Use Of Biosorbents Research Articles

Nutrient Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Biosorbents Derived from Rice and Corn Husk Residues: A Systematic Review from the Environmental Management Perspective

This review critically analyzed the use of biosorbents derived from rice husks and corn residues for nutrient removal from aqueous solutions. Additionally, this review highlighted the use of such biosorbents in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, novel approaches for sustainable nutrient removal from aqueous solutions were identified. A comprehensive understanding of the implementation of biosorption processes using agro-industrial residues based on corn and rice crops is critical for the sustainable management of residues and water bodies in the world to protect and conserve natural resources. Specifically, the review focuses on the exploration, preparation and application of innovative biosorbents to remove various forms of nutrients such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrates, ammonium and phosphates from aqueous solution, analyzing the sustainability of treatments applied to biomass, such as thermal transformation or chemical modification to reduce environmental impacts. It was found that 95 to 99% of nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed with biosorbents made from rice husks and corn residues, analyzing approximately 50 scientific articles related to these plant materials. Research opportunities were identified, such as the recovery of removed nutrients for soil improvement, life cycle analysis to assess the concept of zero waste, among other aspects. Finally, a scheme is proposed for the selection and application of sustainable biosorbents for the removal of nutrients from aqueous solutions.

Biosorption studies on arsenic (III) removal from industrial wastewater by using fixed and fluidized bed operation

Previously, activated carbon was used as adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals at batch scale and the reported removal efficiency was up to 25 % (while in our technique the efficiency is up to 75%). The large industries operate with continuous processes and discharge large amount of wastewater containing heavy metals. No research was published for continuous operation using fluidized bed adsorption column till now. The novelty of this study is on the mode of operation (continuous operation at large scale under fixed and fluidized bed conditions), Biosorbent activated carbon (AC), and maximum efficiency of arsenic removal (i.e. 75 %). The Biosorbent activated carbon prepared from waste agriculture material. Industrial wastewater consists of many inorganic and organic pollutants which are discharged into water bodies resulting the serious health problems. Now a days, concentration of arsenic has much increased as compared to the permissive concentration level (25mg/L). Therefore, there is need to reduce this concentration up to threshold value (10μg/L). The use of biosorbents for arsenic removal from wastewater has global significance due to its widespread availability and low cost. Biosorption of Arsenic strongly depends on the initial metal concentration, contact time, speed of stirring, pH and temperature. The maximum arsenic as (III) removed at pH-7.5 is 70%, it was improved to 83% by agitation in batch experiments. While in continuous mode experiments (Fixed bed) the bed height and flow rates were varied. At the Fluidized bed experiments, the maximum As (III) removed was 75%. The effects of several factors such as pH, initial solute concentration, biosorbents dose, has been revaluated in this paper. The low cost, easily available biosorbent AC is recommended for removal of arsenic from contaminated wastewaters to bring them in compliance.

A review of the application of low-cost adsorbents as an alternative method for biosorption of contaminants present in water

Introduction: When using conventional methods to remove contaminants present in water, it generates limitations, such as low efficiency values, and the need for a large operating area added to a high operational cost. As a result, the scientific community has focused its efforts on improving existing removal methods, such as adsorption more focused on the use of biosorbents. These are generally zero-cost waste materials in nature that have a large volume, an example is those generated in agriculture, such as rice husks, peanut husks, cassava husks, and fruit husks, among others. Methodology: This study sought to carry out an extensive review through a broad database, providing biosorbents already produced and used to remove various contaminants. For certain contaminants such as dyes and some heavy metals, dead or live biomasses present promising removal results. The great advantage is that these materials generally present insufficient management, causing several environmental problems. Once used as biosorbents, they solve the problem of bioaccumulation and support the treatment of effluents, making the process sustainable. Results: The most satisfactory results were obtained in the removal of heavy metals, while the use of microbial biomass presented a lower performance, being more dependent on the control of nutrients and other parameters involving the process. The removal of other organic compounds presented greater complexity since they presented functional groups of varying ionic nature, which influence the interaction have the functional groups present on the surface of the biosorbent. Conclusions: Finally, Biosorption presents several advantages such as its cost-benefit, high effectiveness, easy implementation, and how fibrous residues are used, the active sites are freer to adsorb substances and chemicals. Added to this, it enables the use of waste which supports management, reducing environmental pollution resulting from incorrect disposal, making the process sustainable globally.

Review on Heavy Metal Removal and Efficacy of Biosorbents

Abstract: Industries release a significant amount of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. It is a major cause of pollution and a potential health hazard when discharged into the environment without treatment. Standard adsorbents for removing heavy metals have certain limitations, like incomplete metal removal, high energy requirements, and undesirable waste generation. Therefore, the use of biosorbents is an effective alternative to conventional procedures. This critical review evaluates and summarizes the optimum results obtained from different papers covering different parameters such as biosorbent removal efficiency and their adsorption capacity, adsorbent dosage, and effect of pretreatment for removal of single and combination of heavy metals. The influence of pH, contact time, and sorbent dose on biosorption has been discussed. The Langmuir model and the Freundlich model are studied for various biosorbents, and the respective results are obtained and summarised. The pseudo-first and second-order models have been evaluated to study the sorption kinetics. Through this review, it can be concluded that biosorbents can be a promising alternative to treat industrial effluents, mainly because of their high metal binding capacity, low cost, high efficiency in diluted effluents, and environmentally friendly nature.

PERFORMANCE OF AMAZONIAN BIOSORBENTS IN THE SEPARATION PROCESS OF EMULSIFIED OIL WITH RIO NEGRO WATER

Currently, one of the most serious environmental problems society is facing is water contamination by oil spills. The use of sorbents from agricultural residues has been considered a very promising approach for the effective treatment of oil contaminated water. Therefore, this work investigates the use of biosorbents obtained from cupuaçu shell (Bio-CP) and sacha inchi shell (Bio-SI) in the oil removal process. The characterization of adsorbents was carried out by FTIR, XRF, and TGA. Adsorption tests were carried out in a finite bath using 0.1 g of biosorbent and diesel/Rio Negro water emulsions at 400 mg.L-1 in a contact time of 60 minutes. The results show that Bio-CP has a higher oil adsorption capacity (190.8 mg.g-1) compared to Bio-SI (174.93 mg.g-1), and better oil removal, 95.4%, if compared to 87.47% for Bio-SI. The results indicate that cupuaçu and sacha inchi shells can be effective in the production of biosorbents to remove diesel from contaminated water.

Lignocellulose-Based Biosorbents for the Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) from Water: A Review

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are chemicals or materials that are not under current regulation but there are increasing concerns about their possible occurrence in the environment because of their potential threat to human and environmental health, with wastewater perceived as their primary source. Although various techniques for their removal from water have been studied, it should be emphasized that the choice should also consider the use of resources and energy within the removal processes, which must be minimized to avoid additional carbon footprints and environmental impact. In this context, the use of biomass-based sorbents might represent a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for the removal of CECs from water because they are based on preferably local renewable resources with lower negative impacts on the global carbon cycle through greenhouse gas emissions than the conventional nonrenewable ones. This paper provides an overview of the studies dealing with the application of such so-called biosorbents for the removal of CECs from water and discusses the use of their different forms: sorbents after a minimal pretreatment of the original lignocellulosic biomass; sorbents extracted from lignocellulosic biomass and/or modified; and biochar-based sorbents obtained after thermochemical conversion of biomass. It explains possible modifications of biosorbents and discusses the efficiency of various biosorbents for the removal of selected emerging compounds that belong to the classes of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides and compares the adsorption capacities, kinetic models, and mechanisms reported in the relevant literature. Biochar-based sorption has been studied more often if compared to other considered biosorbents. In some cases, removal efficiencies of contaminants greater than 90% were achieved, but nonetheless a wide range of efficiencies for different CECs indicates that for successful simultaneous multicompound removal, a combination of different processes seems to be a more appropriate approach than the stand-alone use of biosorbents. Finally, this review discusses the reasons behind the limited commercial application of the considered biosorbents and provides directions for possible further research, in particular the use of spent biosorbents from a perspective of circular systems.

Biosorption of Heavy Metals with Algae: Critical Review of Its Application in Real Effluents

Biosorption is a variant of sorption techniques in which the adsorbent is a material of biological origin. It has become an economic and ecological alternative for the treatment of effluents. Among the biomasses employed in biosorption, algae have emerged as a sustainable solution for producing environmentally friendly adsorbents due to their abundance in seawater and freshwater, profitability, reuse and high metal absorption capacities. Although the research on the use of biosorbents is extensive and has grown in recent years, there are not many cases of their use for the treatment of real industrial solutions, which are more challenging due to the complex composition of metals that results in interference or competition over the functional sites of the biomass. This review aims to highlight the current state of research, focusing on the application of algae biosorption to remove copper from effluents. The most studied metals are those with the most significant health connotations, such as Cd, Cu and Pb. Regarding copper, only 2% of the biosorption works using seaweeds have been applied to real effluents, which leaves a relevant gap to advance the technology in the treatment of polluted solutions.

SORBENTS BASED ON NON-CARBONIZED VEGE­TABLE RAW MATERIALS

A literature analysis was conducted with sources that describe non-carbonized plant materials (in particular, cellulose from various plants and its derivatives) as sorbents for toxic ions (Cr3+­, Cd2+­, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, etc.) and organic compounds, including oil products. The advantage of plant-based non-carbonized raw materials and sorption materials based on them is the ease of obtaining them from cheap and available plant materials (often from agricultural waste), while the absorbed oil pro­ducts can be separated from such sorbents by pressing, and the sorbents can be reused. The disadvantage is a different composition, depending on the region of growth. The use of inexpensive materials as a matrix for a composite sorbent makes it possible to widely use such material for post-cleaning and/or as the main method of cleaning aqueous solutions for consumer needs. In particular, the addition of finely dispersed inorganic compounds (in particular, graphene oxides) and organic modifiers to non-carbonized plant material for functionalization of its surface was analyzed.
 Surface modification gives the sorbent hyd­rophobic properties and/or results in a composite sorbent having a higher sorption capacity (compared to unmodified sorbents) in relation to target pollutants. The study authors suggest using fatty acids, zinc oxide, polysiloxa­nes, trimethylamine and other compounds as modifiers. The impact of the porous structure of cellulose on its properties as an element of a composite sorbent is also considered. The presence of functional groups in plant materials, in particular in biopolymers, allows them to be used as cheap anion exchangers. To increase the number of ion-exchange groups, the authors of the research suggest functionalizing the surface, which leads to an increase in the number, for example, of sulphatic groups, which in turn increases the ion-exchange capacity of such an ion-exchange material or a composite based on it.
 When using modified hydrophobic biosorbents to remove oil and oil products from water surfaces, it is possible to regenerate the sorbents mechanically, i.e. without reagents. This provides the possibility of multiple use of biosorbents on one side and the possible complete extraction of valuable products  sorbed hydrocarbons.

Polymeric Biomass Derived Adsorbents for Co(II) Remediation, Recycling and Analysis.

The gradual replacement of conventional materials with materials tailored to the green development goals is one of the needs of the day. Correspondingly, this article reviews and integrates, for the first time, the gathered knowledge on the use of the adsorbents based on polymeric biomasses (biosorbents) for a cleaner separation of cobalt (Co) from synthetic and actual solutions. It is a two-part comprehensive approach that debates the Co biosorption potential of bio-based polymers from the perspective of their virtual and real applications for decontamination, recovery, and analytical purposes. First, the removal performances of these materials to batch and fixed column biosorption of Co(II) from mono-component and multi-metallic laboratory solutions are systematized and discussed. Following that, the focus of the first part is shifted to the analytical capabilities of the biosorbents proposed for Co(II) quantification from synthetic solutions. The second section considers the polymeric biomasses successfully incorporated in practical strategies for the removal and recovery of Co(II) from real solutions. The opportunities provided by the use of biosorbents for the development of accurate and greener procedures in Co(II) analysis are also highlighted. The directions in which the research on this topic should be continued and strengthened are suggested.

Desorption of Coffee Pulp Used as an Adsorbent Material for Cr(III and VI) Ions in Synthetic Wastewater: A Preliminary Study.

Some of the diverse agro-industrial waste generated in primary or secondary stages have proved to be promising biomaterials for treating aqueous effluents contaminated, in this case, with heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to know their optimal operating conditions and the regeneration or reusability of the solid by-product, an aspect related to desorption. Considering the above, this article presents the findings of a preliminary study related to the desorption process of coffee pulp without physicochemical modification (Castilla variety), an agricultural waste used as a sorbent of Cr(III and VI) ions in synthetic wastewater. The desorption efficiency of four eluting agents at defined concentrations (0.10M)—HC1, HNO3, H2SO4, and EDTA—was evaluated in a time interval of 1 to 9 days. Likewise, the proposals for the sorption and/or desorption mechanisms proposed and reported in the literature with respect to the use of biosorbents derived from the coffee crop are presented. With respect to the results, the coffee pulp used in previous studies of the adsorption of chromium species mentioned (optimal conditions in synthetic water of particle size 180 μm, dose 20 g·L−1, agitation 100 RPM, room temperature, time of 90 to 105 min) showed efficiencies in the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) of 93.26% and 74.80%, respectively. Regarding the extracting substances used, H2SO4 0.10 M was the one that presented the highest desorption percentage in both chromic species, with a desorption of 45.75% Cr(VI) and 66.84% Cr(III) in periods of 5 and 9 days, respectively, with agitation of 100 RPM and room temperature. Finally, the dissemination of preliminary results on the desorption of coffee pulp contaminated with chromic species without physicochemical modification is novel in this study, as similar work with this specific material has not yet been reported in the literature. On the other hand, the limitations of the study and future research are related to the evaluation at different concentrations and of other extractor solutions that allow improving the efficiency of desorption of these chemical species in a shorter time from the coffee pulp (with and without modification) as well as the reuse cycles. As a result, the desorption of coffee pulp used as an adsorbent material in real water could help researchers identify the possible interfering factors that affect the process (foreign anions and cations, organic matter, environmental conditions, among others).

Polysaccharides as Support for Microbial Biomass-Based Adsorbents with Applications in Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes.

The use of biosorbents for the decontamination of industrial effluent (e.g., wastewater treatment) by retaining non-biodegradable pollutants (antibiotics, dyes, and heavy metals) has been investigated in order to develop inexpensive and effective techniques. The exacerbated water pollution crisis is a huge threat to the global economy, especially in association with the rapid development of industry; thus, the sustainable reuse of different treated water resources has become a worldwide necessity. This review investigates the use of different natural (living and non-living) microbial biomass types containing polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids (natural polymers) as biosorbents in free and immobilized forms. Microbial biomass immobilization performed by using polymeric support (i.e., polysaccharides) would ensure the production of efficient biosorbents, with good mechanical resistance and easy separation ability, utilized in different effluents’ depollution. Biomass-based biosorbents, due to their outstanding biosorption abilities and good efficiency for effluent treatment (concentrated or diluted solutions of residuals/contaminants), need to be used in industrial environmental applications, to improve environmental sustainability of the economic activities. This review presents the most recent advances related the main polymers such as polysaccharides and microbial cells used for biosorbents production; a detailed analysis of the biosorption capability of algal, bacterial and fungal biomass; as well as a series of specific applications for retaining metal ions and organic dyes. Even if biosorption offers many advantages, the complexity of operation increased by the presence of multiple pollutants in real wastewater combined with insufficient knowledge on desorption and regeneration capacity of biosorbents (mostly used in laboratory scale) requires more large-scale biosorption experiments in order to adequately choose a type of biomass but also a polymeric support for an efficient treatment process.

Foamed Glassy Phosphate Materials for Biosorbents

The paper considers the applications of foamed glassy phosphate materials as carriers of biologically active substances. One of the advantages of phosphate materials is their ability to effectively support the life of microorganisms. This feature of phosphate glassy materials opens up the prospects for the application of microorganism strains - destructors of oil products to their foamed samples, that is, the creation of biosorbents for purification of water and soil from hydrocarbon contamination. The advantages of a biosorbent are explained by the high biological activity of microorganisms on the surface of foamed glassy phosphates and the possibility of active development of microorganisms with the simultaneous destruction of petrochemical contaminants. The use of biosorbent eliminates the problem of its utilization and regeneration, thus it is suitable for repeated use. The formation of porous glassy phosphate materials on the surface by the method of molecular layering of monolayer coatings allows obtaining chemically modified composite materials, which improves their performance characteristics such as strengthening the material structure with a simultaneous increase in the catalytic activity of biochemical processes.

PEMANFAATAN KULIT PISANG SEBAGAI MEDIA PENYERAPAN LOGAM PADA LIMBAH CAIR (REVIEW JURNAL)

Kulit pisang diketahui mempunyai kemampuan dalam menyerap logam berat khususnya logam kadmium karena menghasilkan persen penyerapan tertinggi. Tujuan studi literatur yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivator terbaik pada adsorben, hubungan waktu kontak dengan persen penyerapan logam kadmium, dan hubungan massa adsorben dengan persen penyerapan logam kadmium. Aktivator yang digunakan pada studi literatur ini adalah HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH, KOH, dan H3PO4. Karbon aktif yang terbaik dari studi literatur didapatkan pada suhu karbonasi 300-500˚C dengan menggunakan aktivator HCl, sedangkan untuk biosorben hasil terbaik didapatkan pada suhu 75-100˚C dengan aktivator NaOH. Hasil terbaik pada karbon aktif didapatkan persen penyerapan sebesar 98,35% dengan massa 0,8 gram dan waktu kontak 90 menit, sedangkan pada biosorben didapatkan persen penyerapan sebesar 99,21% dengan massa 15 gram dan waktu kontak 3 menit. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa biosorben efektif digunakan dalam penyerapan logam kadmium dibandingkan karbon aktif.
 
 Kata kunci : Kulit Pisang, Karbon Aktif, Biosorben, dan Persen Penyerapan

Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous streams on eggshell membranes of different birds used as biosorbents

The discharges enriched with heavy metals, particularly Cr(VI), are a serious environmental problem. In this work, it is presented the use of biosorbents from eggshells membranes of ostrich, quail, duck and chicken; the membranes were easily prepared and studied for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Maximum uptake of 1.41 mmol g−1membrane permitted the identification of ostrich membrane as the material with the highest Cr(VI) uptake. N2adsorption experiments permitted to classify ostrich membranes as mesoporous materials, since they had pore size of 14.8 nm. This represented an advantage on the nature of these membranes to be used as biosorbents with respect to other membranes. The adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir and Freundlich were verified using experimental data. Langmuir model described the adsorption process satisfactorily at pH 1 and 2 whereas Freundlich model fitted data better at pH 3 and 5. The adsorption kinetic data were adjusted to a pseudo-second order kinetic model. TGA results permitted demonstrating a low thermal stability of ostrich membrane, since it starts decomposing at around 50°C due to the fact that membranes have about 60% protein. Through SEM microscopy was possible to observe the morphology of the membrane surfaces before and after Cr(VI) uptake which reflects the textural characteristics of the biosorbent. FTIR and XPS analyses suggested that Cr was adsorbed on ostrich membranes through the amine groups of proteins conforming the fibers of membranes. Despite the oxygen shows higher electronegativity than N, Cr shows more preference toward N due to fact that pH conditions favor the positive charges on the surface of the membrane. Our results make evident that this waste material is a novel and efficient option for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.

Naturally pre-designed biomaterials: Spider molting cuticle as a functional crude oil sorbent

Diverse fields of modern environmental technology are nowadays focused on the discovery and development of new sources for oil spill removal. An especially interesting type of sorbents is those of natural origin—biosorbents—as ready-to-use constructs with biodegradable, nontoxic, renewable and cost-efficient properties. Moreover, the growing problem of microplastic-related contamination in the oceans further encourages the use of biosorbents. Here, for the first time, naturally pre-designed molting cuticles of the Theraphosidae spider Avicularia sp. “Peru purple”, as part of constituting a large-scale spider origin waste material, were used for efficient sorption of crude oil. Compared with currently used materials, the proposed biosorbent of spider cuticular origin demonstrates excellent ability to remain on the water surface for a long time. In this study the morphology and hydrophobic features of Theraphosidae cuticle are investigated for the first time. The unique surface morphology and very low surface free energy (4.47 ± 0.08 mN/m) give the cuticle-based, tube-like, porous biosorbent excellent oleophilic–hydrophobic properties. The crude oil sorption capacities of A. sp. “Peru purple” molt structures in sea water, distilled water and fresh water were measured at 12.6 g/g, 15.8 g/g and 16.6 g/g respectively. These results indicate that this biomaterial is more efficient than such currently used fibrous sorbents as human hairs or chicken feathers. Four cycles of desorption were performed and confirmed the reusability of the proposed biosorbent. We suggest that the oil adsorption mechanism is related to the brush-like and microporous structure of the tubular spider molting cuticles and may also involve interaction between the cuticular wax layers and crude oil.

Removal of colour from hospital wastewater with activated nanobiocarbon derived from the pit of the <i>Olea woodiana</i> (forest olive): kinetics and isotherms study

One of the most effective technologies for the coloured wastewater treatment is the use of biosorbents. The surface adsorption process is preferable to other methods for reasons such as low cost, the ability to perform more easily and insensitivity to toxic substances. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics, isotherms and parameters affecting the decolourisation of hospital wastewater using activated nanobiocarbon derived from the pit of the forest olives. This experimental and in-vitro study evaluated the parameters such as initial colour concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, temperature, and isotherm and kinetics analysis in a Batch system and morphology characteristics of the adsorption was investigated using FESEM technique. The results of this study showed the efficiency of removal of 99% colour from effluents with adsorbent dose of 0.5 G, pH = 7 and temperature of 35°C. The adsorption process of colour from wastewater was based on the models of Freundlich (R2 = 0.991) and Langmuir (R2 = 0.97) isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.94). Also, the analysis of FESEM micrographs related to the surface of synthesised activated nanobiocarbon indicated 10-nanometre nanopores and a fairly uniform distribution.

Application of modified Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris powder on the adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions

One of the effective methods to remove heavy metals is the use of biosorbents. The aim of this study was to assess the adsorption rate of metal ions; cadmium, lead and copper in the aqueous solution with Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris algae biosorbent sulfuric acid-modified powder. The adsorption rate of metals cadmium, lead and copper via modified Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris adsorbents by varied adsorbent contents (0.5–5 g), different pH's (3–7), various contact time (5–120 min) and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper (5–100 mg L−1) was assessed. The removal percent of metal ions via Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris biosorbents were different. At optimum pH 5 for copper and optimum pH 6 for cadmium and lead, the equilibrium time 60 min and adsorbent dosage 5 g L−1, the removal percent of cadmium, lead and copper with Spirulina platensis adsorbent was 92.76%, 94.09% and 80.75% respectively and with Chlorella vulgaris adsorbent was 87.52%, 90.09% and 84.75% respectively, wherein lead removal percent via both modified biosorbents was higher in relation to cadmium and copper. Based on the results, metals adsorption followed the Longmuir and second-order kinetics equation models. The isotherm models showed that capacity of modified biosorbents was higher in lead adsorption. The thermodynamics parameters assessment indicated that the process of cadmium, lead and copper ions adsorption on modified biosorbents was endothermic, spontaneous and physico-chemical. Thus, considering the high adsorption efficiency, Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris can be safely used as an effective option for biosorption of heavy metals from the aqueous solutions.

Synergistic effect of zeolite/chitosan in the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution

ABSTRACTToday, fluoride represents one of the most often found, and resilient, pollutants threatening the health of millions of people around the globe. The use of biosorbents is an interesting alternative technique for the removal of fluorine-ions. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with surface groups capable of removing fluorine; however, their lack of mechanical stability restricts its application. In the present work, we proposed that such limitations can be overcame by forming a composite with zeolite (ZCC). A proper zeolite-to-chitosan ration must be kept to prevent a collapse of the material’s capacity. Two ZCCs at ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 were formed and tested for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. The composites were characterized by Electron Microscopy, FT-IR, N2 physisorption, and potentiometric titration techniques. During fluoride adsorption studies, the effects of pH and temperature were analysed and thermodynamic parameters for adsorption were calculated. The results demonstrated that there is a chemical interaction between the zeolite and chitosan components leading to a superior adsorption performance than if there was a simple physical mixture of the precursors. Maximum adsorption capacities were reached using the composite material with the lowest chitosan content due to reduced constriction of the zeolite pores and a better dispersion of overall the adsorption sites. Both pH and temperature had a significant, and negative, impact on the adsorption; these effects were discussed. The present work represents an advance in the development of functional biocomposites for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions.

PROMOTION OF EQUIPPED TECHNOLOGY OF STEEL WATER TREATMENT WITH INTEROPERABILITY OF BIOSORBENT AND BIOFLOCULATION

One of the sources of pollution that leads to deterioration of the quality of surface water, drinking water and the environment are sewage. Physico-chemical methods of research have established the poor quality of wastewater treatment at the Kamyanskyi treatment facilities for such indices as ammonium nitride, nitride, nitrate, petroleum products, iron and suspended matter.In the course of the research, it was found that the low quality of wastewater treatment from biogenic elements and suspended matter is associated with secondary contamination, which is due to the decomposition of the bioactivities of the walls of the structures and the increase in the number of filamentous bacteria, low dose of active sludge and overload. The purification technology consists of the following steps: mechanical cleaning (rake, gratings, primary settling tanks), biochemical purification (aerotanks and secondary sedimentation ponds), disinfection of waste water in contact pods with chlorine.To solve the problem, an improved scheme of biochemical wastewater treatment with the use of biosorbent (active sludge) and bioflocculant was proposed. In the developed scheme of wastewater treatment, it is suggested that the clarified waste water from the primary tanks be sent to the preaperatore to be cleaned, in which the waste sludge with a dose of1.0 g/ l is directed, which serves as a biosorbent.A laboratory plant for biological wastewater treatment (aerotank, secondary sedimentation tank) was developed on which the effectiveness of simultaneous application of a biosorbent and a biofloral agent during the preliminary purification process was tested. Thanks to the proposed technology, bioaccumulation of iron has been increased by 3 times, and the efficiency of purification by physico-chemical parameters has been improved by 30%. Also, the effectiveness of bioaccumulative action of inactivated sludge in relation to heavy metals such as: iron, cadmium, manganese, copper, cobalt and zinc has been proved.

Removal of Phosphates from Water Using Eggshell Bio Sorbents

The present study focuses on the preparation and use of biosorbents produced from eggshells. Hen eggshells are produced as a by-product in large quantities by food manufacturers. The costs associated with eggshell disposal (mainly on landfill sites) are significant and expected to continue increasing as landfill taxes increase.The environmental significance of phosphorus arises from its role as a major nutrient for both plants and microorganisms. The adsorption efficiency of phosphate ions from the obtained biosorbents - raw eggshell powders - is studied at room temperature in static conditions. The effect of phosphate concentration and sorbent mass on the efficiency of the process is evaluated, as well as sorption kinetics are investigated. The structure, phase composition, porosity, specific surface area and morphology of obtained biosorbents is determined. The utilization of eggshells as an abundant, cheap and biodegradable material for the removal of phosphates is studied and discussed.