Use Of Brand Names Research Articles

A Study of drug utilization and clinical outcomes in indoor patients of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are an important determinant of drug use during pregnancy. The aim of study was to assess the clinical outcome and evaluate drug utilization according to WHO core drug prescribing indicators in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Methods: This prospective, observational study in a tertiary care hospital was conducted in 150 pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy from January 2014 and December 2014 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Antepartum and intrapartum care and the maternal and perinatal outcome were noted. The data was analyzed to evaluate clinical outcome and drug utilization according to WHO core drug use indicators.Results: Gestational hypertension was most common among hypertensive disorders of pregnancy seen in 62/150 (41.3%) women. The most common symptom was headache (48%) while sign noted was edema (69%). A total of 66% women had preterm delivery and 42% babies weighed less than 2.5 kg. Average number of drugs per encounter was 9.7. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from essential drug list was 64% and 79% respectively. The most commonly used drugs were vitamins and minerals prescribed in 100% patients followed by antihypertensive drugs (92%). The most common antihypertensive used were calcium channel blockers and anticonvulsant was magnesium sulphate.Conclusions: There was increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and operative intervention among pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Most of the drugs were used appropriately and were in accordance with standard guidelines. The important problems identified were inappropriate use of antimicrobials, use of sublingual nifedipine and use of brand names in 1/4th of prescriptions.

Cases of brand name genericization in nautical English

Abstract – The widely disseminated use of a brand name is commonly regarded by marketing specialists as an indicator of brand success in a highly competitive marketplace. From a linguistic perspective, it may result in a type of change called genericization , the linguistic process whereby a brand name is gradually turned from a proper noun into a common noun (Kleenex → a kleenex) thus becoming commonly used to identify a whole category of products; in some instances, it may even be converted into a verb (Google → to google, Facebook → to facebook). The analysis of linguistic aspects involved in genericization are also relevant to legal disputes for trademark protection, in which forensic linguists may be consulted to examine the linguistic status of brand names and their usage amongst speakers. Indeed, in legal terms, inappropriate, genericized use of brand names may result, especially in some countries, in trademark dilution, or genericide . Although the literature on genericization in the English language is quite abundant, previous studies have mainly been concentrated on brand names designating mass-marketed products or services, that is names largely used in everyday general language. This paper is, therefore, aimed at investigating the process of genericization of brand names found in the niche market of marine equipment for anchoring and mooring operations in recreational boating, thus falling within the broader research area of the specialised domain of Nautical English.

Brand Names in Military English: The Link between Two Worlds

Abstract – Following a terminological introduction on the much-debated issue of brand names, this article provides a qualitative overview of the use of both non-genericized and genericized brand names in military English. The scope of this study spans from brand names of military hardware – limited to small arms operated in World War I and World War II (North, Hogg 1977; Bishop 2014a, 2014b) – to everyday brand names employed in specialized military coding systems, included in the NATO-approved glossary of brevity words, namely the Joint Brevity Words Publication ( JBWP ). By means of selected examples, the aim of this article is twofold: on the one hand, it is an attempt to establish a link between the world of war, mostly the armed forces, and the linguistically complex world of brand names; on the other hand, it tries to identify common trends in the use of brand names in military terminology and detect the word formation processes, both lexico-semantic and morpho-syntactic, that lead to their coinage.

The Challenges at JSW Steel: Brand Valuation and Corporate Governance Issues

The shareholders of JSW Steel received a list of 24 items that would be put to vote in the AGM of the company, to be held on 31 July, 2014 along with the annual report of the company for the 2013–14 fiscal year. Item No. 23 of this list was a surprising addition, as the company stated that the brand name ‘JSW’ belongs to a private company called JSW Investments Private Limited (JSWIPL), promoted by Ms. Sangeeta Jindal, the wife of Mr. Sajjan Jindal, the Managing Director of JSW Jindal. It further stated that henceforth JSW Steel would pay 0.25% of the net consolidated turnover to JSWIPL for the use and promotion of the brand. The stock price fell in reaction to this news. JSW Steel justified its move by arguing that payment of royalties for the use of brand name is a common practice followed by Indian business groups. Many corporate governance experts, however, called this an abusive transaction and advised the shareholders to vote against the proposal. This case allows the examination of issues such as related party transactions and their corporate governance implications and the relevance of brand valuation for a steel company.

A survey of prescription pattern of antibiotic drugs on patients suffering from ENT infection within Dhaka metropolis

Background: This survey was designed to assess and evaluate the prescription pattern of antibiotic drugs on patients suffering from ENT infection within Dhaka metropolis.Methods: A cross sectional, observational and prospective study was conducted from January to June 2015 in the out-patients (OPD) and in-patients (IPD) of ENT department at different general and specialized government and private hospitals (Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Sir Solimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka Community Medical College and Hospital) within Dhaka city.300 prescriptions were collected and randomly evaluated for this present study.Results: Out of 300 patients, 220 (73.33%) were male and 80 (26.67%) were female (including children and adults) where most of the patients were outpatients 262 (87.33%). In the patients information section it was observed that approximately 93.33% prescription contained antibiotic drugs and almost all prescription (100%) contained antibiotic drugs along with other drugs such as 80.67%PPI (proton pump inhibitors), 76.67% analgesic and 51.33% vitamin / iron supplements. From this analysis we found that 19.33% prescription contained single antibiotic drug, 80.67% contained two antibiotic drugs and no prescription contained more than two antibiotic drugs. Most of the prescribed drugs were administered orally (12% capsule, 80% tablet form). Out of 473 prescribed antibiotic drugs majority of them lie underβ-Lactam (54%) class followed by cephalosporin (46.33%) class in which maximum drugs (92%) were prescribed by their brand names.Conclusions: Prescribing more than one antibiotics was commonly encountered in this study indicating the occurrence of polypharmacy. Interventions to rectify over prescription of antibiotics, use of brand names, inadequate labelling of drugs is necessary to improve rational drug use. Standard treatment guidelines, hospital formulary, and educational intervention become essential to modify this behaviour to benefit the patient.

PM 7/128 (1) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii

Specific scopeThis Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii.This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols.Specific approval and amendmentFirst approved in 2016‐09.

Commentary on Greenland (2016): Tobacco companies' response to plain packaging in Australia and implications for tobacco control.

Commentary on Greenland (2016): Tobacco companies' response to plain packaging in Australia and implications for tobacco control.

Comparing direct and indirect branding in advertising

Advertising research has largely neglected to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the different forms of branding devices available to advertisers. Branding can be direct, through explicit use of brand names, or indirect, through use of (non-brand name) brand elements, such as logos, spokes-characters and slogans that are connected to the brand in consumers' memory. Advertisers often downplay brand names in favour of brand elements because the latter are seen as less intrusive and more creative. This experiment in three categories demonstrates that direct branding often produces higher brand recall than indirect branding without compromising advertising likeability. There is, however, a clear picture-superiority effect, whereby picture elements (logos, spokes-characters) consistently elicit higher brand recall than text elements (slogans). The findings highlight that advertisers need not be reluctant to call out the brand name for fear of losing attention due to an unappealing ad, because consumers do not appear to penalise advertising with direct branding, nor do they reward advertising with subtler indirect branding.

Identifying and Quantifying the Accuracy of Product Name Attribution of US-Sourced Adverse Event Reports in MedWatch of Somatropins and Insulins.

As of 2014, the US FDA was considering policy options to promote accurate attribution of adverse events for biosimilars. In order to assess the identification and traceability of biologics from multiple sources, Tufts University's Center for the Study of Drug Development conducted a study reviewing the current FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for reports related to insulin and growth hormone products. For this study, all primary suspect reports that were received by FAERS for human growth hormone (hGH) and human insulin between the fourth quarter of 2005 and the third quarter of 2013 were extracted and analyzed. The rates of "accurate" brand (ie, identifiable) drug names were generally high, with a higher incidence for hGH drugs than for insulin drugs (92% of hGH primary suspect reports vs 84% of insulin primary suspect reports). Lot number completion rates were generally low, with a higher incidence for insulin drugs than for hGH drugs (37% of insulin primary suspect reports vs 13% of hGH primary suspect reports). There were 13.5% of insulin reports that could not be linked to manufacturers, while 7.5% of hGH reports could not be linked to a manufacturer. The completion and accuracy rates of FAERS data on biologics observed in this study are consistent with those observed in earlier studies and suggest that traceability in adverse event reports can be improved through more consistent use of brand names or other product specific identifiers and through more frequent inclusion of lot numbers.

Drug use pattern in the ear, nose, throat outpatient department of a rural tertiary-care teaching hospital

Background: It is imperative to evaluate and monitor the drug use patterns from time to time and make suitable modifications in prescribing patterns to increase the therapeutic benefit and decrease the adverse effects to optimize the medical services to the patients. Keeping this scenario in mind, the present study was undertaken. Objective: To evaluate pattern of drug use in ENT (ear, nose, throat) outpatient department (OPD) of a rural tertiary care teaching hospital using WHO core drug prescribing indicators. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried for 3 months in the ENT OPD of SRTR Government Medical, Ambajogai, Beed, Maharashtra, India. Data were collected from the prescriptions written by treating surgeons and interviewing patients regarding their understanding of dosage forms. Results: A total of 3342 drugs were prescribed through 855 prescriptions with average number of drugs per prescription being 3.90 and average number of 2.5 drugs dispensed per prescription. Majority (59.64%) of the patients were male. Antibiotics were the most frequently prescribed drugs (24.86%) followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (23.60%), gastroprotective agents (22.55%), and antihistaminics (19.92%). Antibiotics were prescribed in 831 prescriptions (97.19%). Most common route of drug administration was oral (97.75%) followed by topical. Drugs were mostly (80%) prescribed by brand names. Conclusion: The present study highlights the problems of polypharmacy, overuse of brand names, and symptomatic rather than definitive approach toward patient management. Interventions to rectify overprescription of antibiotics, use of brand names, inadequate labeling of drugs are necessary to improve rational drug use. Standard treatment guidelines, hospital formulary, and educational intervention become essential to modify this behavior to benefit the patient.

Drug prescribing and dispensing pattern in pediatrics outpatient clinic of a rural tertiary-care teaching hospital

Background: Children constitute 40% of India’s population. They tend to suffer more frequently from illnesses, when compared with adults and elderly. Most of these illnesses are self-limiting. There are reports that these illnesses are treated inappropriately leading to polypharmacy. Children are more vulnerable to the various adverse events related to the use of drugs. Evaluation of drug utilization in adults and elderly people is a highly visible topic, but similar studies in children are limited. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the pattern of drug prescribing and dispensing in pediatric outpatient clinic in a rural tertiary-care teaching hospital using WHO Core drug use indicators. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the pediatric outpatient clinic of Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural (SRTR) Medical College, Ambajogai, Maharashtra, India. Data were collected by scrutinizing the prescriptions written by the treating physician in pediatric outpatient clinic, using WHO core drug use indicators and by interviewing parents of 300 children attending outpatient clinic. Result: The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.4 and actually dispensed was 2.5. There was a high trend of using brand names (49.6% of prescriptions) while prescribing than generic names. Use of antibiotics (60.6% of prescriptions) was frequent, but injection use (0.8% of prescriptions) was very low. A high number of drugs prescribed (77.5%) conformed to WHO list of essential medicines for children and were dispensed (69%) by the hospital pharmacy. The parents’ understanding of the correct usage of drugs was low (59%), and only 10.5% of drugs were adequately labeled. The copy of an essential drugs list was available. The availability of essential drugs was 75%. Conclusion: This study highlights the problem of overprescribing of antibiotics, inadequate labeling, and a trend toward polypharmacy. The prescribing from WHO list of essential medicines for children was fair; the use of injections was low. Interventions to rectify overprescription of antibiotics, use of brand names, and inadequate labeling of drugs is necessary to improve rational drug use.

FEMALE CONSUMERS' FAMILIARITY WITH CLOTHING BRANDS AND THEIR TRUST IN BRAND NAMES AS AN INDICATION OF CERTAIN DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF CLOTHING

In recent years many established, reputable brand names have moved their production sites to Eastern countries to reduce labour costs. The country of brand origin (CBO) and the country of manufacture (COM) of popular, sought-after clothing brands may therefore differ. It is not clear whether consumers are familiar with the origin of popular brands, whether they pay attention to the COM of brands when purchasing clothing, and to what extent disclosure of incongruity between the CBO and COM influences consumers’ product perceptions. This study investigated females’ familiarity with brand names, their CBO, as well as their COM as part of an investigation of females’ use of brand names to deduce certain desirable properties of female apparel such as its functional and performance characteristics, status value, as well as eco-friendliness without necessarily evaluating the items pedantically. The survey which targeted working females was done across a major urban area in South Africa. Data collection involved convenience sampling, and the self-completion of a structured questionnaire by 322 females. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests. Findings confirmed the significance of brand names as an indicator of the functional and performance related properties of female clothing. Furthermore the relevance of brands for status related purposes was found to be secondary to females’ use of brands to infer the functional and performance attributes, or to deduce the eco-friendliness of clothing. This was true for all the age, income and education levels, and population categories. Contrary to extant literature, this study reveals that females do not rely on brands for status purposes and that brands are mostly trusted to provide the wearer with good fit, durability, comfort and good quality. Neither do consumers seem very familiar with widely advertised clothing brands. The majority of consumers nevertheless preferred the COM and CBO of brands to match. Overall, they preferred Western countries as the COM, and were more approving of locally manufactured clothes than those manufactured in Eastern countries. Differences in the COM and CBO of garments, especially when the COM is an Eastern country, may therefore negatively influence consumers’ perception of brands unless consumers are informed and understand these practices.

Grapes on Trial: Wine at the Paris World's Fairs of 1889 and 1900

This article examines the wine exhibits at the Paris Universal Exhibitions of 1889 and 1900. It shows that these exhibits can be construed as political and economic apparatuses for the stabilization of the wine market in a context of profound uncertainty at the turn of the twentieth century, in a time of fraud, adulteration scandals, and a growing international competition. The fin-de-siècle Universal Exhibitions were the occasion for French winemakers to reassert the inalienable singularity of their products, restrict the use of brand names before the first legislations on the appelations d’origine, and showcase the natural and cultural specificities of wine producing regions. The exhibitions of 1889 and 1900 were thus engineered as a perfect market where production was made visible, commercial interactions were pacified, and consumers had the opportunity to quickly compare samples from the various products on display.

Generic Drug Names and Social Welfare

This article studies how well International Nonproprietary Names (INNs), the "generic" names for pharmaceuticals, address the problems of imperfect information. Left in private hands, the identification of medicines leads to confusion and errors. Developed in the 1950s by the World Health Organization, INNs are a common, global, scientific nomenclature designed to overcome this failure. Taking stock after sixty years, we argue that the contribution of INNs to social welfare is paramount. They enhance public health by reducing errors and improving patient safety. They also contribute to economic efficiency by creating transparency as the foundation of competitive generic drug markets, reducing transaction costs, and favoring trade. The law in most countries requires manufacturers to designate pharmaceuticals with INNs in labeling and advertising. Generic substitution is also permitted or mandatory in many countries. But not all the benefits of INNs are fully realized because prescribers may not use them. We advocate strong incentives or even legally binding provisions to extend the use of INNs by prescribing physicians and dispensing pharmacists, but we do not recommend replacing brand names entirely with INNs. Instead, we propose dual use of brand names and INNs in prescribing, as in drug labeling.

Development and Validation of the Brand Superiority Scale

The branding literature usually considers the brand as an independent variable comprised of a central construct with a variety of elements attached to it. This paper argues that more emphasis needs to be placed on the consumer perspective. However, research on the use of brands in the consumer decision making process is scant. The core objective of this study is to develop and test a multi item scale, the Brand Superiority Scale (BSP), which uses consumer’s use of brand names as guidance tools. The test results indicate that BSP has adequate internal reliability and a sound construct validity. Application of the scale in further consumer preference studies is reccommended.

What's in a name? Analysis of airport brand names and slogans

This study investigates the use of brand names and slogans at 1,562 airports worldwide using content analysis of airport websites. The study finds that three-quarters of airports are named after a single place. Almost half include a reference to the scope of services available at the airport in their name. Significant differences exist between world regions. Naming an airport after natural or man-made attractions is most common in Europe, after a political leader and/or revolutionary is most common in Latin America/the Caribbean, and after royalty is most common in the Middle East. Only one-tenth of all airports use a slogan and this is mainly a North American phenomenon. A more detailed analysis of airports in Europe finds that one-quarter of airports have two or more place names; one is typically the name of the place in which the airport is located, while the other tends to be the name of the nearest main city or town. Including a reference to the scope of services available at the airport is significantly more common at larger versus smaller airports in Europe. The use of a slogan is significantly more common at airports in Europe that are owned or operated by private interests versus those that are publicly owned and operated.

Cue incongruity in wine personality formation and purchasing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and interaction effects of brand name (BN) of wine and country‐of‐origin (COO) on perceptions of the personality image of the wine, expected price, and willingness to engage with the wine.Design/methodology/approachA field experiment in which label information for a fictitious wine was presented to wine consumers with a questionnaire on wine perceptions and response measures. The label information was manipulated across subjects using four BNs and three COOs.FindingsThe study confirms BN and COO effects on perceived wine personality and responses to the wine. Findings also indicate the effects of BN and COO as well as a BN‐COO interaction effect on price expectations.Research limitations/implicationsFindings link different personality dimensions to the two different cues, suggesting greater independence of the cues than originally expected. However, some BN‐COO incongruity effects are found particularly regarding price perceptions. A small set of wine BNs and COOs are tested and sample size/treatments are limited. With larger sample sizes, some weak effects might prove more significant. For more substantive support of these findings, the study could be repeated in different locations with different BN and COO examples.Practical implicationsThe results suggest consumers are open to some fluidity in brand name use across wine‐producing countries with appropriate pricing strategies. They also highlight the importance of understanding consumer perceptions of wine personality in assessing consumer responses and price expectations.Originality/valueThe research addresses BN and COO direct and interaction effects on many aspects of wine evaluation and the central role of personality dimensions in wine assessments. The paper provides evidence of value in a rapidly evolving marketplace for wine and insights into the ongoing strategic changes in the wine market. It also contributes to theory and research on information cue use and cue incongruity effects.

Prescription patterns and treatment outcomes of hypertension in urban hospitals of Jos, Plateau State

Hypertension has today assumed a public health status, causing extensive mortality and morbidity with cost of treatment worldwide, running into billions of dollars annually as direct and indirect costs. In Africa and particularly Jos, Nigeria, the resources of government (especially the health sector) and individuals are very limited in meeting health care needs. New drugs are daily being introduced to the pharmaceutical market for the management of hypertension in particular and other diseases in general. Therefore, any drug eventually chosen for pharmacotherapy of any disease should be cost effective. The objective of this study was to investigate patterns of drug treatment and costs of antihypertensive drugs in the four secondary and tertiary hospitals in Jos city. The study was a qualitative retrospective survey, employing structured questionnaires based on W.H.O methods of drug utilization studies to collect data from patients' case folders. Results of this study revealed several rational and non-rational prescription practices in the hospitals investigated. The use of brand names and injections were high based on WHO-ISH standards but the use of diuretics and calcium channel blockers were seen to be in line with recommendations and similar to patterns observed in other studies within and outside Nigeria. Cost effectiveness in the hospitals studied was averaged at fifteen naira (15.00) per 1 mmHg-1 reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Educational interventions to improve prescription habits will lead to better drug utilization and further enhance cost effectiveness of drug treatment .

Oranges or "Lemons"? Family Farming and Product Quality in the Spanish Orange Industry, 1870-1960

In the early twentieth century California became a big exporter of some agricultural products that, until then, had only been grown on a large scale in the mediterranean basin. As a result, exports of those products diminished or stagnated in Mediterranean countries, with important repercussions on their economies. The Spanish orange industry, however, continued to expand, despite the fact that a substantial percentage of Spanish oranges came from farms owned by (often illiterate) small peasants who, in comparison to the California growers, used a great deal of labor, small amounts of capital, and little science. This paper shows that Spanish farmers were in fact capable of growing high-quality oranges at prices that were more competitive than those in California, although interested they often preferred to satisfy the strong demand for middling fruit from Great Britain because it was a more profitable business. This, combined with a deficient use of brand names, gave the Spanish citrus industry serious reputation problems by the 1930s, from which, however, it recovered quickly.

Oranges or "Lemons"? Family Farming and Product Quality in the Spanish Orange Industry, 1870–1960

Abstract In the early twentieth century California became a big exporter of some agricultural products that, until then, had only been grown on a large scale in the Mediterranean basin. As a result, exports of those products diminished or stagnated in Mediterranean countries, with important repercussions on their economies. The Spanish orange industry, however, continued to expand, despite the fact that a substantial percentage of Spanish oranges came from farms owned by (often illiterate) small peasants who, in comparison to the California growers, used a great deal of labor, small amounts of capital, and little science. This paper shows that Spanish farmers were in fact capable of growing high-quality oranges at prices that were more competitive than those in California, although instead they often preferred to satisfy the strong demand for middling fruit from Great Britain because it was a more profitable business. This, combined with a deficient use of brand names, gave the Spanish citrus industry serious reputation problems by the 1930s, from which, however, it recovered quickly.