Cell Phone Use Research Articles

Gangguan Media Sosial bagi Self Regulated Learning Mahasantri Pondok Pesantren Al-Ghozali

The current era of globalization has a significant impact on technological development. Developing technology is also accompanied by advances in social media. The advancement of social media has an impact on excessive attachment to handphone and social media. The method used in this research is a type of qualitative research using interview techniques with four mahasantri as sources. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing how social media affects self-regulated learning in mahasantri. Researchers want to explore more deeply how the picture of self-regulated learning in mahasantri when viewed from activities inside the cottage and outside the cottage, cellphone use, and how to study. The results of this study are that there is a very different picture of Self Regulated Learning in PP Al-Ghozali mahasantri, the picture includes metacognition, learning motivation, and learning behavior. Disruption of learning can occur such as distraction from learning because there are WhatsApp notifications and will continue to scroll through social media such as Youtube Short, Youtube, TikTok and Instagram.

Cyber Bullying

Abstract: Cyberbullying involves the use of cell phones or social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter to harass, threaten, or intimidate individuals, adversely impacting their mental health. Our project focuses on the detection of such harmful commentsusing a machine learning algorithm, categorizing them into two severity levels: "low" and "high." Given the ubiquitous nature of social media, especially in the post-pandemic era, it has become an integral part of our lives for communication across all age groups. While it facilitates easy communication, social media also presents challenges, such as the escalation of hateful comments beyond the realm of healthy discourse. Recognizing the potential harm caused by these comments, our solution aims to identify and classify them based on severity using machine learning, enabling appropriate intervention.

Factors of Decreased Visual Acuity in Primary and Junior High School Students Aged 6-15 Years in the Working Area of Cimareme Community Health Center, West Bandung Regency

The issue of decreased visual acuity in children, especially in primary and junior high school ages, has not been well socialized. Many children and parents still lack understanding regarding the risk factors associated with daily activities that contribute to decreased visual acuity. This study is an analytical observational research using a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted on all students from grade I to grade VI of SD Unggulan Al-Amin, totaling 266 individuals, and all students from grade VII to grade IX of SMP Unggulan Al-Amin, totaling 120 individuals. Data were collected through visual acuity examinations using the Snellen chart at 6 meters and interviews guided by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Among the students of SD Unggulan Al-Amin, six factors were found to have a significant relationship with decreased visual acuity based on the chi-square test. These six factors are reading position (p=0.001), frequency of cellphone use (p=0.000), duration of gadget use (p=0.001), gadget usage position (p=0.040), distance while watching TV (p=0.046), and distance from eyes to cellphone screen (p=0.019). Among the students of SMP Unggulan Al-Amin, eight factors were found to have a significant relationship, including reading position (p=0.00), frequency of cellphone use (p=0.000), duration of gadget use (p=0.000), gadget usage position (p=0.000), frequency of TV watching (p=0.001), duration of TV watching (p=0.000), distance while watching TV (p=0.000), and distance from eyes to cellphone screen (p=0.000). Decreased visual acuity was experienced by 56.8% of students from SD Unggulan Al-Amin and 18.3% of students from SMP Unggulan Al-Amin. There is a significant relationship between risk factors and decreased visual acuity, including reading position, frequency of cellphone use, duration of gadget use, gadget usage position, frequency of TV watching, duration of TV watching, distance while watching TV, and distance from eyes to cellphone screen.

The role of death-related advertisements in cell phone use while driving

Approximately 25% of accidents in the United States are caused by texting while driving, prompting the creation of several media campaigns to reduce such risky behavior. The current research examined whether death-related advertisements increase cell phone use while driving. Studies 1-3 found that individuals engaged in greater distracted driving in the presence of a mortality-themed texting advertisement. Study 2 demonstrated that participants were more likely to text on their cell phone using a driving simulator, leading to more swerving and collisions after viewing a death-related (vs. neutral) poster. Finally, using eye-tracking, Study 3 showed that participants who viewed a death advertisement looked away from the road and texted more as compared to persons in the control condition. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Altered gait parameters in distracted walking: a bio-evolutionary and prognostic health perspective on passive listening and active responding during cell phone use.

The underpinnings of bipedal gait are reviewed from an evolutionary biology and prognostic health perspective to better understand issues and concerns related to cell phone use during ambulation and under conditions of distraction and interference. We also consider gait-related health issues associated with the fear of or risk of falling and include prognostic dimensions associated with cognitive decline, dementia, and mortality. Data were acquired on 21 healthy young adults without hearing loss, vestibular, balance, otological or neurological dysfunction using a computerized walkway (GAITRite® Walkway System) combined with specialized software algorithms to extract gait parameters. Four experimental conditions and seven temporo-spatial gait parameters were studied: gait velocity, cadence, stride length, ambulatory time, single-support time, double-support time, and step count. Significant main effects were observed for ambulation time, velocity, stride velocity, and double-support time. The greatest impact of distraction and interference occurred during the texting condition, although other significant effects occurred when participants were verbally responding to queries and passively listening to a story. These experimental observations show that relatively simple distraction and interference tasks implemented through the auditory sensory modality can induce significant perturbations in gait while individuals were ambulating and using a cell phone. Herein, emphasis is placed on the use of quantifiable gait parameters in medical, psychological, and audiological examinations to serve as a foundation for identifying and potentially averting gait-related disturbances.

Development and evaluation of a Bayesian network model for preventing distracted driving

Distracted driving is one of the most significant factors leading to fatal car crashes. Using a cell phone while driving is one of the riskiest behaviors while driving and is the cause of death for hundreds of drivers in the United States. Distraction prevention technologies, such as cell phone blocking apps that limit the functioning of cell phones while the car is moving, are one strategy for combating distracted driving. The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of cell phone blocking apps on driving behaviors and crashes caused by distracted driving using a machine learning algorithm. Some 158 participants were recruited from the state of Maryland to investigate their driving behavior using a state-specific survey. The results of the survey revealed that most people have cell phone blocking apps (62.6%); however, they do not use them on a daily basis (86.7%). A Bayesian network model was then deployed, and the results showed that if all drivers use cell phone blocking apps, crashes occurring due to distraction from cell phone use will decrease by 5 %, and self-reported distraction will decrease by 9 %. The results of this study can be used to detect distracted driving and find the best strategies to overcome this problem. The results also suggest that there should be a greater degree of awareness of distraction prevention technologies and education on the use of these technologies among different groups to reduce the number of fatalities, injuries, and crashes due to distraction.

MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CELLPHONES OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN THE ORTHOPAEDIC DEPARTMENT AT A TERTIARY INSTITUTE IN GAUTENG

The role that fomites have to play in surgical site infection (SSI) and periprostheitic joint infection (PJI) has been observed and researched in the past. However the role that cellphones play in the transfer of microorganisms from hands to surgical sites and the indiscriminate use of cellphones within the Orthopaedics, could increase the risk of infection. This study aimed to measure the contamination of cellphones of health care workers (HCW's) in a South African tertiary hospital. Secondarily was to investigate the cellphone hygiene behaviour of HCW's.A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2022. Samples were taken from the the participant's cellphones under an aseptic technique and sent for microbiology. The participants also filled out a questionnaire on cellphone behaviour. The inclusion criteria was orthopaedic HCW's working in the institution; This included nurses and doctors in the orthopaedic theatres and main orthopaedic wards.Sixty-two participants were included; 54 from Orthopaedics and 7 from Anaesthesia. From the samples, 71% grew pathogens while 30,64% grew two or more colonies. This is slightly lower than other studies which showed contamination up to 100%. Micro-organisms cultured included Staphylococcus species; S.Epidermidis, Methycillin sensitive S.aureas; and E.Coli. Cellphone hygiene behaviour was also better than most other studies in terms of frequency of cleaning the devices and hand hygiene around cellphone usage. This which may be a contributing factor to the lower micro-organism contamination.This study should be the first of many as we have identified that there are indeed pathogens on cellphones transferable to patients; causing sepsis. Though cellphones have become vital in patients management in the hospital setting, factors such as improvement in cellphone hygiene through education and frequent cleaning of cellphones will aid in disabling the negative impact of cellphones in the orthopaedic environment.

Data augmentation based face anti-spoofing (FAS) scheme using deep learning techniques

Recent years have seen a rise in interest in face anti-spoofing (FAS) owing to the critical function it plays in protecting face recognition systems against presentation assaults (PAs). Early-stage FAS approaches relying on handmade characteristics become inaccurate when steadily realistic PAs of unique sorts emerge. Thus, face anti-spoofing algorithms are gaining increasing relevance in such setups. A very innovative method called deep learning has shown remarkable success in difficult computer vision problems. The proposed method uses deep acquisition and transfer of learning to extract characteristics from people’s faces. This is why the authors of this study recommend using the Faster RCNN classifier with a face-liveness detection approach. Two distinct components— the data augmentation module for assessing sparse information as well as the faster RCNN classifier module— make up the anti-spoofing approach. We may use any publicly accessible dataset to train our quicker RCNN classifier. We successively fused these two components and used the Android platform to create a basic face recognition app. The results of the tests demonstrate that the developed module can identify several types of face spoof assaults, such as those carried out with the use of posters, masks, or cell phones. Testing the proposed architecture both across and inside databases using three benchmarking (Idiap Replay Attack, CASIA- FASD, & 3DMAD) demonstrate its ability to deliver outcomes on par with cutting-edge techniques.

87 Virtual Driving Relates to Real-World Risky Driving

Objective:Driving is a cognitively demanding activity commonly affected by brain injury and illness. Accurate driving assessment is essential for reducing risk, optimizing independence, and informing driving-related interventions. Virtual reality driving simulation (VRDS) enables safe, sensitive, objective, and standardized measurement of driving abilities. VRDS has been validated in relation to self-reports and driver records. However, self-reports are subjective, and driver records include only major events (collisions, violations). Video telematics platforms can measure naturalistic driving in a more objective and sensitive manner. The present study used video telematics to examine relationships between VRDS performance and directly observed naturalistic driving.Participants and Methods:20 healthy adult drivers (ages 23-61, mean age=36; 75% women) completed a VRDS assessment that included 1) driving on a straight road, 2) following a truck on a highway, and 3) reacting to a child running into a street to retrieve a ball. Primary VRDS measures were 1) speed and lane management on the straight road; 2) speed and following distance management in the truck-following task; and 3) reaction time, stopping, and distance from the child in the child-ball task. Participants also completed 28 days of naturalistic driving with a video telematics platform in their vehicle. Driving events were detected automatically using accelerometer, GPS, and video data, and driving behaviors were coded by driving risk analysts. The primary naturalistic measure was the number of unsafe driving behaviors per hour driven; specific driving behaviors served as exploratory variables. We examined correlations between VRDS and naturalistic driving variables. Given limited statistical power, we reported correlations that were small-to-medium or greater (r>.2) in primary analyses and medium-to-large or greater (r>.4) in exploratory analyses.Results:On average, drivers exhibited approximately one unsafe driving behavior per hour (M=0.9, SD=0.9, range=0.1-2.7). Common behaviors were failing to stop, unsafe following distance, speeding, and cell phone use. No collisions occurred. Average lane position in VRDS (specifically, leftward deviation from the center of the lane) was correlated with more real-world unsafe driving behaviors per hour (r=.35, p=.13), as were higher average straight road speed (r=.26, p=.27), greater straight road speed variability (r=.28, p=.24), and failing to stop for the child in the child-ball task (r=.22, p=.36). In exploratory analyses, failing to stop for the child was associated with real-world distracted driving (r=.45, p=.047), greater lane position variability in VRDS was associated with real-world unsafe following distance (r=.57, p=.009), and greater speed variability in VRDS was associated with real-world seat belt non-use/misuse (r=.49, p=.03).Conclusions:The present findings provide preliminary evidence that VRDS variables are related to directly observed naturalistic driving, supporting the potential utility of VRDS as a sensitive, ecologically valid driving evaluation tool. As the present study used a small sample of healthy drivers, further research will explore this topic in larger samples and in clinical populations, such as acquired brain injury. Future work will also investigate whether incorporating VRDS with conventional driving evaluation tools (e.g., neuropsychological tests, behind-the-wheel assessments) can enhance the ability of clinical driving evaluations to predict real-world risky driving.

Behind The Screen: Exploring The Phenomenon of Obsessive Love for Cell Phones in Family Relationships

This study investigates the phenomenon of obsessive love for cell phones in the context of family relationships. The main objective is to understand how this obsession affects the family dynamics, the interactions between parents and children and the emotional connection in the family nucleus. A multidimensional approach was translated combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through questionnaires that assessed cell phone dependency and parental perception of the quality of family interactions. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted to explore parents' experiences and perceptions of how obsessive love for cell phones affects their relationship with their children. The results revealed the possible negative effects of this obsession, such as emotional disconnection, decreased effective communication, and reduced family involvement. Consequences for children were also identified, such as a feeling of lack of attention and a lesser connection with their parents. This study highlights the importance of establishing a healthy balance between cell phone use and attention to family relationships. The findings conclude a deeper understanding of the challenges associated with an obsessive love of mobile devices and offer a foundation for developing strategies and practices that promote healthy technology use and richer, more connected family relationships.In summary, this study examines the impact of obsessive cell phone love on family relationships, highlighting the need for mindful, mindful attention to family interactions in an increasingly digital environment

Did COVID-19 mandates influence driver distraction Behaviors? A case study in New Jersey

The global pandemic, Coronavirus (COVID), impacts almost everything, and human driving behavior is no exception. Since its breakdown in March 2020, transportation researchers have pondered on this matter to investigate the impact of COVID on drivers' travel behavior. Most of these studies are self-reported surveys, 'before and during' crash analyses, and short-duration observational studies. With a wider scope from an observational lens, we aim to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on drivers' distraction behaviors from an extensive observational database of distracted driving in New Jersey. A moving observational vehicle equipped with mounted cameras was utilized to collect the drivers' behavior across the high crash corridors and important highways in New Jersey. Samples collected during the COVID mandates and the post-COVID period were analyzed to assess the impact of COVID on drivers' distraction behavior at various temporal setups and roadway geometry. The results indicate a significant increase in cellphone use, eating, and fidgeting/grooming during the post-COVID period. However, behaviors like radio/reaching objects and talking to passengers decreased significantly after COVID. Utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test, this study conducted significance tests to identify the impacts of various temporal and geometric roadway features on each distraction type. Summer season, toll roads and roads with no signal had reduced distraction during the post-COVID compared to the COVID period. Both COVID and post-COVID period showed significant patterns of change of driver behavior within the temporal variables and road geometry. This research's findings would enable comprehension of human behavioral change for COVID mandates.

Proceso de subjetivación y uso de TIC en la escuela. Abordajes y perspectivas

Throughout the history of education, the focus of attention has shifted from the establishment of powers, through content to the student as the center of the process. In this scenario, the role of technology in the school has also evolved, starting from the lack of access to equipment and services, a situation that still prevails in many regions, to the achievement of an integration where technology is the best means of learning as it provides recognition and motivation. Thus, the study relates subjectivity, technological mediation and education through a bibliographic review. As a theoretical foundation, the state of the art was reviewed, which included the search for studies on the use of cell phones and their implications in the processes of subjectivation both in Colombia and abroad, as well as the conceptualization and understanding of key categories to guide the existing relationships.

Lipoic acid inhibits cognitive impairment induced by multiple cell phones in young male rats: role of Sirt1 and Atg7 pathway

The utilization of digital technology has grown rapidly in the past three decades. With this rapid increase, cell phones emit electromagnetic radiation; that is why electromagnetic field (EMF) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization, mainly having adverse effects on the brain. While such a topic attracted many researchers’ scopes, there are still minimal discoveries made regarding chronic exposure to EMF. The extensive use of cell phones may affect children's cognition even indirectly if parents and guardians used their phones repeatedly near them. This study aims to investigate possible lipoic acid (LA) effects on cognitive functions and hippocampal structure in young male rats exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from multiple cell phones. Forty young male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups: control, multiple cell phones-exposed and lipoic acid-treated rats. By the end of the experimental period, the Morris water maze was used as a cognitive test. The rats were sacrificed for the collection of serum and hippocampal tissue. These serum samples were then utilized for assessment of Liver function tests. The level ofglutamate, acetylcholine (Ach) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was estimated, in addition to evaluating the expression of autophagy-related protein-7 (Atg7) and Sirt1 genes. The left hippocampal specimens were used for histopathological studies. Results showed that multiple cell phone-exposed rats exhibited shorter latency time to reach the platform by the fifth day of training; additionally, there was a reduction in consolidation of spatial long-term memory. Correspondingly, there was an elevation of hippocampal Ach, glutamate, and MDA levels; accompanied by up-regulation of hippocampal Sirt1 and Atg7 gene expression. Compared to the EMF-exposed group, LA administration improved both learning and memory, this was proved by the significant decline in hippocampal MDA and Ach levels, the higher hippocampal glutamate, the downregulated hippocampal Sirt1 gene expression and the upregulated Atg7 gene expression. In conclusion, EMF exposure could enhance learning ability; however, it interfered with long-term memory consolidation shown by higher hippocampal Ach levels. Lipoic acid treatment improved both learning and memory by enhancing autophagy and hippocampal glutamate level and by the reduced Ach levels and Sirt1 gene expression.

Associations between parent-adolescent health-related conversations and mealtime media use among Hispanic families.

Whereas parents play an important role in shaping the home environment, it is unknown whether health-related parent-adolescent conversations may be associated with different health-promoting parenting practices, such as limiting adolescent mealtime media use in Hispanic families. For this cross-sectional analysis, Hispanic parents (n = 344; 40.4 ± 6.6 years; 89.2% female) of sixth- to eighth-grade adolescents self-reported the frequency of having health- or weight-related conversations with their adolescent child, and the frequency of adolescent mealtime media device use. Spearman's rank correlations were used to assess whether parent-adolescent health-related conversations are associated with mealtime media device use by adolescents. Over 75% of parents reported having conversations about healthy eating and being physically active at least a few times per week. Fewer parents reported having frequent weight-related conversations. Frequency of mealtime media use was low, except for television/movie watching (only 30% of parents reported their child rarely/never watching television during family meals). Having conversations related to the adolescent weighing too much was correlated with the mealtime use of television (r = .207; p < .001), cellphones (r = .134; p = .018), and headphones for music listening (r = .145; p = .010). Conversations about exercising to lose weight were correlated with television/movie watching during mealtimes (r = .129; p = .035). Findings suggest the co-occurrence of less health-promoting parenting behaviors, such as focusing on weight-related conversations and allowing the use of media devices during mealtimes. Focusing on health- rather than weight-related parent-adolescent conversations and implementing mealtime media use rules may have the potential to shape a home food environment which ultimately could improve an adolescent's overall health outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Management of Cellphone Use to Improve Learning Concentration at Sirojul Waalidain Islamic Boarding School

Background Increasingly sophisticated technology has had an impact on pesantren, thus affecting the learning patterns of each student. Purpose. Due to the needs of schools that demand to use cellphones, namely madrasah aliyah, high school, and college levels. So the pesantren makes regulations both written and unwritten to regulate the ethical values of students. Method. With these regulations, there are many restrictions on the use of cellphones for students. Many problems arise in the use of cellphones, one of which is the concentration of learning for students. Results. In this study, the authors examined the management of the use of mobile phones to improve learning concentration at Pondok Pesantren Sirojul Waalidain. This study aims to determine how the pesantren's policy on the use of cellphones, why students are not disciplined in using cellphones, and what solutions are carried out by the pesantren to improve learning concentration. Conclusion. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a case study approach. The types of data in this study can be divided into two, namely primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and documentation.

Expanding impact of mobile health programs: SAHELI for maternal and child care

AbstractUnderserved communities face critical health challenges due to lack of access to timely and reliable information. Nongovernmental organizations are leveraging the widespread use of cellphones to combat these healthcare challenges and spread preventative awareness. The health workers at these organizations reach out individually to beneficiaries; however, such programs still suffer from declining engagement. We have deployed Saheli, a system to efficiently utilize the limited availability of health workers for improving maternal and child health in India. Saheli uses the Restless Multi‐armed Bandit (RMAB) framework to identify beneficiaries for outreach. It is the first deployed application for RMABs in public health, and is already in continuous use by our partner NGO, ARMMAN. We have already reached ∼130K beneficiaries with Saheli, and are on track to serve one million beneficiaries by the end of 2023. This scale and impact has been achieved through multiple innovations in the RMAB model and its development, in preparation of real world data, and in deployment practices; and through careful consideration of responsible AI practices. Specifically, in this paper, we describe our approach to learn from past data to improve the performance of Saheli's RMAB model, the real‐world challenges faced during deployment and adoption of Saheli, and the end‐to‐end pipeline.

Excessive Use of Mobile Phones and Social Networks Among Colombian University Students

INTRODUCTION: Social networks facilitate interactions among individuals, organizations, and communities. Their usage, especially among young people, has become increasingly widespread. This surge in usage has been linked to various impacts on individuals' daily lives and well-being, particularly in academic and emotional aspects. OBJECTIVES: This study seeks to examine the extent to which excessive use of social networks (SN) contributes to social isolation among undergraduate students aged 18 to 35, residing in the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyaca, and Meta in Colombia. This phenomenon is primarily due to problematic cell phone use. METHODS: We administered two established instruments: the "Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-10)" adapted by Foerster et al. (2015), and the "Addiction to Social Networks Questionnaire " developed by Escurra &amp; Salas (2014). Statistical analyses included descriptive techniques, multivariate Henze-Zirkler normality test, univariate Shapiro-Wilk test, as well as non-parametric methods such as Spearman's correlation and the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Key findings of this study include: (i) the identified intervention and mitigation strategies in the literature predominantly focus on prevention programs and family support with an emphasis on bolstering young people's self-esteem; (ii) 15.46% of the sample exhibited problematic cell phone use, with 25.96% indicating high intensity of social network use; (iii) significant differences were observed in relation to age and geographic location, while gender and socio-economic stratum did not exhibit a statistically significant impact; (iv) the statistical analysis demonstrated a positive and significant relationship with the dimensions of the Escurra &amp; Salas (2014) instrument, namely Interest in Social Media (ISM), concern about lack of control (LC), and Excessive use of SN (EU). CONCLUSION: The Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS-10) emerges as a concise and effective tool for identifying problematic cell phone use, and its association with excessive social network usage underscores the interconnectedness of these behaviours. This research sheds light on the prevalence of these issues among Colombian university students and provides valuable insights for targeted intervention and support strategies, emphasizing the importance of bolstering self-esteem in youth.

Detection of unauthorized cell phone use during exam

In this article algorithm for detecting and determining the position of signal source produced by an active subscriber terminal of a cellular communication system GSM standard is introduced. Also there are presented results of simulation of the detection system operation and results of experiments on monitoring the signal spectrum of an active subscriber GSM cellular communication system.

Use of screens and intake of unhealthy food among children and adolescents: association with physical activity in a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe intake of unhealthy food taken on very regular basis may bring even further negative impact on health if associated with excessive time using of screen-based electronic devices.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between the use of different types of screen-based devices and the intake of unhealthy foods amongst children and adolescents and to determine whether daily physical activity (DPA) has a moderating effect on the association.MethodsCross-sectional study carried out with a probabilistic sample of students from second to fifth grade of public elementary schools in Feira de Santana, Bahia (n = 2,477; girls: 53.2%; age: 9.1 ± 1.38 years; BMI z-score 0.37 ± 4.19 Kg/m²). Food intake, screen use, and physical activity were assessed using an online questionnaire based on previous day recall (Web-CAAFE). Prevalence Ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) were estimated via multiple zero-inflated negative binomial regression, with adjustments for sex, age, and weekly frequency of school meal intake. The moderating effect of DPA was verified by inserting interaction terms with each screen-based device individually and with the daily sum of screen-based device exposure (∑ Screens).ResultsThe majority of students (72.2%) reported using screens. The intake of unhealthy foods was positively associated with the use of cell phones (PR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.13–1.30), computers (PR = 1.33; 95%CI = 1.22–1.46), and video games (PR = 1.36; 95%CI = 1.22–1.52). TV use was inversely associated with intake of unhealthy foods (PR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.87–0.99). DPA moderated the effect of video game use on intake of unhealthy foods, that is, among students with DPA ≥ 4 who used video games, the intake of unhealthy foods was 21% lower (PR = 0.79; 95%CI = 0. 65-0.97). Overall, ∑ Screen-based devices were associated with a 20% increase in intake of unhealthy foods.ConclusionThe intake of unhealthy foods was positively associated with the use of cell phones, computers, and video games. In addition, a frequency of four or more DPA attenuated the effect of video game exposure on intake of unhealthy foods. Upcoming investigations on the use of screen-based devices and the intake of unhealthy foods among schoolchildren should consider the exposure to different types of screen-based devices, as well as the influence of DPA.

Electromagnetic Fields: Insight into Sources, and Their Effects on Vital Organs and the Risk of Cancer

Background: Electromagnetic radiation has become an extensive new pollution source in modern civilization. Therefore, the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation have attracted considerable attention worldwide. Objectives: The current review was aimed to highlight on sources of electromagnetic fields and their effects on vital organs and the risk of cancer. Electromagnetic sources can be classified into natural electromagnetic sources (sun, some distant stars, atmospheric discharges like thunder, or human body) and unnatural or human made sources (printers, vacuum cleaners, cellular phones, hair dryers, refrigerators, washing machines, kettles microwaves, cables that carry electrical currents, television and computers, electrical home gadgets, radio and television base stations, mobile phone base stations and phone equipment), home wiring airport, and transformers. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz, that are divided into extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3–3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. Cell phone technology is an integral part of everyday life and its use is not only restricted to voice conversations but also conveying news, high-resolution pictures, and the internet. Exposure to electromagnetic fields might produce oxidative stress, sperm damage, DNA damage, changes in the chromatin conformation, formation of micronucleus in different cell types, gene expression, enzyme activity, and changes in the structure and function of cell membrane, stimulated an increase in apoptosis and biosynthesis of plasma metallothionein and corticosterone. It causes headaches, chronic fatigue, heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain, gastrointestinal issues, pain in the muscles and joints, sweating, neurocognitive disturbances, eye burning, nose, ear, and throat issues, bad effects on reproductive, central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Also, it increases anxiety-related behavior; spatial memory, and learning deficits in male mice offspring, decreased thermal pain perception, induced a sleep disturbance, latency, and day dysfunction especially in females, a change in memory performance, damage to the lens epithelial cells of rabbits after 8 hours of exposure to microwave radiation, produced lens opacity in rats, which is linked to the production of cataracts, and derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation. There are a relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields and the increased incidence of the occurrence of some tumors types, particularly brain cancer and leukemia. EMFs induce damage of tissues by increasing free radicals and changing the antioxidant defense systems of tissues, eventually leading to oxidative stress which leads to behavioral, histopathological and biochemical alterations. Exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G causes effects on production of cancer at different sites, and other diseases. The possible mechanism proposed of how EMFs lead to cancer is the impact of EMFs on free radical combination rates in certain enzymes, such as coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia lyase. The enzyme reaction rate may be amplified by a factor of up to 100. A case-control studies found an increased risk of gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and temporal lobe tumours in users with highest self-reported cell phone use. Exposure of experimental animals to microwave radiation caused a decrease in learning and memory ability, abnormal hippocampal morphology and abnormal Electroencephalogram. Also, it could lead to a decrease in norepinephrine and epinephrine contents in the brain, leading to neurotransmitter production disorders. Conclusion: It can be concluded that electromagnetic sources classified into natural electromagnetic and human made sources. EMFs) are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz are divided into extremely low frequencies and radiofrequencies. Exposure to electromagnetic fields might produce oxidative stress, which leads to histopathological and biochemical alterations in different body organs and increased risk of gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and temporal lobe tumours in users with highest self-reported cell phone use. Further studies are needed to confirm these effects in human and experimental animals.