Use Of Bow Research Articles

Developmental Anatomy of the Radial Bow in Pediatric Patients Using 3D Imaging.

While radial bow shape is well characterized in adults, its development in children is not well understood. Previous studies on the radial bow use radiographs, thus, rotational positioning of the forearm could alter bowing measurements. This study used 3D imaging to better assess the pediatric radial bow. Computed tomography scans from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database were obtained for ages 2 to 16 (females) and 18 (males) (n=152). 3D models were generated using Slicer and Rhino software. Length of the entire radial bow (bicipital tuberosity to sigmoid notch), maximum radial bow, location of the maximum radial bow (bicipital tuberosity to the point of maximum bowing), and distal, middle, and proximal third radial bows were measured. The length of the entire bow increased with age, with a strong correlation with age ( r =0.90, P <0.01). The maximum bow increased with age, with a strong correlation with age ( r =0.78, P <0.01). The maximum bow normalized to the length of the entire bow increased mildly with age, mean 0.059 ± 0.012 ( r =0.24, P =0.0024), but seems to plateau around age 8. The location of the maximum bow increased with age ( r =0.85, P <0.01). The normalized location of the maximum bow remained constant between ages, with a mean of 0.41 ± 0.10 ( r =0.12, P =0.14). The normalized distal third bow mildly increased with age ( r =0.34, P <0.01), the normalized middle third bow mildly increased with age ( r =0.25, P <0.01), and the normalized proximal third bow remained constant between ages ( r =0.096, P =0.24). Normalized values for maximum, distal third, and middle third radial bow increase with age, while normalized values for location and proximal third radial bow remain relatively constant, suggesting the proportional shape of the radius changes during development, although qualitatively plateaus after age 8. Retrospective comparative study, Level-III.

The accessory to ace Face bow records in clinical practice - Laser Levels assisted Face bow Records

An accurate determination, recording and transfer of jaw relation records from patients to the articulator is essential for appropriate dental restoration function, facial appearance and maintenance of patient’s oral health.1 An unsatisfactory and inaccurate record of maxilla-mandibular relationship will eventually lead to failure of the restoration or prosthesis. Facebow plays an integral part of this maxilla-mandibular relationship transfer from the patient mouth to that of the articulator. The use of facebows is emphasized in prosthodontic textbooks and is widely taught in dental schools, but is still perceived as a complex procedure by most students.2 This article attempts to discuss the utilization of a cross beam laser level as a simple accessory to simplify face bow use and to obtain a repeatable and reliable patient head position while recording jaw relations using face bows. The laser cross beam also serves the purpose of improving the accuracy and speed of making face bow records.

РУССКИЕ ПОКЛОНЫ: ВЗГЛЯД СКВОЗЬ ВЕКА

The article looks at semantic and pragmatic changes on gesture “bow” in the Russian language and culture throughout 11th – 21st centuries. The paper analyses four types of bows (a prostration, bow from the waist, polite bow and a nod) and three contexts of their usage – religious, ritual and secular. The study demonstrates that throughout the given period the semantics and pragmatics of the gesture have gradually been narrowing. It is in the religious context where we still fnd two original forms of stooping used. Starting from the reign of Peter the Great new types of ceremonial bows were borrowed from Europe, but practically disappeared in the 1920-s after social classes system was banned by new Socialist government. At present we can observe the use of bows in Russian diplomatic protocol and in the theatre or other performances. The sphere of secular bows initially had only two forms, embracing new ones in the second half of the 17th century. Nowadays almost all of them have passed out of use. The fndings clearly indicate that by the 21st century Russian gesture “bow” have lost most of its meanings, and their usage has signifcantly decreased.

Instructor Opinions on the Use of Turkish Folk Music of Syncopated Style in Cello Training

The ability of the music teacher to provide a more qualified education in the professional life and to express himself musically is directly proportional to the quality of the previous instrument training. Studies revealed that the Turkish music products are not used sufficiently in the instrument training given by the institutions of music education and the inadequacy of the customized Turkish music products for use in education.&#x0D; &#x0D; From this point of view, the aim of this study is to determine the usage status of works and studies of Turkish folk music of syncopated style arranged for cello training and the effects of theoretical knowledge, technical and musical readiness on performing works with syncopated method and to determine the effects of their level and to reveal the problems experienced by the students and to offer solutions for these problems in the direction of the opinions of the instructors who give cello training to music teacher education undergraduates. &#x0D; &#x0D; The data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher. In the analysis of the collected data, descriptive analysis method was used from qualitative research methods.&#x0D; &#x0D; When the data were analyzed, it can be concluded that Turkish folk music works and studies of syncopated style used in cello education are numerically inadequate, that the limited available resources are higher than the levels of the students, and that the students have a good theoretical knowledge level about the subject but the levels of readiness in terms of cello techniques in practice are insufficient to perform these tunes. The most important problems experienced by students in performing these melodies are level difficulty, sight-reading, left hand position shifts and use of bows.

Sustainability and comanagement of subsistence hunting in an indigenous reserve in Guyana.

Although hunting is a key component of subsistence strategies of many Amazonians, it is also one of the greatest threats to wildlife. Because indigenous reserves comprise over 20% of Amazonia, effective conservation often requires that conservation professionals work closely with indigenous groups to manage resource use. We used hunter-generated harvesting data in spatially explicit biodemographic models to assess the sustainability of subsistence hunting of indigenous Waiwai in Guyana. We collected data through a hunter self-monitoring program, systematic follows of hunters, and semistructured interviews. We used these data to predict future densities of 2 indicator species, spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus) and bearded sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus), under different scenarios of human population expansion and changing hunting technology. We used encounter rates from transect surveys and hunter catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) to validate model predictions. Paca (Cuniculus paca) (198 /year), Currosaw (Crax alector) (168), and spider monkey (117) were the most frequently harvested species. Predicted densities of spider monkeys were statistically indistinguishable from empirically derived transect data (Kolmogorov-Smirnov D = 0.67, p = 0.759) and CPUE (D = 0.32, p = 1.000), demonstrating the robustness of model predictions. Ateles paniscus and C. sagulatus were predicted to be extirpated from <13% of the Waiwai reserve in 20 years, even under the most intensive hunting scenarios. Our results suggest Waiwai hunting is currently sustainable, primarily due to their low population density and use of bow and arrow. Continual monitoring is necessary, however, particularly if human population increases are accompanied by a switch to shotgun-only hunting. We suggest that hunter self-monitoring and biodemographic modeling can be used effectively in a comanagement approach in which indigenous parabiologists continuously provide hunting data that is then used to update model parameters and validate model predictions.

OLMSTED, DE BOW, AND THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE ON THE AMERICAN SLAVE SOUTH

Scholarship on the American Slave South generally agrees that John Eliot Cairnes’sThe Slave Powerprovided a highly biased interpretation of the functioning and long-term viability of the southern slave economy. Published shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, its partisanship is partly attributed to its clearly stated goal to shift British support from the secession states to the states of the Union. Thus, it is generally agreed, Cairnes sifted his sources to obtain the desired outcome. A more balanced use of the sources at his possession would have provided a very different outcome. This paper will challenge this general assessment of Cairnes’s book by examining in some detail two of Cairnes’s most important sources: Frederic Law Olmsted’s travelogues on the American Slave South and James D. B. De Bow's compilation of statistical data and essays in hisIndustrial Resources, etc., of the Southern and Western States(1852–53). By contrasting De Bow's use of statistical evidence with Olmsted's travelogues, my final purpose is to question the weight of evidence on the American Slave South. Cairnes aimed, I will argue, much more to balance the evidence than is generally acknowledged, but it is misleading to think that balancing a wide range of evidence washes out bias if this evidence itself is politically skewed, as is the rule rather than the exception.

Wild Reindeer and Saami Hunting with Bow and Arrow

Despite the disappearance of wild reindeer more than 100 years again, the Sami of Northern Sweden still possess detailed traditional knowledge of the hunting, capture and ecology of wild reindeer. Interviews with Sami elders conducted over the past 30 years have carefully documented the techniques and technology for hunting reindeer on alpine snow patches. Elders report that wild-reindeer behavior was largely conditioned by avoidance of two parasitic insects- sjlávtjá (Hypoderma tarandi, warble fly) and nuhpak (Cehpenemyia trompe, nose bot fly) and understanding the reindeer response to insect harassment allowed Sami hunters to successfully harvest the animals on the snow patches. This article provides a summary of Sami traditional knowledge in the hunting on wild reindeer on alpine snow patches, including the construction and use of bow and arrow technology, the capture and use of wild reindeer. The main source for this information is 88 year old retired reindeer herder Ola Omma, who recalls the stories of older Sami hunters in great detail.

Estudios bioarqueológicos del sitio Paso Mayor, sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires

En este trabajo se resumen los estudios bioarqueológicos realizados en la colección osteológica del sitio Paso Mayor Y1S2 (partido de Coronel Pringles, Buenos Aires). Los análisis efectuados comprendieron diferentes etapas. En primer lugar se hizo un inventario de la colección y se relevaron algunas variables tafonómicas para conocer el estado general de conservación de los restos. Una segunda etapa estuvo orientada a determinar la estructura sexo-etaria de la muestra. Finalmente se efectuaron estudios de marcadores de estrés ocupacional y el relevamiento de algunas patologías de carácter infeccioso y traumático. En conjunto estos análisis muestran que en el sitio se inhumaron individuos subadultos y adultos de ambos sexos, los restos fueron enterrados de manera primaria y secundaria. La colección muestra un buen estado de conservación por lo que fue posible determinar la mayoría de los elementos óseos analizados. En cuanto a los estudios de marcadores de actividad física, estos indican la importancia de la actividad deambulatoria y el posible uso de sistemas de armas como el arco y flecha. Se registró una reacción perióstica en los miembros inferiores y un traumatismo en el esqueleto craneal. Finalmente se discute la información bioarqueológica del sitio con la publicada para otros sitios del área.

Stochastic aspects of motor behavior and their dependence on auditory feedback in experienced cellists

This study aimed to investigate movement accuracy of experienced cellists, the statistical properties of their note sequences during a reciprocal task, and the degree to which these movement characteristics depend on auditory feedback. Nine experienced cellists were asked to shift alternately between two notes using only their index finger to make contact with the string and fingerboard. Shifting sequences continued for two minutes at a rate of one note per second. The task was performed under two conditions: with auditory feedback (provided by the bow) or without auditory feedback (i.e., without the use of bow). When the bow was used, subjects had no difficulty in shifting between target notes with precision and stability. Some variability was present, but notes in these sequences were generally uncorrelated. The contact data and correlations in most bowed trials resembled those expected of a renewal process, a process in which successive values are statistically independent and identically distributed. Without the bow, subjects lost their ability to reach the same target positions accurately; contact locations tended to drift and had a random quality, indicating that without the bow subjects were uncertain of the target location in relation to the spatial location of their fingertips. Within these unbowed sequences, finger positions were highly correlated—within and between note sequences. In some trials without the bow, the statistical correlation patterns of the sequence were consistent with the expectations of a discrete Wiener process. Throughout our study, computer simulations of renewal and Wiener processes enabled us to determine the types of correlations to be expected from these theoretical models. The implications of the statistical results in terms of subject behavior are discussed.

Arrow injuries in North Eastern Nigeria

Background : Arrow injuries are common presentation at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Nguru, North East Nigeria. The injuries are mostly unreported and there is neither a policy nor an action plan to curb their incidence Aim : To establish an accurate data base for this clinical entity in this part of Nigeria and suggest ways to curb it. Methods: A prospective study of all patients presenting with arrow shot injuries at FMC, Nguru, from January 2007 to June 2009. The age, gender, tribe, occupation, motive of assault, perpetrator information, part of body injured, treatment given and outcome were collected in a proforma. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results : All 57 patients seen were males. Their ages ranged from 13 to 60 years, with the mean age of 32.9±12.2years. The peak age incidence was 21-30years, accounting for 21cases (36.8%). Fighting between herdsmen and farmers over grazing land was the most common cause of arrow shot injuries, accounting for 25 cases (43.9%), followed by armed banditry with 17 cases (29.8%). Fighting over women was the cause in 10 cases (17.5%). Most of the patients had high Revised Trauma Score. Resuscitative and surgical procedures carried out resulted in recovery of 55 patients. Two patients with the highest number of arrow shots (11 and 4 each) and low Revised Trauma Score of 2 and 4 respectively, died pre-operatively. Conclusion : The rate of arrow shot assault injuries in the North East of Nigeria remains high with its attendant morbidity and mortality. It stems mainly from interpersonal conflicts between herdsmen and farmers over grazing land. Mapping out of grazing lands away from farm lands, enlightenment campaigns, improvement of socio-economic conditions as well as enforced legislative control on the use of bow and arrow will go a long way to reduce the incidence of arrow shot injuries in the region.

Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

This paper discusses the results of a detailed functional study of 16 microlithic backed tools made on quartz, and newly excavated at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The layers associated with the artefacts have OSL ages of 61.7 ± 1.5 ka, 63.8 ± 2.5 ka and 64.7 ± 1.9 ka and represent the Howiesons Poort Industry at the site. I show that more than 50% of the pieces could hardly have been used in any way other than to tip arrows in a transverse position. This outcome supports previous inferences that some of these small stone tools, and perhaps a bone point from the same context, signify the use of bow and arrow technology during the Middle Stone Age. In addition to transversely hafted arrow tips, there is also evidence that some of the tools could have been hafted diagonally. Such tools could have been used equally successfully as arrow tips or barbs, or as barbs for hand-delivered spears. The variation in hafting configuration for these geometric shapes signifies hunting technologies that were flexible and most likely adapted according to need, preference, season and/or prey type.

Implications of a mass kill site of springbok ( Antidorcas marsupialis) in South Africa: hunting practices, gender relations, and sharing in the Later Stone Age

A Later Stone Age site from the Namaqualand coast, South Africa has produced a large sample of springbok ( Antidorcas marsupialis) (MNI = 123) with a catastrophic mortality profile. The ethnography of hunting from the region focuses mainly on the use of bows and poisoned arrows by small groups of male hunters, who targeted individual animals. This site is more consistent with mass harvesting or the capture of a whole herd of animals by trapping, similar to an ethnographic account recorded by Bleek and Lloyd in 1911. This method of hunting is likely to have had far-reaching social implications, especially in terms of gender relations and meat sharing, which have been considered fundamental in organizing dimensions of hunter–gatherer societies.

ARAMIS project: A more explicit demonstration of risk control through the use of bow–tie diagrams and the evaluation of safety barrier performance

Over the last two decades a growing interest for risk analysis has been noted in the industries. The ARAMIS project has defined a methodology for risk assessment. This methodology has been built to help the industrialist to demonstrate that they have a sufficient risk control on their site. Risk analysis consists first in the identification of all the major accidents, assuming that safety functions in place are inefficient. This step of identification of the major accidents uses bow–tie diagrams. Secondly, the safety barriers really implemented on the site are taken into account. The barriers are identified on the bow–ties. An evaluation of their performance (response time, efficiency, and level of confidence) is performed to validate that they are relevant for the expected safety function. At last, the evaluation of their probability of failure enables to assess the frequency of occurrence of the accident. The demonstration of the risk control based on a couple gravity/frequency of occurrence is also possible for all the accident scenarios. During the risk analysis, a practical tool called risk graph is used to assess if the number and the reliability of the safety functions for a given cause are sufficient to reach a good risk control.

Fishing territoriality and diversity between the ethnic populations Ashaninka and Kaxinawá ,Breu river, Brazil/Peru

This study describes the diversity and the subsistence fishing territoriality of traditional populations of a village Ashaninka and two Kaxinawá living at the margins of Breu River (Brasil/Peru). In general, samplings in the dwellings were carried out late in the afternoon, as the fishermen arrived in the village. The data were analysed in an exploratory way through the index of pondered dominance (ID%), by analysis of variance and by a correspondence analysis in order to determine the associations of the fish species and the fishing spots between the villages of the Indigenous Reserve. The results of the analysis of variance demonstrated that differences exist between the fish diversities of the catches. However, post-hoc tests only detected differences in diversities between the hand fishhook and the other fishing gears (bow and arrow, castnets and rotenone tingui). Although the use of bow and arrow resulted in a low capture (Kg), this fishing strategy is associated with a high fishing diversity, in terms of number of species. These results demonstrate that there is no overlap in the frequency of the visits to the fishing spots between the Ashaninka and Kaxinawá populations. This pattern is the same found for the correspondence analysis for the fish species, which describes the relationship between the deep pools environments exploited by the fishermen Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Mourão. These ethnic populations still continue to maintain a strong cultural and cosmological tradition, with their territories defined in an informal way of the upper Juruá area.

The Natufian hunting conundrum: spears, atlatls, or bows? musculoskeletal and armature evidence

Research efforts to identify, measure, and interpret musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) provide data which have utility as independent tests of archaeological hypotheses. The purpose of this paper is to examine MSM from the upper appendicular skeletal elements of prehistoric hunter gatherer groups in the southern Levant of southwest Asia to investigate what forms of weapon technology were being used. Examination of 72 Natufian (12 500–10 000 B.P.) individuals from sites in Jordan and Palestine comprise the skeletal data set. Observations and ordinal measures of the grade and type of MSM reflect higher functional demands and pronounced right side asymmetry among Natufian males. Among the 22 muscle and ligament attachment sites examined, males scored consistently higher, significantly so, with respect to a suite of synergistic muscles that are associated with overhand throwing motions. While this evidence does not preclude the use of bow and arrow technology during the Natufian, it does suggest that hand- and atlatl-delivered projectiles may have continued to play an important role in hunting activities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Bow and Spreadnet: Ecological Origins of Hunting Technology

Mbuti bands in eastern Zaire differ in their hunting use of the spreadnet and the bow, a variation previously attributed to historical contacts with different non‐Mbuti groups, population pressure, and differences in the floral diversity and abundance of the Ituri Forest. None of these factors, however, adequately explains a similar differentiation in the Sepik Basin of Papua New Guinea. Instead, the Sepik data indicate that the net and the bow may spread through historical contact and diffusion, but their adoption or rejection is ultimately determined by a conjunction of their technological properties and the horizontal and vertical densities of environmental vegetation. From this perspective, the essential determinants of Mbuti spreadnet and bow use may be spatial variations in the physiognomy of the Ituri.