship between the learning outcomes as the Basic competencies with the use of CCTV as a monitoring instrument for hybrid teaching. (5) no significant relationship to the learning outcomes as the General Competencies with the use of CCTV as a monitoring instrument for hybrid teaching was accepted like the two other null hypotheses. The overall findings revealed that the utilization of hybrid teaching using CCTV is partially not accepted. Based on the findings and conclusions it is recommended that (1) DepEd officials will use the purchased equipment such as CCTV cameras and recorders for its best purpose which is safeguarding the workplace and the equipment which serves as full-time surveillance including the monitoring of cleanliness in the workplace which it found to be effective. (2) The teacher will go back to the original set-up of teaching, the students which is the face-to-face demonstration and giving individual instruction for all students since the Hybrid Teaching cannot match the perception and satisfaction of the students. (3) The parent can ask the proof of how their children were graded for their performances in workplace cleanliness and maintenance of the equipment as it can record all the eventualities in the workplace. (4)The learners can still use the equipment as an extended viewer to eliminate the crowding of students in the workplace which can result in accidents but not full-time since it found out that it is not so effective. (5) Future researchers may use the results of this study in conducting research for hybrid teaching and using monitoring as equipment.

Video analytics for optimizing bank services

The use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) footage for surveillance, demographic monitoring, and behavior analysis has increased dramatically in the recent years. One of the key challenges in analyzing such recordings is to count people and identify emotions efficiently and accurately. This paper proposed a system for counting people and identifying facial expressions of emotion in CCTV footage. It used Deep Neural Networks (DNN) trained on massive annotation datasets to recognize people in videos, extract facial images, and identify emotions. It evaluated the performance of the method on publicly available datasets and compares it with state-of-the-art techniques. The findings demonstrate the ability of the method to accurately count people and identify their emotions.

공공영역에서의 개인정보 수집과 활용을 위한 제도적 개선방안

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology, which enables new technologies to be deployed, has expanded the scope and methods of data collection and utilization of government agencies. Data analysis and AI technology are deployed to enhance the intelligent and accurate use of Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras for crime prevention, security, and public safety purposes. The use of facial recognition technology enables an individual to be identified by processing images captured on CCTV, the suspects to be tracked on the CCTV footage, and crime scenes to be monitored in real time. Amidst this expansion, there is an increasing need for discussions to protect privacy. The need for privacy control is emphasized as data collection, retention, and utilization capabilities resulting in losing control over individual’s own information. The value and importance of personal data have been changed from the previous, and government surveillance issues arises as vast quantities of personal data being stored and easily shared. The need for government data access for various purposes and storage of data on a large scale may lead to the privacy right and the infringement of informational self-determination. In a situation where the use of CCTV information is allowed and gradually expanding, it is difficult to evaluate that legal grounds for controlling the actions of government agencies or guaranteeing the rights of individual subjects are sufficient. This paper aims to examine the current status of data collection by government institutions, especially the institutional basis for the use of CCTV and video information collection by government agencies, and problems with the system regarding personal data protection.

REGULATION OF THE USE OF CCTV AS A CRIME PREVENTION TECHNIQUE

Having been used for a number of years as part of the security apparatus of banks and stores, closed circuit television (CCTV) is increasingly becoming more prevalent on the streets of South Africa. CCTV monitoring takes place in a number of cities, including Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Pietermaritzburg. (My own interest in this matter derives from my involvement in the Justice Monitoring Project (JUMP), the brainchild of Prof Michael Cowling, which tasked students in 2004 to inter alia monitor theuse of CCTV evidence obtained from the camera network which is run as a joint venture of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and Business Against Crime in Pietermaritzburg.) Whilst it has been argued that CCTV cameras can make a meaningful contribution to enhancing the safety of our city streets, the question arises: at what cost? This paper seeks to examine this question in the context of a discussion of the use of CCTV as a law enforcement technique. The focus of the note will be on data collection rather than data collation, and the issue of admissibility of video evidence will not be dealt with. CCTV may be briefly described as a television system wherein signals are not publicly distributed and images are not broadcast. Instead, such images are transmitted from cameras to particular monitors serving a limited area. In the context of cameras located within a city, the images transmitted are primarily of pedestrians walking or transacting on the streets. As Froomkin has noted, whilst moving about in public is not truly anonymous, one at least enjoys the idea, largely consonant with reality in a city environment, of being able to move about with anonymity. This freedom is naturally threatened by privacy-destroying technology such as CCTV. It is evident that the use of such technology involves trying to balance the competing values of safety and privacy. As more cities make use of video surveillance, it appears as if privacy is on the losing side. Whilst this trend is understandable given the standard contradistinction between the tangible harms inherent in security concerns as opposed to the intangible harms occasioned by infringement on privacy, whether it is justifiable is another matter altogether. Spencer has raised a number of concerns about the tangible/intangible division as a framework for decision-making, namely (i) that the framework is incomplete and locks into short-term benefits and consequences rather than taking account of the long-term effects on privacy; (ii) that by embedding the decision in a concrete factual context the decision will inevitably be weighted in favour of preventing tangible harms; and (iii) that the tangible/intangible dichotomy is not as clear-cut as it may seem, since security proposals often serve intangible goals such as allaying fear, whilst privacy intrusions can have tangible consequences such as disrupting or inhibiting behaviour.

Taxonomy of Anomaly Detection Techniques in Crowd Scenes

With the widespread use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems in public areas, crowd anomaly detection has become an increasingly critical aspect of the intelligent video surveillance system. It requires workforce and continuous attention to decide on the captured event, which is hard to perform by individuals. The available literature on human action detection includes various approaches to detect abnormal crowd behavior, which is articulated as an outlier detection problem. This paper presents a detailed review of the recent development of anomaly detection methods from the perspectives of computer vision on different available datasets. A new taxonomic organization of existing works in crowd analysis and anomaly detection has been introduced. A summarization of existing reviews and datasets related to anomaly detection has been listed. It covers an overview of different crowd concepts, including mass gathering events analysis and challenges, types of anomalies, and surveillance systems. Additionally, research trends and future work prospects have been analyzed.

KEBERADAAN REKAMAN CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) DALAM PEMBUKTIAN PADA SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA

The use of CCTV (Television Closed Circuit Television) evidence as evidence still causes claims. Some are automatically used as evidence, and some are not in court proceedings. This research aims to find why CCTV equipment can be used as evidence and evidence used for CCTV equipment. The type of research used by the author is that this study will be prepared using a type of normative juridical research. The research method uses the statutory approach. Secondary legal materials examine secondary primary legal materials in the form of literature studies (literature, research results, scientific magazines, scientific bulletins, scientific journals.) concerning legal understanding, legal norms, legal theories, and doctrines related to the topic in question. The results of this study are normative authors who issued a second view recording CCTV as an electronic evidence device that won evidence in the Criminal Procedure Code. As proof, CCTV is strong and has a value of proof, must meet the provisions that are guaranteed originality and authenticity, have relevance to the subject matter, and the relevance of the relationship with one contribution to another evidence. These provisions must be with the procedures and regulations that have been determined by applicable legislation. Implementation of evidence in CCTV cameras is still experiencing problems, namely legal and non-legal constraints.
 
 Keywords: CCTV, Proof, Judiciary Criminal

The Management of Theft and Vandalism on Construction Jobsites in the Southern Region of Malawi

The phenomenon of theft and vandalism on construction job sites in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has not been fully explored to guarantee the implementation of evidence-based security management practices (SMPs) to minimise losses and improve projects' profitability margins. This study investigated the management of theft and vandalism by large contractors in the Southern Region of Malawi to identify implementation issues that need improvement. A quantitative approach using an empirical survey-based questionnaire was adopted. 44 SMPs identified from the literature review were tested by data collected from a sample survey of 40 large contractors in the Southern Region of Malawi. The descriptive statistical method of mean score ranking was used to analyse the data through IBM Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Among the five-point Likert scale agreement measurements used, 11 SMPs were found to be "always used", 12 SMPs "often used", 15 SMPs "sometimes used", and six SMPs "rarely used". Overall, the top three highly ranked SMPs (in descending order) were inventorying construction materials, tools and equipment, termination of employment for offenders, and reporting theft and vandalism to enforcement agencies. Contrariwise, the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV), alarm systems and access control systems (ACS) was the least ranked SMPs. The contractors’ management improvements for theft and vandalism would need to focus on implementing proactive anti-theft and anti-vandalism SMPs whose choice should be informed by comprehensive Jobsite security risk assessment. Dissemination of the results may help contractors understand their security management strategies and implement practical solutions for curbing theft and vandalism on job sites to minimise its endemic effect on contractors’ financial performance. Keywords: Theft and Vandalism; Security management practices; Likert scale; Malawi.

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions.

BackgroundSuicide is a recognized public health issue, with approximately 800,000 people dying by suicide each year. Among the different technologies used in suicide research, closed-circuit television (CCTV) and video have been used for a wide array of applications, including assessing crisis behaviors at metro stations, and using computer vision to identify a suicide attempt in progress. However, there has been no review of suicide research and interventions using CCTV and video.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to review the literature to understand how CCTV and video data have been used in understanding and preventing suicide. Furthermore, to more fully capture progress in the field, we report on an ongoing study to respond to an identified gap in the narrative review, by using a computer vision–based system to identify behaviors prior to a suicide attempt.MethodsWe conducted a search using the keywords “suicide,” “cctv,” and “video” on PubMed, Inspec, and Web of Science. We included any studies which used CCTV or video footage to understand or prevent suicide. If a study fell into our area of interest, we included it regardless of the quality as our goal was to understand the scope of how CCTV and video had been used rather than quantify any specific effect size, but we noted the shortcomings in their design and analyses when discussing the studies.ResultsThe review found that CCTV and video have primarily been used in 3 ways: (1) to identify risk factors for suicide (eg, inferring depression from facial expressions), (2) understanding suicide after an attempt (eg, forensic applications), and (3) as part of an intervention (eg, using computer vision and automated systems to identify if a suicide attempt is in progress). Furthermore, work in progress demonstrates how we can identify behaviors prior to an attempt at a hotspot, an important gap identified by papers in the literature.ConclusionsThus far, CCTV and video have been used in a wide array of applications, most notably in designing automated detection systems, with the field heading toward an automated detection system for early intervention. Despite many challenges, we show promising progress in developing an automated detection system for preattempt behaviors, which may allow for early intervention.

Contact tracing of staff in the emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Contact tracing of staff in the emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Application of individual activity recognition in the room using CNN Alexnet method

Technological developments in the digital age are experiencing rapid improvement, especially in the field of sensing technology and network infrastructure. Where due to this, the technology that is more sophisticated and low prices can be affordable by ordinary people. Developments in the field of sensing technology and network infrastructure have enabled the development of intelligent software that can provide real-time analysis of certain situations in an environment, with the aim of improving the quality of human life [1]. Security camera systems, such as Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) are widely used, and can be found in places where monitoring is needed [2]. Low prices and increased use of CCTV in many areas make it easy to use. However, this traditional CCTV requires humans to monitor scenes continuously [3]. Of course, it is very inefficient to ask people to monitor the scene. Therefore, we need an individual activity detection application in the room that is able to recognition to human activities. To detect human activity, aspect ratio and Euclidean Distance are used, while for the recognition, the Alexnet Architecture Convolutional Neural Network method is used. The test results obtained a success rate of 100% for detection of human activity, a best success rate of 96% for recognizing human activity.

Implementing CCTV-Based Attendance Taking Support System Using Deep Face Recognition: A Case Study at FPT Polytechnic College

Face recognition (FR) has received considerable attention in the field of security, especially in the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in security monitoring. Although significant advances in the field of computer vision are made, advanced face recognition systems provide satisfactory performance only in controlled conditions. They deteriorate significantly in the face of real-world scenarios such as lighting conditions, motion blur, camera resolution, etc. This article shows how we design, implement, and conduct the empirical comparisons of machine learning open libraries in building attendance taking (AT) support systems using indoor security cameras called ATSS. Our trial system was deployed to record the appearances of 120 students in five classes who study on the third floor of FPT Polytechnic College building. Our design allows for flexible system scaling, and it is not only usable for a school but a generic attendance system with CCTV. The measurement results show that the accuracy is suitable for many different environments.

The Use of Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) Systems for Detecting Offenses: International Experience

The Use of Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) Systems for Detecting Offenses: International Experience

CCTV surveillance for crime prevention

Research SummaryWe report on the findings of an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of closed‐circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras on crime. The findings show that CCTV is associated with a significant and modest decrease in crime. The largest and most consistent effects of CCTV were observed in car parks. The results of the analysis also demonstrated evidence of significant crime reductions within other settings, particularly residential areas. CCTV schemes incorporating active monitoring generated larger effect sizes than did passive systems. Schemes deploying multiple interventions alongside CCTV generated larger effect sizes than did schemes deploying single or no other interventions alongside CCTV.Policy ImplicationsThe results of this systematic review—based on 40 years of evaluation research—lend support for the continued use of CCTV to prevent crime as well as reveal a greater understanding of some of the key mechanisms of effective use. Of particular salience is the continued need for CCTV to be narrowly targeted on vehicle crimes and property crime and not be deployed as a “stand‐alone” crime prevention measure. As CCTV surveillance continues to expand its reach in both public and private space and evolve with new technology, policy will benefit from high‐quality evaluations of outcomes and implementation.

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television for Oral Tests in the Language Laboratory

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television for Oral Tests in the Language Laboratory