Use Of Cliches Research Articles

Analysing discourse analysis for cliches of scientific texts

The article looks at the methodology of discourse analysis relating to language cliches in scientific discourse, by covering along the integral features of cliche as constructs of internal discourse grammar.The definition of ‘cliche’ is considered in the context of the underlying principles of cliche theory. The linguistic field may treat the cliche with the binary vectors of interpretation, at the same time nominating the phenomenon of language and being materially expressed as a cliche of consciousness. The language cliche means a regular (constant) combination of autonomous verbal signs seen as linguistic formations which form traditionally conveys the given meaning. The most developed question today is the specific use of language cliches in documentary discourse.Scientific discourse presupposes situations marked by a highly-regulated language of science. Scientific texts are characterized by a typical multidimensional and multilevel compositional structure. The highest degree of standardization that determines the frequency of usage associated with cliches as stereotypical language units is natural of texts in the scientific domain. Language cliches play the role of a standard in specialized linguistic texts, deliver the most complete information and save the speech by communication participants. Such units feature relevant semiotic and discursive properties regulated by the general functional and stylistic features of a scientific variety of language.The use of cliches depend on the specifics of scientific communication. That includes the purpose of scientific information, the sequence of its presentation, the content of scientific linguistic work. The language cliches in scientific discourse mainly aim at the systematization of utterances on the research findings, substantiation of hypotheses, proof of theories, conclusion of classification schemes. Cliches as semiotic units allow for understanding the language of this specialized social sphere and perform a number of communicative and pragmatic guidelines. The use of standard units in scientific linguistic communication is associated with the frequency and recurrence of situations in the presentation of scientific data to society.

“Against the Background of Pushkin”: S.I. Vavilov’s Speech at a Meeting at the Poet’s Monument in June 1949

The article introduces a previously unpublished speech of the outstanding Russian scientist-physicist, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, which was delivered by him at the anniversary meeting held on June 5, 1949, at the monument to Alexander Pushkin in Moscow in connection with the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the great Russian poet’s birth. S.I. Vavilov was a great connoisseur of Pushkin’s poetry and literature about him. In the second half of the 1940s, Vavilov actively participated in projects to prepare the anniversary celebrations dedicated to Alexander Pushkin and perpetuate the memory of the poet. Analysis of S.I. Vavilov’s speech, which, unlike his other “Pushkin speeches”, was not intended for the press, shows that in evaluating the great poet’s work, along with the use of cliches, traditional for the epoch, the scientist also took certain liberties. In particular, he did not utter the ritual words praising Stalin, the Communist Party and the Soviet State. The poet Ya.P. Polonsky quoted by Vavilov was not among the classics recognized by Soviet literary criticism, and the selected quote from him could be interpreted as a hint of condemnation of the surrounding Stalinist reality. Numerous fragments of the scientist’s personal diaries indicate his critical attitude towards the latter, in particular.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND IDEOLOGICAL STAMPS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the interpretation of historical narrative in the context of political discourse. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate what language means are used to create ideological texts interpreting historical events. The article states that political discourse practices, adopted in any given society, are designed to give the “right” interpretation of the original historical narrative for public use. One of the most characteristic features of political discourse is the use of cliches and stock phrases. The article presents the analysis of how language expressions acquire stock phrases status, and it also stresses that figures of speech have the tendency of transformation in cliches which primarily have not a reference value, but a powerful evaluation capacity, based on the non-triviality, distinctiveness and novelty of expression. The article states that in the political discourse metaphors play a crucial role. Metaphors form their semantic bridgehead in the socio-political discourse. Journalistic metaphors are focused on the estimated effect generation - positive or negative, and they give to a discourse a dynamic saturation or a confrontational tension. Suggestive capacities of cliches are actively used by political technologists in the development of ideologies which provide power control over the public consciousness through the imposition of stereotypes and mental schemes introduced in the cognitive frameworks of a society. It is believed that the role of the ideological cliches is mostly pronounced in the states with tough political regime. However, ideological cliches equally inherent in political discursive practices of western countries which consider themselves as democratic ones, these cliches are accurately integrated in the social value system and corresponding language picture of a society.

Can a Language Go Mad?

The purpose of this article is to examine Jacques Derrida's criticism of the significance Hannah Arendt ascribes to the tongue. Derrida develops this criticism in The Monolingualism of the Other, or the Prosthesis of Origin, challenging Arendt's contention in her acclaimed 1964 interview with Gunter Gaus that one's cannot go mad.1 Derrida argues that the notion of the mother tongue is itself mad, exposing us not to an originary context of meaning as Arendt suggests, but rather to our always already fractured and distant relation to this origin. In raising this objection, Derrida makes an integral and widely overlooked intervention in the discourse on the tongue.2 Yet, I intend to show that Derrida and, more recently, Donatella Di Cesare in her endorsement of his objection, fail to appreciate the political concerns at work in Arendt's commitment to her tongue. My aim, therefore, is to bring into focus the political stakes involved in the question of the and, in so doing, demonstrate that we must develop a deeper understanding of Arendt's reasons for holding this view of language before we can reach a verdict on Derrida's intervention.To this end, I turn to Arendt's claim in the 1964 interview that those who forget their only have recourse to cliches in their new language. I take this up in light of her discussion of language in Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil to show that Arendt identifies a danger involved in forgetting one's through her analysis of Adolf Eichmann's incessant and incoherent use of cliches. Arendt suggests that in their interchangeability, these cliches give rise to or an instrumental use of language, which, in its meaninglessness, marks a departure from the tongue.3 As I shall demonstrate, Eichmann's empty talk is characteristically totalitarian; it shields him from the reality of his deeds by divorcing him from both his singularity and the nexus of relations that grant him this singularity. I thus turn to this text to draw attention to the decisive role Arendt believes the plays in political life, suggesting that for her, our primary language reminds us of our radical singularity and, with this, our responsibility to the world in which we find ourselves. Hence, by putting Derrida in dialogue with Arendt on the question of the and by reframing Arendt's attachment to the German language in terms of her broader political project, I argue that Derrida's intervention by no means settles the question of the tongue; instead, it raises new questions concerning the political significance of our relation to language.1. DERRIDA'S INTERVENTION IN THE QUESTION OF THE MOTHER TONGUEDerrida addresses Arendt's remarks concerning her in a footnote in The Monolingualism of the Other. As Michael Naas explains, Derrida's discussion in this text is distinctive insofar as it recasts the familiar theme of spectrality in a political register through the language of the phantasm. According to Naas, he is especially concerned to draw our attention to the phantasm of putatively pure origin, indeed of any phantasm of purity and of any simple, seemingly self-evident or axiomatic origin, and indivisible, inviolable center.4 Derrida accomplishes this by deconstructing the presumed purity of the language in which he finds himself. One of his most autobiographical works, he takes his point of departure in The Monolingualism of the Other from his own experience of language as a French speaking Algerian Jew, which leads him to conclude that we only ever have one language, but this language is never our own.5The criticism Derrida raises against Arendt gives further contour to the broader themes he addresses throughout The Monolingualism of the Other. For Derrida, speaking French does not deliver him over to an originary and orienting context of meaning, as it does for Arendt. …

Heroes, toxic ferrets and a large man from Leeds

The world of sport, and sports coaching more generally, appears to be fertile ground for establishing an array of mantras (i.e. ‘fail to prepare and prepare to fail’ … ‘never say “me” instead think “we”’…), for the use of cliche (‘I'm just over the moon…really am’) and for the promotion of meta-narratives (‘sport is good’). The lexicon of cliche, mantra and meta-narrative often fuse to the point of being indistinguishable. However, despite the challenges of definition and categorization they can, in their confused collective, forge a kind of contextualised truth. If the reader can hold-close his or her own catalogue of inane sporting chatter then the story presented has a greater chance of gaining purchase. My auto-ethnographic tale ensconced in this paper is written against a backdrop of frustration with the nature of the contemporary sports-lexicon. I link this background irritation with the power-ridden and relentless nature of institutionalised pressures. The story explores the challenges I faced struggling to cope with personal location, feeling somehow ‘aside-from’ the thrust of working culture, alongside being ‘outside’ the public mood during the London Olympics of 2012. The storyline is reflective and reflexive in tone, seeking to document and make sense of physical events and contemplative moments as I navigated and eventually challenged the meta-narratives, clichés and mantras that surround us all in everyday lives. In this exercise I seek to relate the athletic notion of ‘hard work and sacrifice’ to events that might appear across a wider societal canvas. Issues raised here are related, sometimes in a direct sense, to the process of coaching (through a series of indented italic comment) and indirectly through the narrative itself.

Troubled by Impossible Dreams: Fantasy and Desire in Gerald Murnane's <em>A Lifetime on Clouds</em>

WHAT IS THE PARTICULAR NATURE OF THE FRUSTRATION one feels upon reading ending of Gerald Murnane's second novel, A Lifetime on Clouds (1976)? While critics have at times considered this text one of author's lesser achievements, it remains eminently engaging, not to mention riotously funny, yet clearly lacking some of more formally experimental elements of his more frequently discussed works, such as The Plains ( 1982) and Landscape within Landscape (1985). In many ways, A Lifetime on Clouds functions as a more generically realistic version of some of key plot elements and thematic concerns of other, more difficult Murnane novels; to wit, it explores unreliability of narrative as a representation of reality; role of memory and fantasy in shaping of an individual's perception of world; and difficulty of orientating oneself in relation to external ideologies and explanations of experiences of life.However, against critical tendency to consider this novel a relatively straightforward exploration of a Catholic schoolboy in Melbourne in 1950s, I want to propose a reading of novel as not only a key text in Murnane canon, but also as a novel that evocatively typifies some of key contradictions in political and historical context from which it emerged. Here, I suggest that this novel, even more than Murnane's other works, functions as a symptom of a particular moment in history of Western world. While dominant formal component, use of irony and satire, seemingly offers a radical critique of Catholic orthodoxy, I will argue that ending of novel largely conforms to an ideology of hopelessness in late capitalist, postmodern society. In essence, novel traps protagonist and reader in a solipsistic world from which there is no escape. While seemingly critical, this entrapment risks becoming politically paralyzing, obliterating any hope of change or resistance to dominant ideologies. Furthermore, I will link conclusion of Murnane's novel to another modern conception of power in mid-seventies, arguing that a vision of internalized subjection to a totalizing authority is a product of that specific moment in history. While such views of power have been influential and very widely discussed, they may now be considered more specifically as illustrative of their historical and socio-political context, as well as judged in terms of their potential efficacy in mobilizing resistance to such power structures.The plot of Murnane's novel is predominantly centered on inner life of an adolescent, Catholic schoolboy in western suburbs of Melbourne in 1950s. Adrian Sherd is initially depicted as being entirely submerged in his own fantasies of orgies with Hollywood starlets; novel opens with an extended, bravura depiction of such an event. He was driving a station wagon towards a lovely beach in Florida-an immense arc of white sloping down to warm, waters of Gulf of Mexico. His name was Adrian Sherd. His friends in car with him were Jayne and Marilyn and Susan (Murnane 3). The tone of Adrian's masturbatory fantasy is immediately established through combination of predictably blue prose of romance (gradually developing into erotica) and a sense of ironic distance, evoked primarily through use of cliches: untrodden white sand and sapphire-blue waters. The scene becomes increasingly pornographic, as Adrian begins to physically handle his imaginary actress, and the two of them [Jayne and Susan] stood smiling provocatively while he grappled with Marilyn's naked body and finally subdued and copulated with her (5). The timing of Murnane's final verb-copulated-seems to rupture any involvement reader might (somewhat implausibly) have had with Adrian's fantasy. Subsequently, narrator is revealed as a sexually inexperienced teenage boy.Murnane situates plot in a newly constructed outer suburb of Melbourne, Accrington, where Adrian lives with his parents and siblings. …

Turkish Prospective Kindergarten Teachers′ Conceptions Concerning some Selected Atmospheric Events

Prospective kindergarten teachers (n=144) participated in the present study including answering a questionnaire about conceptions concerning some selected events that occur in the atmosphere: wind, cloud, rain, hail, snow, thunder and lightning. Analysis included participants explanations (including participants’ teaching), and drawings (with notes) about the concept itself and occurrence of the event represented by the concept. All the participants in the present study were found to have had at least one misconception concerning the concepts or formation of the events which are good candidates for transmitting to the next generation; they are still found to be bound by stereotype phrases and overgeneralized use of cliches; lack knowledge and may have dual views concerning selected atmospheric events. Not in all contexts but they can use their conceptions consistently. They were found to have a tendency to use analogies and models while explaining events. Participants’ answers were categorized thus: affected; contaminated by teaching/ schooling and formed by worldview features of the participants. Implications for teaching are discussed.

Perfil comunicativo de indivíduos com a síndrome de Williams-Beuren

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil comunicativo de indivíduos com a síndrome de Williams-Beuren. MÉTODOS: A casuística foi composta por 12 indivíduos com a síndrome com idade cronológica entre 6;6 a 23;6 (Grupo 1) que foram comparados a outros 12 sem a síndrome e com idade mental semelhante e sem dificuldades de linguagem/aprendizagem (Grupo 2). Os indivíduos foram avaliados em situação de conversação para classificação dos comportamentos verbais e não-verbais, segundo critérios pragmáticos, levantamento do número de turnos por minuto, enunciados por turno, Extensão Média de Enunciados, levantamento quanto à freqüência e tipologia de disfluências da fala e classificação quanto ao tipo de pausas plenas do discurso. RESULTADOS: O perfil comunicativo do Grupo 1 mostrou facilidade para interagirem em situação de comunicação com a presença de limitações lingüísticas estruturais e funcionais variáveis, quando comparados aos indivíduos do Grupo 2. Os indivíduos do Grupo 1 freqüentemente utilizaram estratégias comunicativas, na tentativa de preencherem o espaço comunicativo, como o uso de clichês, efeitos sonoros, recursos entonacionais e as pausas plenas que mostraram ser favoráveis do ponto de vista sócio-comunicativo, enquanto que os comportamentos verbais ecolálicos e perseverativos prejudicam o desempenho comunicativo desses indivíduos. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho comunicativo mais prejudicado do Grupo 1 permitiu especular que comprometimentos lingüísticos nesta condição podem estar presentes, independente da diferença entre idade cronológica e mental. Estudos mais abrangentes poderão responder ao questionamento da dissociação de habilidades cognitivas e lingüísticas nesta síndrome e também no que diz respeito à complexa esta correlação em meio aos distúrbios da comunicação humana.

Reciting America: Culture and Cliche in Contemporary U. S. Fiction

From 'one nation under God' to 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness', what we say about being American is closely linked to how we understand ourselves as Americans. Through a close examination of four representative post-World War II novels, Christopher Douglas illuminates the complex relationship between being American and reciting American discourses. Reciting provides fresh readings of Russell Banks' Continental Drift, Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, Maxine Hong Kingston's Woman Warrior, and T. Coraghessan Boyle's East Is East, as well as other texts such as the cartoons of Matt Groening and the inaugural poems of Robert Frost and Maya Angelou.Considering these works in light of theories of Mikhail Bakhtin, Sacvan Bercovitch, and others, Douglas suggests that the American Dream and several other national vocabularies have become inflexible forms of language that disallow apprehension of the real. He explores how these novels and other texts confront national discourse and strive, though with inconclusive results, to open America up to new subject positions by offering alternatives to the dominant ideology.Douglas finds contemporary intellectual and political life, against the backdrop of a mythology enshrined in proclamations, pledges, and public documents, to be impoverished by the pervasive use of cliches, which he identifies as figures of speech that stimulate emotion or action while short circuiting reflection. In its extreme cliched form, the American Dream consists of nothing more than advertising slogans and popular culture images; yet these pronouncements retain a powerful hold on the will and imagination of U.S. citizens. Probing the limits of public discourse, the power of the American Dream cliche, and the complexity of identity in the United States, Reciting is a sophisticated look at the range of motion available to individuals trying to act on the official texts that produce them as social beings.

Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady

Although it is the norm for cartoonists to employ satire that distorts the truth, there is still the danger that sexism or other biases may be present in cartoons. The cartoon images of Hillary Clinton suggest a backlash against the professional woman, as evidenced by the obsession with Hillary among cartoonists, the continual use of cliches and stereotypes, and the overt sexism in the images and symbols used to depict her. Cartoonists see Hillary violating gender norms. Cartoon images fall into the following categories: gender reversals, Hillary as radical feminist and emasculator, domestic imagery, woman as body, the public woman, cherchez la femme, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of. The work of Susan Faludi on the backlash, Judith Butler on gender, Germain Greer on the role of the First Lady, and John Fiske on discourse and media events is useful in analyzing the cartoonists' stance toward Hillary Clinton.

`Work Hard, Play Hard': An Analysis of Organizational Cliche in Two Accountancy Practices

In this paper we explore one specific aspect of the way language is used in organizations—the use of cliche and slogans by organizational members. Drawing upon a 12-month qualitative study of two international accountancy practices ('Firm A' and `Firm B') we examine different instances of cliche in the discourse of their organizational actors. The cliches are seen to operate in several complex ways, but at a general level are understood to be intimately linked to the accomplishment of control within professional organizations.

“Hitting Paydirt”: Capacity Theory and Sports Announcers’ Use of Cliches

An examination of 34 college football telecasters suggests that, when the game is close, the outcome unexpected, or the teams prominent, announcers under stress rely on clinches in order to be able to maximize their attention to the game.

The Character of Swift's Satire: A Revised Focus.

The nature, style, and targets of Swift's witty, biting, and sometimes violent satire are critically investigated in this collection of essays. They portray Swift's social criticism in the light of his involvement in the politics of Anglo-Irish relations, and trace his literary roots, describing his connection with the Renaissance and studying his use of cliches and rhetoric.

Use and Misuse of Clichés in Clinical Supervision

Beginning psychiatrists use technical jargon as a defense against the anxiety stirred by their new tasks. Jargon is a special case of the cliche, an empty truth replacing genuine understanding with an affectively neutral pseudounderstanding. At the outset of training, cliches provide a false sense of knowledgeableness, help the resident to feel like a member of the institutional group and of his discipline, and serve as a substitute for clear thinking. As a temporary defense, as well as an early stage of identification with psychiatry, the use of cliches should be respected. They serve as indicators of the resident's progress, being used with increasing sophistication by those who are growing professionally, and remaining as sterile defensive maneuvers in those who are not. Persistent confrontation helps arouse curiosity about cliches and promotes their transformation into concepts.

Taking the Splatter out of Your Technical Writing

Three major ills of engineering writing are use of cliches, round-about expressions, and long, unfamiliar words. Articles containing such words and phrases are lengthy and tiresome to read, and often have their basic meaning obscured. Cliches, round-about expressions, and long words may be likened to solder splatter in a hand-wired chassis. Splatter gives the job an unprofessional appearance and may interfere with circuit operation. This article identifies many of the more common splatter-expressions that creep into engineering writing. It is based on a six-month study during which words and phrases deleted from articles published in Electronics magazine were accumulated and tabulated.