Use Of Boron Compounds Research Articles

The Fifth Position in the Periodic Table Belongs to Boron

Despite the very low proportion of boron in the Earth's crust, boron and its compounds have found wide application in practical life and in scientific research. The article presents the importance of this element for plants and for humans. It enumerates the properties of boron and its compounds for the technical use in the preparation of glass, glass fibres, highly resistant and hard materials for industrial applications and for nuclear technology. It also mentions the use of boron compounds in medicine and synthetic chemistry.

Recent advances in boron removal in aqueous media. An approach to the adsorption process and process optimization.

The numerous oxidation states of the element boron bring great challenges in containing its contamination in receptor bodies. This scenario increases significantly due to the widespread use of boron compounds in various industries in recent years. For this reason, the removal of this contaminant is receiving worldwide attention. Although adsorption is a promising method in boron removal, finding suitable adsorbents, that is, those with high efficiency, and feasible remains a constant challenge. Hence, this review presents the boron removal methods in comparison to costs of adsorbents, reaction mechanisms, economic viability, continuous bed application, and regeneration capacity. In addition, the approach of multivariate algorithms in the solution of multiobjective problems can enable the optimized conditions of dosage of adsorbents and coagulants, pH, and initial concentration of boron. Therefore, this review sought to comprehensively and critically demonstrate strategic issues that may guide the choice of method and adsorbent or coagulant material in future research for bench and industrial scale boron removal.

Examining the Benefits of Using Boron Compounds in Lithium Batteries: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Boron and boron compounds have been extensively studied together in the history and development of lithium batteries, which are crucial to decarbonization in the automotive industry and beyond. With a wide examination of battery components, but a boron-centric approach to raw materials, this review attempts to summarize past and recent studies on the following: which boron compounds are studied in a lithium battery, in which parts of lithium batteries are they studied, what improvements are offered for battery performance, and what improvement mechanisms can be explained. The uniqueness of boron and its extensive application beyond batteries contextualizes the interesting similarity with some studies on batteries. At the end, the article aims to predict prospective trends for future studies that may lead to a more extensive use of boron compounds on a commercial scale.

Bone Cement Formulation with Reduced Heating of Bone Cement Resin

Bone cement material is one of the key materials in bone surgery and orthopedic medicine. In this study, commercial polymethyl-methacrylate bone cement was mixed with boric acid and zinc borate to reduce the reaction temperature of the bone cement. The observation of temperature changes during the polymerization using laser thermometer and thermal camera showed that the use of boron compounds decreased the temperature of the bone cement at least 10 °C which is very critical for the biomaterial uses as it affects the biocompatibility of the material. Besides temperature monitoring, microbiological tests showed that the materials have certain antibacterial effect. Water contact angle studies also supported the biocompatibility studies. In the last part, mechanical tests showed that there was not significant change in the tensile strength and tensile modulus values. Antibacterial tests exhibited that zinc borate addition shows antimicrobial activity against S.epidermidis as well as boric acid addition over %5 concentration. According to the cell culture studies, boric acid can be interpreted as non-toxic up to 10%, while 10% and 20% zinc borate has toxic effect. This is the first study to use boron compounds in bone cement and it is proved that boric acid at low concentrations can be used for bone cement applications but zinc borate would not be suitable to use in medical applications due to toxic effects.

Multilayers made of boron-based compounds: Simulation of optical properties and prospects for X-ray applications

This work presents a quantitative analysis of the optical properties of promising boron-based multilayers for X-ray applications. The use of boron compounds is beneficial due to high thermal and chemical stability of the multilayer and sharp interfaces between the layers caused by low interlayer atomic diffusion. The results indicate that the multilayer structures MoB2/B4C and Mo2B5/B4C provide a relatively high reflection up to 95% and better energy resolution δE/E in comparison to the multilayers based on widely used materials such as Mo, W and Pt at energies 1–20 keV. However for the XAS-motivated applications of wide-bandwidth double monochromators the multilayers based on Mo, W and Pt provide better performance.

Evaluation of the DNA damage in lymphocytes, sperm and buccal cells of workers under environmental and occupational boron exposure conditions

Industrial production and use of boron compounds have increased during the last decades, especially for the manufacture of borosilicate glass, fiberglass, metal alloys and flame retardants. This study was conducted in two districts of Balıkesir; Bandırma and Bigadic, which geographically belong to the Marmara Region of Turkey. Bandırma is the production and exportation zone for the produced boric acid and some borates and Bigadic has the largest B deposits in Turkey. 102 male workers who were occupationally exposed to boron from Bandırma and 110 workers who were occupationally and environmentally exposed to boron from Bigadic participated to our study. In this study the DNA damage in the sperm, blood and buccal cells of 212 males was evaluated by comet and micronucleus assays. No significant increase in the DNA damage in blood, sperm and buccal cells was observed in the residents exposed to boron both occupationally and environmentally (p = 0.861) for Comet test in the sperm samples, p = 0.116 for Comet test in the lymphocyte samples, p = 0.042 for micronucleus (MN) test, p = 0.955 for binucleated cells (BN), p = 1.486 for condensed chromatin (CC), p = 0.455 for karyorrhectic cells (KHC), p = 0.541 for karyolitic cells (KLY), p = 1.057 for pyknotic cells (PHC), p = 0.331 for nuclear bud (NBUD)). No correlations were seen between blood boron levels and tail intensity values of the sperm samples, lymphocyte samples, frequencies of MN, BN, KHC, KYL, PHC and NBUD. The results of this study came to the same conclusions of the previous studies that boron does not induce DNA damage even under extreme exposure conditions.

Use of Boron Compounds as Grinding Aids with Alcohol Amines and Their Effect on Portland Cement Setting Points

Milling aids have been predominantly developed to increase the performance or grinding capacity of cement products, and alcohol amines have been used as grinding aids in cement grinding processes for many years. Moreover, the setting point of cement produced with grinding aids is most often changed. In this study, the effects of alkanolamines and boron compounds in different mixing amounts as grinding aids on the set point of cement were researched. Triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) were used as alkanolamines and boric acid (BA) and anhydrous borax (AHB) as the boron compounds. It is evident that BA with TEA had a small effect on the cement setting point where the former decreased the retarding effect of the latter, but BA had no effect with TIPA. AHB decreased the retarding effect of TEA but had no effect with TIPA on setting times. When the boron compounds were added to TEA, they accelerated the initial setting points of cement by 15 to 20 minutes and the final setting points by 25 to 30 minutes according to the amount of TEA used.

Deviation from the anti-Markovnikov rule: a computational study of the regio- and stereoselectivity of diene hydroboration reactions

Hydroboration and subsequent use of boron compounds in novel organic synthesis have been flourishing in recent years largely due to its amiability in producing asymmetric stereo- and regioselective products. Direct products of diene hydroboration, however, have received little attention, with most substrates being assumed to produce the anti-Markovnikov product expected from textbook organic chemistry understanding. Previous experimental studies have observed the presence of a plethora of hydroboration products, and a significant progress has been made in assigning species to experimental data—though often with contradicting results. This study has used a computational approach employing quantum chemical calculations to determine atomic charges of cyclic and acyclic dienes and correlate these with calculated activation energy barriers in order to predict the regio- and stereoselective outcome of hydroboration reactions. Results indicated a strong correlation between the most polarized atomic charges of double-bonded carbons and the lowest energy transition states as expected. Intriguingly, we identified 1,3-cyclohexadiene as the main example that does not follow the anti-Markovnikov rule. We proceed to show that in addition to the polarity of the double bonds within a molecule, in this case, the conjugation with the allyl double bond and the specific geometric features of the cyclohexane ring were key stabilizing factors for the unexpected transition state preference, resulting in a regioselectivity that is in quantitative agreement with previous experimental data. Our results further indicated that Re-face attacks and steric factors due to substituents of the substrate influenced mainly the stereoselective outcome of the reaction, also affecting the pathways available to proceed through to complete the hydroboration process.

The Effects of Accelerating Admixture on the Mechanical Properties of Boric Acid Added Mortars

Use of boron compounds has not become widespread because of the hardening and the other related problems in cementitious composites. The boron compounds as an additive material can be used widely in the production of cement and concrete in case of the elimination of these negative conditions. Thus the control of workability and hydration process of fresh concrete and mortar, some technological properties such as re resistance, the radiation impermeability of hardened concrete and mortars can be enhanced. In this study, the e ects of accelerating admixtures to the mechanical properties of boric acid added mortars were investigated. In order to determine of these e ects and the results obtained to compare with those of control mortars, prismatic mortar samples were prepared in accordance with TS 196-1. Boric acid was added to mortar samples by up to 1% from 0.25% by weight of cement. Boric acid was not added to control mortar samples. Portland cement, boron modi ed active belite cement and calcium aluminate cement as binding material were used in mortar samples. 2, 7, 28 day compressive strengths and 28 day exural strengths of 315 prismatic samples which were prepared in accordance with the design of 35 di erent mixes were determined. Results of boric acid added mortar samples were compared with control samples produced by using Portland cement, BAB cement and CAC cement. 2, 7, and 28 day compressive/ exural strength of mortar samples which were added 1% boric acid was determined as 0/0, 12.8/2.90, 40/6 MPa, respectively. Other hand, 2, 7, and 28 day compressive/ exural strength of mortar samples which were added 1% boric acid and 2% sodium aluminate was determined as 14.2/3.07, 27.2/5.57, 34.2/5.97 MPa, respectively. As a result, the retarding e ect of the boric acid in terms of early strength of concrete was suppressed using sodium aluminate.

Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of boron compounds against several bacterial strains

Boron compounds are essential micronutrients for many organisms. However, they negatively affect plant, soil, and water microflora if excessive amounts exist in irrigation water. Therefore, this study aimed to define the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of boric acid and borax by selecting the bacteria that can survive in all environments. Materials and methods: The antibacterial efficacy of boric acid and borax against several bacterial strains was evaluated 3 times with the macrodilution broth method. Results: The MICs and MBCs of boric acid were obtained as 3.80 mg/mL, 3.80 mg/mL, 7.60 mg/mL, and 7.60 mg/mL against the bacterial activities of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter septicus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The MICs and the MBCs of borax were obtained as 23.80 mg/mL, 23.80 mg/mL, 47.60 mg/mL, and 47.60 mg/mL against the above bacteria, respectively. Conclusion: Current results suggest that water containing boron compounds at levels lower than the MICs and MBCs can be used for irrigation. It also seems feasible to use this approach to decide whether irrigation water is needed to remove excessive boron compounds. Furthermore, current MIC and MBC results shed light on the medicinal use of boron. Future studies may open a new avenue in the use of boron compounds as novel antibiotic agents.

Boron adsorption mechanism on polyvinyl alcohol

Recently, an increase in the use of boron compounds has led to an increase in boron emissions, and concern has grown regarding its detrimental effects on the human body. An adsorbent that adsorbs boron selectively has been developed as a countermeasure. Although certain commercially available boron selective adsorbents can be used to remove boron from aqueous solutions by utilizing the strong affinity between boron and hydroxyl groups, the adsorption capacity appears to be insufficient. So, we adopted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which contains many hydroxyl groups, as a model adsorbent. We investigated the boron adsorption characteristics of PVA, and then studied the relationship between the number of adsorption sites and actual adsorption amounts. We assessed the adsorption result by using adsorption site availability (ASA) as an indicator of the ratio of effectively functioning hydroxyl groups from the many hydroxyl groups in PVA. ASA was expressed as a percentage of the experimental equilibrium adsorbed amount in relation to the theoretical equilibrium adsorbed amount. We also compared the adsorption isotherms and ASA obtained with PVA, commercially available N-methylglucamine-type resin (CRB03 and CRB05) and the adsorbent we synthesized from polyallylamine (PAA) and glucose (PAA-Glu). Although PVA has many hydroxyl groups in a molecule, ASA analysis revealed that only 6% of the hydroxyl groups in PVA was used for boron adsorption. On the other hand, CRBs and PAA-Glu exhibited higher ASA values (about 15% and 35% respectively) and adsorption amounts, suggesting that the sterically congested adsorbent structure had a great influence on boron adsorption and ASA.

Use of Boron Compounds as Binders in Iron Ore Pelletization

Abstract: Low grade iron ores with impurity gangue minerals containing silica and alumina must be upgraded to an acceptable level of iron content. Concentrates, due to their fine sizes, are not suitable to be directly charged to the iron-making processes such as the blast furnace or the DR-plant. Hence, an agglomeration technique should be applied to fine concentrate. The most commonly employed one is pelletizing in iron ore industry. In pelletizing, iron ore, water and a binder are balled in a mechanical disc or drum to produce agglomerates. Bentonite is the most widely used binder. However, it is considered as an impurity due to its high SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 content. Many researchers have investigated different binders, mostly of organic origin, in pursuit of finding a viable alternative binder to bentonite. Organic binders were found to yield good quality green and dry pellets. However, they fail to impart enough strength to the pre-heated and fired pellets as a result of insufficient slag bonding. Boron compounds free of silica and alumina are thought to be a potential solution to overcome the lack of slag forming constituents encountered with organic binders as they are known for their low melting temperatures as well as for their ability to also lower the melting temperatures of silicates. A few researchers have investigated the use of boron compounds in iron ore agglomeration and found promising results which have been covered in this paper.

Compounds for neutron capture therapy and their distribution in tumors and surrounding tissues of animals (A review)

Boron-containing compounds for neutron capture therapy (NCT) can be divided into three groups: compounds without specific accumulation in tumor, tumor-selective compounds, and compounds capable of incorporating into the structure of tumor cells. For the NCT of cancer patients, sodium mercaptododecaborate (BSH) and p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) were selected from several hundred of boron-containing compounds. In this paper, data on the distribution of BSH and BPAin the organism of animals with model tumors modeling those encountered in oncological patients are reviewed. Methods for increasing the boron uptake in tumor, based on the combined use of boron compounds and modification factors such as hyperthermia, effect of electric pulses on the tumor zone, administration of compounds possessing vasodilating properties and influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability, are considered.

Use of Boron Compounds as Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials

Use of Boron Compounds as Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials

British Food Journal Volume 11 Issue 10 1909

The use of boron compounds or other preservatives of the nature of drugs in cream is alleged to be necessary mainly for two reasons, namely, long distance transit leading to a considerable lapse of time between despatch and consumption, and the uncertainty attaching to the disposal of consignments of perishable and valuable material in a fresh or apparently fresh condition.