Use Of Cast Iron Research Articles

Investigation of an unconventional exciter of a toothed stator using software by the finite element method

In this article we investigate an unconventional design of an exciter having a toothed stator. The main purpose is to check whether the proposed machine can meet the operating parameters specified in the specification. This chapter begins with a description of a current exciter with protruding poles and a description of a design with teeth. The toothed stator is also distinguished by being made of an inexpensive ferromagnetic material such as cast iron. When choosing cast iron, they are guided by the fact that it is already used in industry in other components of alternators, such as bearings and some connecting bushings. The use of cast iron also reduces eddy current losses compared to solid steel parts. Since the path of the magnetic flux in the stator is three-dimensional, the study is carried out using software for 3D finite element calculation. The model of the machine is compared with the experimental results obtained on the layout. Then we make changes to the geometry of the machine to improve its characteristics. In conclusion, we present the balance of active substances of the gear structure and the balance. The obtained results allow us to establish a good consistency of the finished element model with the test results.

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ УСТАНОВКИ ПО ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ОТХОДОВ ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКИМ МЕТОДОМ

The article deals with issues related to the development of the design of a medical waste processing machine based on the thermochemical method, special attention is paid to the cutting equipment used in the machine. The problem statement is formulated as follows: to design a machine that allows realizing the possibility of processing medical waste by the thermochemical method; offer design options for the cutting equipment of the machine and justify the choice of knife material based on finite element modeling. The design of the machine is proposed, consisting of a base on which an electric motor is located, the movement from which is transmitted by means of a V-belt transmission to the tooling drive. Processing and disinfection of medical waste is carried out in a sterilization chamber. The sterilization chamber and the tank associated with it are structurally the most complex. The main structural elements of the tank are the base, the sterilization container and the lid. Direct processing of medical waste is carried out by rotating the rotary assembly with tooling. In the proposed machine tooling includes four movable horizontal and two vertical knives. During the processing of medical waste, the working surfaces of horizontal knives are exposed to a number of factors that lead to their intensive wear. The article offers several designs of knives to increase their durability. In order to check the correctness of the choice of material and the influence of operating conditions, a FE model was developed for the process of heating a knife under the action of a friction force caused by polyethylene chips descending along the front surface. Calculations were made for two knife materials: carbon steel and gray cast iron. The simulation results showed that, according to a number of criteria, gray cast iron is the most preferred knife material. The use of cast iron will ensure the rapid achievement of the required temperature in the sterilization chamber, and lower internal stresses will reduce the likelihood of knife breakage. To improve the reliability of the machine, design options for movable knives that are subject to the most intense wear are given.

An investigation on the friction losses between cylinder liner and piston rings

Historically, the engine crankcase has been made of gray cast iron due to that material's' high machinability, damping ability, thermal conductivity, and sensible cost. Despite these advantages and the long-term use of gray cast iron, the vehicle manufacturers predominately use cast aluminum as material of choice for the engine block due to aluminum’s density being almost a third of that of gray cast iron, and the aluminum engines have the same durability as gray cast iron while weighing considerably less. However, due to the low wear resistance of aluminum, efforts are needed to improve internal working surfaces such as the use of cast iron cylinder liners or the application of a protective coat is applied to the aluminum surface to increase its resistance. The purpose of this study is to examine which ring materials have the lowest friction with the Twin Wire Arc (TWA) aluminum cylinder liner. An Ansys simulation model accomplishes the experimental work. The steel ring material obviously had the lowest friction with twin wire arc spray aluminum cylinder liner as opposite to the cast iron material which was the worst.

Structures of the First Industrial Age in Rijeka, Croatia — from Timber to Iron

ABSTRACT The article describes the use of iron in industrial buildings constructed in the first industrial age in Rijeka. Since the middle of the 19th century, the structural use of cast iron in internal skeleton structures in place of timber created opportunities for improved functional design of these multi-storey buildings. The analysis of some buildings indicates a lack of experience in the application of new structural typologies, while in others it indicates experimental and innovative structural solutions which reflected the progress of science, technology and high-quality workmanship in that period.

Application of the optimally alloyed cast irons in order to increase the durability and to ensure the cost reduction of mining and metallurgical products

The article shows the relevance of the use of alloyed cast iron in mining and metallurgical engineering. The article discusses the technologies for producing naturally alloyed cast iron. For working bodies and friction units of mining machines, such as pumps, coal pumps, hydrocyclones, crushers and mills. The main type of wear for them is abrasive. To increase the wear resistance of cast iron the production of cast iron has not been sufficiently studied yet. Although the use of cast iron in a complex alloyed with manganese, silicon, chromium, titanium and vanadium has been studied. The article studies the influence of manganese, titanium and vanadium on the mechanical properties and performance of machine parts and products of mining and metallurgical production in contact with high-temperature and highly abrasive media. The rational content of titanium and vanadium in gray cast irons is established in the range of 0.05-0.1%, which ensures their heat resistance and increases their wear resistance. The content of these elements can be increased to 0.07-0.12%. Bushings made of this cast iron have the required wear resistance and can increase the operational reliability of the equipment in the conditions of mining and metallurgical production. They also replace non-ferrous metals, as well as products obtained by powder metallurgy methods.

Analysis of the causes of additional blowings in converter steel production and ways of their elimination

The article analyzes the work of the oxygen-converter shop of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih». It has been shown that almost half of the total number of additional oxygen blowings (~ 44%) is necessitated by the temperature. In order to improve the conditions of steel smelting and to reduce resource costs, calculations have been performed and new technological solutions in steel smelting to reduce the number of additional oxygen blowings have been found. The study of real smeltings demonstrated the need for corrective operations in the steel smelting using metal scrap of different types. For example, the use of cast iron requires an additional consumption of limestone in the amount of 130-140 kg per 1t of cast iron to reduce the amount of heat entering the bath. It is shown that the use of this technique makes it possible to decrease the number of additional blowings caused by the carbon amount as well as the increased temperature of the melting. It has been concluded that the most effective method of technological process control in smelting with cast iron is the integrated use of limestone and additional application of the nomogram of the dependence of silicon content in cast iron and lime consumption. Smeltings with the use of scrap exhibit a clear relationship between the amount of scrap in the charge and the temperature of the melt in the first dump. To compensate for temperature fluctuations caused by the addition of scrap, it is recommended to add ground coke in the amount of 120 kg per each ton of scrap. Calculations show that in this case, the required temperature close to 1610°C and the given carbon content are achieved in 75% of cases. The addition of «gantry» scrap to the charge has a number of uncontrolled effects on the process due to significant fluctuations in the chemical composition of this type of metal charge. The most technologically feasible solution to problems with additional blowings when using «gantry» scrap is fire cutting of the scrap. If such an operation is impossible, it is recommended to overheat the metal by 30°C to increase the degree of its penetration

Application of Alloyed Cast Iron to Increase the Durability of Products of the Mining and Metallurgical Industry

The article shows the relevance of the use of alloyed cast iron in mining and metallurgical engineering. The use of cast iron alloyed with titanium and vanadium has not been sufficiently studied for the working bodies and friction units of mining machines, such as pumps, coal scoops, hydrocyclones, crushers and mills. They have the main abrasive type of wear. This work considers the influence of titanium and vanadium on the mechanical properties. The performance indicators of parts of mining machines and metallurgical products in contact with high-abrasive and high-temperature environments is also considered. The optimal content of titanium and vanadium in gray cast iron in the range of 0.05-0.1% is set. This provides the required strength properties of the components, while increasing their heat resistance. Bushings made of this cast iron have the required wear resistance and can improve the operational reliability of equipment in mining and metallurgical industries.

Using Cast Iron for Steel Melting in an Electric Arc Furnace

The use of cast iron in the metallic charge of electric melting allows: the creation of a carbon content reserve, in which heat and mass transfer processes are intensified during oxidation and slag foaming is carried out; the reduction of non-ferrous metal impurity (Cr, Ni and Cu) content in the metallic charge; the acquisition of an additional heat source (when using molten cast iron); and the increase of scrap melted faster, even with a minor portion of molten cast iron freezing onto scrap pieces heaped into the furnace which can lower the melting point of the metal. Cast iron in the metallic charge of modern electric arc furnaces (EAF), depending on the structure of the metallurgical enterprise, can be used in mini-plants in the solid form and in enterprises of a full production cycle—both in solid and liquid form. The solid cast iron proportion in the charge of electric melting usually does not exceed 10%, but if necessary, it can increase up to 30% if the special technique of loading the charge into the furnace is observed. Liquid cast iron consumption can reach 50–70%. It is possible to conduct an electric steelmaking process in conjunction with an oxygen-converter in a twin-shell Conarc unit. A variant of such a unit is considered when applied to the ESPTs PAO MMK when using 50% liquid cast iron in a charge with predicted technological parameters.

Geneza artystyczna pomnika grobowego Józefa Frageta na Starych Powązkach w W arszawie

Neoclassical mausoleum of Jozef Fraget (1797-1867) commemorating a French industrial entrepreneur and the founder of the first factory of clad goods in Poland was constructed at Old Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw between 1867 and 1869 (quarter A, row I). The author of the torso is Leonard Marconi, and the mold is believed to have been made by the “Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein” factory in Warsaw. The original project embraced only the top, cast iron part of the tomb in the form of Doric aedicule with entablature and triangular pediment as well as the marble torso placed on prism pedestal located among four columns. The bottom, stone part, was executed later, approximately in 1913 in Wladyslaw Tuszynski stone enterprise. The Mausoleum of Fraget is a replica of the monument situated in Berlin at St. Dorothy’s Cemetery commemorating Johann August Borsig (1804-1854), the owner of the well-established metal factory in Europe. Its designer was an architect from Berlin, an apprentice of Schinkl, Johann Heinrich Strack, and the maker of the bronze torso mold was a sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch. Three other mausoleums originated from the same model: the Brand family mausoleum at the Metallurgical Cemetery in Gliwice, (between 1865 and 1890), Tomas Evans mausoleum at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw (second half of the 60s. the XIX century, currently non-existent) and in its slightly modified form, the tomb of the architect J. H. Strack at the St Dorothy’s Cemetery in Berlin (1880-1882). All the above-mentioned mausoleums except the monument decorating the tomb of the architect Strack, commemorated personalities from metallurgical industry. The particularity of the mausoleum of Jozef Fraget consists in the use of cast iron as the main constructing element. It is a distinctive feature differing the mausoleum in question from the remaining exemplary monuments made of stone.

Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea

Iron production in Korea has traditionally been seen in the shadow of developments in cast iron technology in China, with limited indication for a northern influence via Russia’s Maritime Province. The possibility of the existence of bloomery iron production in ancient Korea has been little explored, and relevant discussion is fraught with speculations based primarily on the early use of cast iron. The recent excavation of a site in South Korea recovered substantial amounts of slag providing direct evidence of bloomery smelting. The accelerator mass spectrometric dating of burnt wood from inside one of the slag pieces showed that the site was in use in the early 3rd century AD or earlier, which is in agreement with the assessment based on ceramic typology. The traits of a bloomery process evident in the slags’ microstructure, shape, composition and excavation context are discussed along with the implications for historical iron technology in Korea, where cast iron and the influence from China have been overly emphasised.

Use of cast iron with spheroidal graphite for christmas tree gate valves

Use of cast iron with spheroidal graphite for christmas tree gate valves

Collapse of Ashtabula Bridge on December 29, 1876

The design, fabrication, erection, and performance of an iron railroad bridge built in 1863–65 at Ashtabula, Ohio, is examined. The bridge collapsed after 11 years of service, very likely due to fatigue and brittle fracture at a flaw in an iron casting. The bridge was built by a master builder/entrepreneur, using prestressing procedures developed for wooden Howe trusses. At the time, structural analysis was an evolving art, the capacity of slender compressive elements was still an issue, standard design specifications did not exist and fatigue was largely an unknown phenomenon. The failure was investigated extensively by engineers. Most focused exclusively on static strength issues; only one observed the flawed casting. The failure bolstered the call for consulting bridge engineers and standard design specifications. It brought in focus the issue of reliability of iron castings and by 1888 Cooper's specifications explicitly forbade use of cast iron in any part of a bridge structure.

Le fer dans la marine en bois : l'exemple de la flotte de guerre française (1665-1815)

Jacques Gay. Iron in wooden warships : the case of the French navy (1665-1815). Looking at models of wooden warships, it is difficult to assess the amount of metallic wares which were necessary for their building and fitting. This paper first gives an estimate, both in price and in weight, of the importance of these components for the French navy from 1665 (creation of the maritime dockyards at the time of Colbert) to 1815 (the end of the Franco-British wars). The inventory of metallic components reveals the use of cast iron for artillery (first cast bronze, then cast iron) and for ballast, of wrought iron for anchors, nails and bolts, of hoop iron for masts and beams, copper for the lining of the hull (from the end of the eighteenth century onwards). This amounted to 14 % or 15 % of the total weight of a ship and to half the price of a man-of-war at the end of the XVIIth century, but by ca. 1815, this had risen to 30 % of the weight while falling to 30 % of the total cost of a ship. The author then gives an estimate of the yearly needs in non-ferrous metals. Data are reconstructed by extrapolating from systematic surveys done for the years 1680, 1740, 1780 and 1800 and confronted with the data available for « national » production. If the requirements of the navy were in the end comparatively small, it must nevertheless be stressed that the use of iron in the building of warships has been the source of several important technological innovations in metallurgy.

Design Considerations for the Use of Aluminum Alloys for Integral Horsepower Motors

The design considerations on the use of aluminum alloys for the external supporting parts of integral horsepower induction motors are compared with the previously conventional use of cast iron. Covered are such factors as type of aluminum alloy selected considering service requirements and manufacturing methods planned, strength, reliability, durability (including corrosion resistance), effect on overall weight and performance. The tests made to check suitability of actual results against design plans are briefly described. In addition, the considerations and tests required to use aluminum windings alternatively with copper are discussed.

Artistic genesis of the mausoleum of Józef Fraget at old Powązki cemetery in Warsaw

Neoclassical mausoleum of Józef Fraget (1797-1867) commemorating a French industrial entrepreneur and the founder of the first factory of clad goods in Poland was constructed at Old Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw between 1867 and 1869 (quarter A, row I). The author of the torso is Leonard Marconi, and the mold is believed to have been made by the “Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein” factory in Warsaw. The original project embraced only the top, cast iron part of the tomb in the form of Doric aedicule with entablature and triangular pediment as well as the marble torso placed on prism pedestal located among four columns. The bottom, stone part, was executed later, approximately in 1913 in Władysław Tuszyński stone enterprise.
 The Mausoleum of Fraget is a replica of the monument situated in Berlin at St. Dorothy’s Cemetery commemorating Johann August Borsig (1804-1854), the owner of the well-established metal factory in Europe. Its designer was an architect from Berlin, an apprentice of Schinkl, Johann Heinrich Strack, and the maker of the bronze torso mold was asculptor Christian Daniel Rauch. Three other mausoleums originated from the same model: the Brand family mausoleum at the Metallurgical Cemetery in Gliwice, (between 1865 and 1890), Tomas Evans mausoleum at the Evangelical Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw (second half of the 60s. the XIX century, currently non-existent) and in its slightly modified form, the tomb of the architect J. H. Strack at the St Dorothy’s Cemetery in Berlin (1880-1882).
 All the above -mentioned mausoleums except the monument decorating the tomb of the architect Strack, commemorated personalities from metallurgical industry. The particularity of the mausoleum of Józef Fraget consists in the use of cast iron as the main constructing element. It is a distinctive feature differing the mausoleum in question from the remaining exemplary monuments made of stone.

鋳鉄のケイ素浸透に関する研究

Since ductile cast iron was invented, cast iron has been used for various purposes. However, because of its poor corrosion resistance, the use of cast iron in corrosive environments was restricted. As pre-viously reported, the authors succeeded in obtaining a prominent protective film on steel by silicon impregnation (so-called siliconizing).In the present work, 3 kinds of specimens, i.e. nodular cast irons having ferrite and pearlite matrix, respectively, and gray cast iron, were siliconized by means of a mixed gas of silicon tetrachloride and oxygen free argon in accordance with the silicon impregnation of steel. The results obtained were summarized as follows.(1) Microscopic examination showed that porous films were formed on nodular cast iron with ferrite matrix, and particularly, on gray cast iron. On the contrary, when nodular cast iron with pearlite matrix was siliconized at a relatively high temperature for a short time, the film obtained had comparatively less pores in number.(2) Immersion tests of the siliconized cast irons in dilute sulfuric acid showed that the siliconized film protected the underlying cast iron core from the attack of acid though it was porous. Above all, the film which had been formed on nodular cast iron with pearlite matrix by siliconizing at a high temperature for a short time showed the best corrosion resistance.

The Use of Cast Iron in Building

(1940). The Use of Cast Iron in Building. Transactions of the Newcomen Society: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 139-155.

Metallurgy

IN spite of the extensive use of cast iron as a structural material, its scientific study has lagged conspicuously behind that of steel. Until quite recently, the knowledge of its constitution has been almost entirely empirical, and success in its use has been due to the practical skill of foundrymen rather than to an understanding of the factors which determine its constitution. Since the first edition of Dr. Hatfield's book was published, there have been determined efforts to remove this reproach, but a careful compilation such as this brings out the fact that even now we are very imperfectly acquainted with the constitution of cast iron, and therefore with the means of scientific control of its properties. For example, the relations between the sulphur and manganese contents of the iron are of the greatest importance in determining the degree of chill under given conditions, but the evidence is contradictory, and published work on the subject goes little beyond the knowledge of practical foundrymen. Even the relations between graphite, combined carbon, and silicon cannot yet be represented in a simple and intelligible diagram, and arbitrary assumptions have to be made concerning them. Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. By W. H. Hatfield. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. xv + 340. (London: Charles Griffin and Co., Ltd., 1928.) 16s. net.

On the use of Cast Iron for Compressive Members of Iron Bridges

On the use of Cast Iron for Compressive Members of Iron Bridges

Observations on the use of cast iron, &c.

Observations on the use of cast iron, &c.