Use Of Chemical Pesticides Research Articles

The role of agricultural mechanization services in reducing pesticide input: promoting sustainable agriculture and public health.

An increasing amount of pesticide input is posing a serious threat to the environment and public health. However, the quantitative analysis of the impact of agricultural mechanization services (AMS) on reducing pesticide input is not yet clear. In this study, the impact of AMS on pesticide input was estimated by using the Chinese Family Database and the endogenous switching regression model. Subsequently, testing the robustness of the model using the substitution variable method. The impact of AMS on different types of pesticides and the influence of farmers' choices of AMS on pesticide input under different terrain conditions and farm sizes were analyzed as well. The results demonstrate that AMS has a significant and negative impact on pesticide input, reducing pesticide expenditures by 56.08% for farmers who adopt AMS. For farmers who do not adopt AMS, adopting such services is assumed to reduce pesticide input by 14.97%. AMS can also reduce the use of insecticides and herbicides by over 54%. Compared to mountainous and hilly areas, AMS in plain areas increase the effectiveness of pesticide input reduction by 30.40%. Furthermore, small-scale farmers who adopt AMS can increase pesticide input reduction by 90 yuan/mu compared with large-scale farmers. Therefore, promoting the development of socialized AMS, strengthening AMS in mountainous and hilly areas, and expanding the scale of operation for small-scale farmers can help improve the effectiveness of pesticide input reduction. The results of this study can inform the development of strategies to reduce chemical pesticide use in agricultural soil.

Edukasi Tentang Identifikasi Dan Pengendalian Hama Dan Penyakit Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Pestisida Nabati Di Desa Bangun Sari, Kecamatan Kampar Kiri Hilir, Kabupaten Kampar, Riau

Bangun Sari Village is a village in Kampar Kiri Hilir District. Judging from its geographical location, Bangun Sari Village has great potential for development as an oil palm plantation business. Behind its potential, there are disturbances that can reduce oil palm productivity, namely plant pest organisms. One of the caterpillars that eat oil palm leaves is the fire caterpillar (setora nitens). Fire caterpillar attacks are generally treated by using synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the use of synthetic chemical pesticides can have negative effects. The best solution to overcome this is to use vegetable pesticides. Many plants can be used as raw materials for vegetable pesticides, such as babadotan plants, lemongrass leaves, neem leaves and others. Based on surveys and interview results, the PKM team received information that the community had no knowledge of identifying and controlling plant pests and diseases. Therefore, pest and disease control must be right on target and carried out with good and correct procedures. Control measures are expected to increase palm oil production and productivity.

Molecular characteristics of some Botrytis isolates and antagonistic activity of Bacillus subtilis and its bacteriocin on tomato fruit

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most devastating agricultural diseases during the pre and postharvest stages. This study aims to investigate the application of Bacillus subtilis as a bioagent against B. cinerea and reducing pre and postharvest disease as a replacement method to chemical pesticides. Five Botrytis isolates were molecularly confirmed and the virulent isolate BC2 was registered for the first time in the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with accession number OP257237. The mycelial growth of B. cinerea was inhibited by up to 84% when treated with the bio agent bacterium using the double drawing method in Petri plates. Pre-harvest application of B. subtilis at a concentration of 108/ml CFU reduced postharvest -gray mold of tomato fruit during ripening stages in the greenhouse. Preharvest application of bioagent bacterium B. subtilis induced the levels of B-1, 3-glucanase and Polyphenol oxidase, indicating enhanced plant resistance to gray mold. Disease severity was decreased compared with control and extended the shelf life at 25 °C.The field application of the bio agent bacterium at the maturity of ripening in preharvest had a significant effect on increasing the level of polyphenol oxidase PPO and B-1, 3-glucanase, which are related to the enhancement of plant defenses and resistance. Additionally, it led to an increase in storage life and a reduction in post-harvest losses. The results demonstrated that preharvest application of bio agent bacterium Bacillus subtilis improved the quality of postharvest tomato fruit and significantly reduced gray mold incidence, all without the use of chemical pesticides.

Assessing phytotoxicity and cyto-genotoxicity of two insecticides using a battery of in-vitro biological assays.

Intensive use of chemical pesticides in agriculture poses environmental risks and may have negative impacts on agricultural productivity. The potential phytotoxicity of two chemical pesticides, chlorpyrifos (CPS) and fensulfothion (FSN), were evaluated using Cicer arietinum and Allium cepa as model crops. Different concentrations (0-100 μgmL-1) of both CPS and FSN decreased germination and biological attributes of C. arietinum. High pesticide doses significantly (p≤0.05) caused membrane damage by producing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increasing proline (Pro) content. Pesticides elevated ROS levels and substantially increased the superoxide anions and H2O2 concentrations, thus aggravating cell injury. Plants exposed to high pesticide dosages displayed significantly higher antioxidant levels to combat pesticide-induced oxidative stress. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased by 48%, 93%, 71%, 52% and 94%, respectively, in C. arietinum roots exposed to 100 µgFSNmL-1. Under CLSM, pesticide-exposed C. arietinum and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (2'7'-DCF) and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine stained roots exhibited increased ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, enhanced Rhodamine 123 (Rhd 123) and Evan's blue fluorescence in roots, as well as changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and cellular apoptosis, were both associated with high pesticide dose. Allium cepa chromosomal aberration (CAs) assay showed a clear reduction in mitotic index (MI) and numerous chromosomal anomalies in root meristematic cells. Additionally, a-dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in root meristematic cells of A. cepa and conversion of the super-coiled form of DNA to open circular in pBR322 plasmid revealed the genotoxic potential of pesticides. The application of CPS and FSN suggests phytotoxic and cyto-genotoxic effects that emphasize the importance of careful monitoring of current pesticide level in soil before application and addition at optimal levels to soil-plant system. It is appropriate to prepare both target-specific and slow-release agrochemical formulations for crop protection with concurrent safeguarding of agroecosystems.

Reallocation of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase the income of vegetable farmers and prevent land degradation

The study, which aimed to analyze the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides using the Cobb-Douglas production function approach and their reallocation to increase the income of vegetable farmers and prevent land degradation, was conducted in Sumberejo Village, Batu City, Indonesia. Data were collected from 138 pakcoy (Brassica rapa), celery (Apium graveolens), and red chili (Capsicum annuum) farmers through interviews using a questionnaire. The relationship between input and output was analyzed by regression with the Cobb-Douglas production function. Data validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests were performed to ensure the goodness of fit regression model. Furthermore, the F test and t-test were applied to analyze production response to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This study revealed that the modeled regression equation is appropriate, where R2 = 0.827-0.933. Vegetable production gives a different response to the use of chemical fertilizers (TSP, Urea, and NPK) and pesticides. Increasing this chemical in pakcoy and celery farming is possible, but it needs to be considered because it has no significant effect on increasing production. The productivity of these two types of plants is relatively high. Farmers need to compare the costs of adding these inputs to additional income and the possibility of land degradation. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been excessive in red chili farming, so productivity is very low. There are indications that the land has been degraded, but to be sure, a study is needed on the chemical content of the vegetable fields in Sumberejo Village and the optimal use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Formulation and Characterization of Matrine Oil Dispersion to Improve Droplet Wetting and Deposition.

The unreasonable use of chemical pesticides has caused serious damage to crops and the ecological environment. The botanical pesticide matrine has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly pesticide. Compared with traditional spraying methods, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying has the advantages of safety, rapidity, uniform droplets, low dosages, and no terrain or crop restrictions. In this study, matrine OD was prepared according to the application requirements of flight prevention preparations using three different emulsifiers. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spraying performance of matrine OD were studied. The results indicated that when the amount of emulsifier was 8%, the three types of matrine OD had good stability. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spray performance of the suspension prepared using emulsifier VO/03 were better than the other two emulsifiers. Therefore, matrine OD prepared using 8% VO/03 could be used for ultra-low-volume sprays and aerial applications. In this study, we provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to develop pesticide formulations for aerial applications.

COMPOSITION, MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR COMPOST, VERMICOMPOST AND VERMIWASH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION

Modern horticulture as well as agriculture involves usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers with an Essence of increasing the worlds food production. But they also cause several health hazard, Researchers have found and suggested bio-fertilizers as an excellent alternative to chemical fertilizers.Vermicompost is considered as a high nutrient bio-fertilizer with diverse microbial communities. It plays a vital role in improving growth and yield of different field crops, vegetables, and flower and fruit crops. Vermiwash is rich in enzymes, plant growth hormones, and vitamins along with micro- and macro-nutrients. Vermicompost maintains the soil in a proper homeostatic state. Organic farming does not allow the use of synthetic chemical fertilizer, antibiotic, herbicides or pesticides. Thus the objective of organic farming is agriculture production of fibers, grains, vegetables, flowers, fruits, foods, and animal products such as milk, egg, and meat is the best natural way. Organic farming is a specific type of farming where no chemicals were added to the soil unless they are natural. The farmer must grow their crops naturally. India ranks 33 in world in terms of area under organic farming.

Behavior of Shallot Farmers in Probolinggo Regency on The Use of Chemical Pesticides

This research was conducted based on the conditions for controlling shallot pests in Probolinggo Regency, which still uses chemical pesticides, far from sustainable agricultural practices. Therefore, this study aims as follows: 1. To identify the knowledge of shallot farmers on chemical pesticides; 2. Identify farmers' responses to pests and diseases of shallots; 3. Knowing the pattern of chemical pesticides used by farmers; 4. Develop academic plans on reducing the use of chemical pesticides. This research was a type of descriptive research; the research looked at the phenomena in the research location symbols in society that are considered essential. The approach used in the research was quantitative. In this study, observations were made first to see the initial conditions of the research location, then continued with direct observations of the research location area to collect data according to the results obtained from the intended respondents. The results showed that shallot farmers' knowledge level in Probolinggo Regency was still in the medium category. Meanwhile, the attitudes and actions of farmers in using chemical pesticides were included in the poor level.

Bacillus subtilis YZ-1 surfactins are involved in effective toxicity against agricultural pests.

Insect pests negatively affect crop quality and yield. The excessive use of chemical pesticides has serious impacts on the environment and food safety. Therefore, development of effective management strategies in the form of bio-agents have important agricultural applications. Tenebrio molitor, a storage pest, causes losses of grains, medicinal materials, and various agricultural and related products in the warehouse. Bacillus subtilis YZ-1 isolated from naturally deceased Pieris rapae has been found to exhibit significant toxicity against T. molitor. Treatment with B. subtilis YZ-1 fermentation broth resulted in a 90-95% mortality rate of T. molitor within 36 h post-treatment, indicating some active substances may have insecticidal activity in the bacterial supernatant. A bioactivity-guided fractionation method was used to isolate the insecticidal compounds from YZ-1, which led to the identification of surfactins. Additionally, a surfactin deletion mutant YZ-1△srfAA was constructed and the surfactin production by the mutant YZ-1△srfAA was verified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Further, YZ-1△srfAA exhibited loss of insecticidal activity against T. molitor, Plutella xylostella and Achelura yunnanensis. The insecticidal activity and surfactins contents of several strains of Bacillus sp. were also tested and correlation was found between varying surfactins yield and insecticidal activity exhibited by different strains. Conclusively, our results suggest that B. subtilis YZ-1 may provide a novel approach for plant protection against agricultural pests. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Potential of Rhizophagus intraradices, Bacillus thuringiensis Bt BMKP and Silica for Anthracnose Disease Control in Shallot

Anthracnose caused by <em>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</em> is a prevalent disease that poses a significant threat to shallot production in Indonesia. To mitigate this issue, the use of biological agents presents an alternative for disease control, reducing the inherent risks associated with the use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the potentiality and mechanism of the biological agents (<em>Rhizophagus intraradices</em> and <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>) combined with silica. These agents were evaluated both individually and in combination to suppress the development of anthracnose in Tajuk variety shallot. The study was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse, arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. The ability to suppress pathogenic fungi was determined based on <em>in vitro</em> antagonism tests of <em>B. thuringiensis</em>, disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and the percentage of mycorrhizal fungal infections. Furthermore, the mycorrhizal infection on plant roots was observed using staining methods. The results showed that the <em>Bt</em> BMKP isolate was included in the <em>B. thuringiensis</em> strain RC9 group with the capacity to inhibit <em>C. gloeosporioides</em> <em>in vitro</em> by 18.88%. The combination treatment of <em>R. intraradices</em>, <em>B. thuringiensis</em> and silica reduced infection from anthracnose by 15.52% compared with control. These three treatments also significantly increased the agronomic performance of shallot up to six weeks after planting compared to control and other treatments.

Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Protection: Journey from Lab to Field, Current Status, Challenges, and Global Perspectives.

Plants are constantly exposed to various phytopathogens such as fungi, Oomycetes, nematodes, bacteria, and viruses. These pathogens can significantly reduce the productivity of important crops worldwide, with annual crop yield losses ranging from 20% to 40% caused by various pathogenic diseases. While the use of chemical pesticides has been effective at controlling multiple diseases in major crops, excessive use of synthetic chemicals has detrimental effects on the environment and human health, which discourages pesticide application in the agriculture sector. As a result, researchers worldwide have shifted their focus towards alternative eco-friendly strategies to prevent plant diseases. Biocontrol of phytopathogens is a less toxic and safer method that reduces the severity of various crop diseases. A variety of biological control agents (BCAs) are available for use, but further research is needed to identify potential microbes and their natural products with a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity to control crop diseases. This review aims to highlight the importance of biocontrol strategies for managing crop diseases. Furthermore, the role of beneficial microbes in controlling plant diseases and the current status of their biocontrol mechanisms will be summarized. The review will also cover the challenges and the need for the future development of biocontrol methods to ensure efficient crop disease management for sustainable agriculture.

Fumigant activity and transcriptomic analysis of two plant essential oils against the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda.

Introduction: The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, R., 1952 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is currently one of the most devastating pests in the Chinese tea industry. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has a negative impact on human health, impeding the healthy and sustainable development of the tea industry in this region. Therefore, there is a need for non-chemical insecticides to control E. onukii in tea plants. The essential oils from plants have been identified for their potential insecticidal ability; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of plant essential oils on E. onukii and its gene expression. Methods: In order to address these knowledge gaps, the components of Pogostemon cablin and Cinnamomum camphora essential oils were analyzed in the present study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fumigation toxicity of two essential oils on E. onukii was tested using sealed conical flasks. In addition, We performed comparative transcriptome analyses of E. onukii treated with or without P. cablin essential oil. Results: The 36-h lethal concentration (LC50) values for E. onukii treated with P. cablin and C. camphora essential oils were 0.474 and 1.204μLmL-1 respectively. Both essential oils exhibited the potential to control E. onukii, but the fumigation activity of P. cablin essential oil was more effective. A total of 2,309 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing of E. onukii treated with P. cablin essential oil. Conclusion: Many of differentially expressed genes were found to contain detoxifification genes, indicating that these families may have played an important role when E. onukii was exposed to essential oil stress. We also found differential expression of genes related to redox-related gene families, suggesting the upregulation of genes associated with possible development of drug and stress resistance. This work offers new insights for the prevention and management of E. onukii in the future.

Invasion of fall armyworm led to the succession of maize pests in Southwest China

The invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) invaded Asia in 2018, colonizing the tropical and southern subtropical regions as well as migrating with the monsoons into Northeast Asia during spring and summer. This has resulted in widespread infestations, with significant impacts on maize production in various Asian countries. Previous studies have shown that the invasion of this pest can alter the species relationships of maize pests, but the actual impact on maize pest management is still unclear. This study investigated the changes in maize pest occurrence and pesticide use in the annual breeding areas of S. frugiperda in Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China during 2017–2021, based on surveys and interviews with small farmers in maize production. The results showed that S. frugiperda has emerged as the dominant species among maize pests after invasion and colonization, replacing traditional pests such as Ostrinia furnacalis, Spodoptera litura, Agrotis ypsilon, and Rhopalosiphum maidis. The variety of pesticides used for maize pest control has changed from chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and acetamiprid to emamectin benzoate-based pesticides with high effectiveness against S. frugiperda. Furthermore, the frequency of maize pest chemical applications has increased from an average of 5.88 to 7.21 times per season, with the amounts of pesticides used in summer and autumn maize being significantly higher than in winter and spring maize, thereby increasing application costs by more than 35%. The results of this study clarified the impact of S. frugiperda invasion on maize pest community succession and chemical pesticide use in tropical and south subtropical China, thereby providing a baseline for modifying the regional control strategies for maize pests after the invasion of this relatively new pest.

Allocative Efficiency Of Rice Farming Under Landscape Integrated Pest Management Program In Klaten District

The research aims to (1) identify the factors that influence rice production of landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, (2) analyze the allocative efficiency of rice production factors use under landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, (3) analyze the factors that influence rice farming income of landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, and (4) analyze of IPM field school on the use of chemical pesticides. This research was conducted in December 2018 - July 2019. The basic method of this research was survey. The research location was in Klaten District as one of the landscape IPM program sites. The sample consisted of 30 landscape IPM rice farmers and 30 non-landscape IPM rice farmers who determined by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression equation and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the study are as follow: (1) farmers in Klaten District who applied the principle of landscape IPM had higher rice productivity and farm income, (2) the use of land size and seed on landscape IPM farmers and land use in landscape IPM has not been efficient so that it can still increase land size and seeds to increase rice production (3) increasing in seed prices and wages of hired labor can reduce rice farming income. Meanwhile, the expansion of land size can increase rice farming income, (4) IPM field school has the effect of using fewer chemical pesticides by farmers.

Regulation of 5-Aminolevunilic Acid and Its Application in Agroforestry

The review briefly introduces the natural occurrence, physicochemical properties, and biosynthesis of 5-aminolevuinic acid (ALA) and highlights a variety of applications in the planting industry and its possible mechanisms. It has been known that ALA can be used as biological pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides when the concentrations are higher than 838 mg L−1 (about 5 mmol L−1). When ALA concentrations are 100–300 mg L−1, it can be used to thin surplus flowers in the spring of orchards and promote fruit coloration before maturation. When the concentrations are lower than 100 mg L−1, especially not higher than 10 mg L−1, ALA can be used as a new plant growth regulator to promote seed germination, plant (including root and shoot) growth, enhance stress tolerance, increase crop yield, and improve product quality. In photosynthesis, ALA is involved in the regulation of the whole process. In stress tolerance, ALA induces plant preventive and protective systems through the NO/H2O2 signaling network. In secondary metabolism, ALA regulates many gene expressions encoding transcription factors or function proteins to promote anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis and accumulation. In general, ALA promotes plant health and robustness, reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides—which is conducive to improving the ecological environment, human production, and living conditions—and has a broad application prospect in agroforestry production. As a new plant growth regulator with multiple and powerful functions, the underlying regulatory mechanisms need more study.

Genetic diversity and population structure analyses in barley (Hordeum vulgare) against corn-leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch).

Corn-leaf aphid (CLA), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious economic pest of barley worldwide. Breeding for aphid resistance in plants is considered a cost-effective and environmentally safe approach for aphid control, compared to the use of chemical pesticides. One of the challenges in breeding for aphid resistance is the identification of resistant plant genotypes, which can be achieved through the use of molecular markers. In the present study, a set of aphid specific 10 simple-sequence repeats (SSR) markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and population structure analyses in 109 barley genotypes against R. maidis. Three statistical methods viz., multivariate hierarchical clustering based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and the Bayesian approach were utilized to classify the 109 barley genotypes. The analyses revealed four subpopulations i.e., SubPop1, SubPop2, SubPop3 and SubPop4 with 19, 46, 20 and 24 genotypes including admixtures, respectively and represented 17.43%, 42.2%, 18.34% and 22.01% genotypes of the total population size, respectively. The studied SSR markers produced 67 polymorphic bands, with an average of 6.7 and ranging from 3 to 12 bands. Heterozygosity (H) was found to be highest in SSR28 (0.64) and lowest in SSR27 (0.89). The observed genetic diversity index varied from 0.10 to 0.34 (with an average of 0.19). Major allele frequency varied from 74.08% to 94.80%. On an average, 87.52% of the 109 barley genotypes shared a common major allele at any locus. Based on the Aphid Infestation Index (AII), only 2 genotypes were found to be resistant against CLA. SubPop2 also had lowest mean aphid population (28.83), widest genetic similarity index (0.60-1.00) and highest genetic similarity coefficient (0.82), which highlighted its potential for inclusion in future CLA resistance breeding programs.

Assistance in Proposing Prima3 Food Safety Certification to Business Actors and Farmers in the Sembalun Area

So far, in the Sembalun area, business actors or agribusinesses of fresh food from plants such as vegetables and fruit have not yet made maximum efforts to obtain safe products for consumption, because they are very dependent on excessive chemical inputs. Likewise, few people in general care about Prima3 or Prima2 certification, because there has not been any socialization of the importance of this certification. Therefore, in this activity, it is necessary to provide assistance in preparing applications for Prima 3 and Prima 2 PSAT food safety certification, so that the number of people doing PSAT and domestic product businesses (rice, corn and other foods in storage) increases. The method used in this activity is the Action Research Method by applying a Participatory Action Program approach from participants through discussion and group work in all activities. The stages in this activity include preparation stages, including problem identification, then a basic survey using exploratory descriptive methods. The activity results show that farmers' assistance in preparing to apply for PSAT, Prima3 and Prima2 food safety certification in the Sembalun area is felt to be very important. Farmers and business groups feel motivated to develop alternative techniques for healthy agricultural cultivation to obtain PSAT products that are safe for consumption. Good horticultural practices to produce safe PSAT products for consumption are considered very important in the Sembalun area. Farmers actually understand the need for efforts to reduce the use of synthetic chemical inputs, both fertilizers and pesticides, in horticultural cultivation to produce products that are safe for consumption. For the continuation of extension activities and its follow-up, it is necessary to continue to provide assistance to farmers and groups of fresh plant origin food (PSAT) entrepreneurs from the Food Security Service, so that the number of prima 3 and prima 2 certificates will increase in the Sembalun area.

From genes to policy: mission-oriented governance of plant-breeding research and technologies.

Mission-oriented governance of research focuses on inspirational, yet attainable goals and targets the sustainable development goals through innovation pathways. We disentangle its implications for plant breeding research and thus impacting the sustainability transformation of agricultural systems, as it requires improved crop varieties and management practices. Speedy success in plant breeding is vital to lower the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, increase crop resilience to climate stresses and reduce postharvest losses. A key question is how this success may come about? So far plant breeding research has ignored wider social systems feedbacks, but governance also failed to deliver a set of systemic breeding goals providing directionality and organization to research policy of the same. To address these challenges, we propose a heuristic illustrating the core elements needed for governing plant breeding research: Genetics, Environment, Management and Social system (GxExMxS) are the core elements for defining directions for future breeding. We illustrate this based on historic cases in context of current developments in plant phenotyping technologies and derive implications for governing research infrastructures and breeding programs. As part of mission-oriented governance we deem long-term investments into human resources and experimental set-ups for agricultural systems necessary to ensure a symbiotic relationship for private and public breeding actors and recommend fostering collaboration between social and natural sciences for working towards transdisciplinary collaboration.

Konsentrasi pencemar timbal (Pb) pada sayur lalapan di pasar tradisional dan supermarket di Kota Yogyakarta

Lalapan is a popular food consumed. The increase in population, industrial activities, transportation, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to lead (Pb) pollution in the environment, contaminating vegetables that are to be consumed and posing health risks. Therefore, research was conducted regarding the analysis of Pb pollutant concentrations in lettuce, basil and cucumber sold in traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Yogyakarta. Samples were extracted using 65% HNO3 and 37% HCl, and then the concentration of Pb in the samples was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The research results showed that all types of vegetables sold in traditional markets and supermarkets have been contaminated with Pb with concentrations ranging from 0.418 to 1.575 mg/kg, with the highest Pb concentration was found in basil with an average of 1.5156 mg/kg. The average concentrations of Pb in lalapan sold in traditional markets and supermarkets, when compared to the quality standard set by SNI regulation (2009) for cucumber sold in supermarkets N, are still below the safe limit of 0.5 mg/kg for , while the rest have exceeded the quality standard limit. There are significant differences in the concentration of Pb pollutants in vegetables sold in markets and supermarkets, as well as based on sales location, type of vegetable, and vegetable source. The consumption pattern of vegetables ranges from 62-97 g/day and poses health risks as the RQ value is greater than 1. Additionally, it has the potential to cause cancer because ECR > E-4.

A sustainable rural entrepreneurship model developed by the organic farmers of India

Learning outcomes Teaching objective 1: To flourish and explore the current business model to get socioeconomic benefits from organic farming compared to conventional farming; in the context of hill farming. Teaching objective 2: To explore and design innovative entrepreneurship opportunities in the field of organic farming and how these opportunities can be seized by using managerial skills. Teaching objective 3: To analyze the economic benefits of organic farming compared to conventional farming. Case overview/synopsis Manj Gaon is a small village in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. This village serves as the Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board’s training facility. Organic farming was the primary source of income for farmers in the late 1970s, but the Green Revolution in India had a negative impact on agriculture, the environment and the economy of the country. After the Green Revolution, the agriculture sector was completely dominated by conventional farming, and the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides affected the village to some extent. But farmers like Bhagchand Ramola paved the way for other farmers to grow and shine through organic farming. The organic farming model developed by Ramola was helping farmers and society in several aspects, such as the economy, health and the environment. A self-developed organic farming model had been generating fair revenue for the farmers and uplifting their socioeconomic status as compared to conventional farming. Complete adoption of organic farming in the village requires an analysis in terms of sustainable economic growth. However, there was a certain dilemma that was stifling the growth of the newly adopted business model because farmers were dependent only on Japanese buyers and input providers. So, there was a huge need to tie up with other consulates across the country. Secondly, expanding a business model requires more input and output in terms of manpower and revenue, so persuading conventional farmers to adopt the organic farming model was quite a challenge for Ramola. Complexity academic level The case can be taught to the MBA-level students. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.