Use Of Benzoic Acid Research Articles

Health risk assessment of benzoic acid intake through consumption of creamy cakes in Gonabad, Iran

Benzoic acid, a food preservative, can cause serious human health risks. The purpose of this study was to investigate benzoic acid in samples of creamy cakes sold in Gonabad market. In this regard, ten most commonly using brands of cake producers were selected and then, 4 cake samples from each brand were analyzed to measure their benzoic acid contents and to estimate the associated human health risk. The chronic daily intake (CDI) and target hazard quotient (HQ) values of benzoic acid were calculated. The mean concentration of benzoic acid in the creamy cake samples was 2.13 mg/kg. The highest concentration was detected in one brand with the amount of 4.38 mg/kg. Although, the use of benzoic acid as a food preservative in cakes is not allowed, hence it was detected in 76.3 % of the cake samples studied. Dietary intakes of benzoic acid were well below the ADI for both children and adults. The results showed that the HQs caused by the intake of benzoic acid from different brands of creamy cakes were in the range of 0–0.006 (mean 0.0032) and 0–0.0013 (mean 0.0006) for children and adults, respectively, indicating no health risk from the consumption of the cakes containing this preservative.

Evaluating the effects of benzoic acid on nursery and finishing pig growth performance.

Three studies were conducted evaluating the use of benzoic acid in swine diets. In experiment 1, 350 weanling barrows (DNA 200 × 400; initially 5.9 ± 0.04kg) were allotted to one of the five dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in three phases: phase 1 from weaning to day 10, phase 2 from days 10 to 18, and phase 3 from days 18 to 38. Treatment 1 contained no benzoic acid throughout all three phases (weaning to day 42). Treatment 2 included 0.50% benzoic acid throughout all three phases. Treatment 3 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phases 1 and 2, and 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 4 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phases 1 and 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 5 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phase 1, 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. For the overall period, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain (average daily gain) than pigs fed no benzoic acid through all three phases, or pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the final phase, with pigs fed the other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had improved (P < 0.05) gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid throughout all three phases, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the third phase, or pigs fed 0.50%, 0.25%, and no benzoic acid, respectively. For experiment 2, a 101-d trial was conducted using two groups of 1,053 finishing pigs (2,106 total pigs; PIC 337 × 1,050; initially 33.3 ± 1.9kg). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based with the addition of none, 0.25%, or 0.50% benzoic acid. Overall, pigs fed increasing benzoic acid had a tendency for increased average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.083) but decreased G:F (linear, P < 0.05). In experiment 3, 2,162 finishing pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 31.4 ± 2.2kg) were used in a 109-d trial. Dietary treatments were formulated with or without 0.25% benzoic acid. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.05) G:F. In summary, feeding benzoic acid elicits improved growth performance when fed throughout the entire nursery period while improved G:F in growing-finishing pigs was observed in one experiment, but not in the other.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Benzoic Acid on Growth and Production of Wheat

Wheat is one of the most important crop. Which is cultivated in whole world. It belongs to Poaceae family. An experiment was performed to check the effect of foliar application of benzoic acid on growth and production of wheat. This experiment was conducted according to complete randomized design. Three treatments of benzoic acid (100 ml/L, 200 ml/L and 400 ml/L) were used. Data was recorded for plant height, number of tillers/m2, flag leaf area, spike length, number of grains/spike and plant dry weight/m2. Then data was analyzed by ANOVA and mean values of each treatment were compared by using Fisher’s LSD. The results showed that foliar use of benzoic acid at 200 ml/L provided the best results for all traits (number of tillers/m2, flag leaf area, spike length, number of grains/spike and plant dry weight/m2) except plant height. Foliar application of benzoic acid at 200 ml/L greatly enhance the growth and yield in wheat. This was because of increase in auxin production or increase in cell division. While height was the only trait which was gradually decreased with the increase of benzoic acid level.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of benzoic acid (Kalama® Animal Feed Grade Benzoic acid) for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening (Emerald Kalama Chemical, B.V).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of benzoic acid (Kalama®) as a zootechnical feed additive for weaned piglets at a level of 5000 mg/kg complete feed and for pigs for fattening at a minimum content of 5000 mg/kg and a maximum content of 10,000 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that benzoic acid is safe for weaned piglets at 5000 mg/kg complete feed and for pigs for fattening at 10,000 mg/kg complete feed. The Panel considered the use of benzoic acid under the proposed conditions of use to be of no concern for consumer safety and the environment. Benzoic acid poses a risk by inhalation, it is irritant to skin and corrosive to eyes, but no conclusions can be drawn on dermal sensitisation. The additive, benzoic acid, is efficacious as a zootechnical feed additive for weaned piglets and for pigs for fattening at the proposed conditions of use.

Coating the surface of interconnected Cu2O nanowire arrays with HKUST-1 nanocrystals via electrochemical oxidation

Controlling the crystallization of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) at the nanoscale is currently challenging, and this hinders their utilization for multiple applications including photo(electro)chemistry and sensors. In this work, we show a synthetic protocol that enables the preparation of highly homogeneous Cu2O@MOF nanowires standing on a conductive support with extensive control over the crystallization of the MOF nanoparticles at the surface of the Cu2O nanowires. Cu2O nanowires were first prepared via templated electrodeposition, and then partially converted into the well-known Cu-MOF HKUST-1 by pulsed electrochemical oxidation. We show that the use of PVP as a capping agent during the electrochemical oxidation of Cu2O into HKUST-1 provides control over the growth of the MOF nanocrystals on the surface of the Cu2O nanowires, and that the size of the MOF crystals obtained can be tuned by changing the concentration of PVP dissolved in the electrolyte. In addition, we propose the use of benzoic acid as an alternative to achieve control over the size of the obtained MOF nanocrystals when the use of a capping agent should be avoided.

The Effects of Preservatives on Antibiotic- and Preservative-Resistant Microbes and Nitrogen/Sulfur Cycle Associated Microbial Communities in Freshwater River Sediments.

The intensive use of benzoic acid (BA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HB), and dehydroacetate (DHA) as additives and preservatives in cosmetics and foods causes emerging environmental pollutions. Anthropogenic releases of BA, HB and DHA are primarily emissions into water and soil. However, few studies investigate the effects of BA, HB and DHA on microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of BA, HB and DHA on microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. Tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole- and preservative-resistant microbes were increased in the river sediments treated with BA, HB and DHA. The relative abundances of methanogen- and xenobiotic-degradation-associated microbial communities were also increased in the BA-, HB- and DHA-treated sediments. The relative abundance of four nitrogen cycle associated microbial groups (anammox, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction) were increased after the eighth week in the BA-, HB- and DHA-treated sediments. For the sulfur cycle, the relative abundance of thiosulfate oxidation associated microbial communities were increased after the eighth week in the BA-, HB- and DHA-treated sediments. Results of this study provide insight into the effects of BA, HB and DHA on antibiotic resistance, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, drug resistance and methane production in freshwater aquatic environments.

Technology for preparing silage in rolls with the use of biological and chemical preservatives

The task of producing large feeds through the dissemination of modern technologies and the creation of a high-quality forage base is paramount for animal husbandry. The aim of the study is to study various biological and medical preparations and their complex use while maintaining the senate in the expanded, revealed in the film, to clarify its quality and safety. The scheme of the experiment provides for the use of benzoic acid and powdered sulfur for surface treatment in case of detection with biological preparations Biotrof and Biosil NN, as well as only with benzoic acid in searches with the preparation of haylage without preparations. For harvesting haylage, oriental goat's rue mixed with cereals is used. The laying of experimental batches of haylage is carried out under production conditions according to the generally accepted methodology of laboratory experiments. The quality of haylage was controlled by organoleptic parameters, acidity, content and ratio of acid fermentation. As a result of the research, it was found that canned haylage drugs have the best organoleptic characteristics characteristic of high-quality feed. The best effect of conservation was the combined treatment of silage powdered sulfur and lactic ferment Biosil NN. The use of these preparations increases the formation of butyric acid in the haylage, the dominance of lactic acid in the residues of acid fermentation (83.0%) has been identified, due to the fact that the feed is better acidified (pH=4.7) than haylage without consumption (pH=5, 38). According to the result of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of haylage for all assessed indicators, this feed is applied to the 1st quality class, which to the greatest extent gives an assessment of ruminant tests.

Ring-Opening Polymerization of Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides with Unprotected/Reactive Side Groups. I. d-Penicillamine N-Carboxyanhydride

The ring-opening (co)polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers bearing unprotected/reactive side groups is rare and challenging. Here, we report the ROP of a d-penicillamine NCA (Pen-NCA) monomer for the synthesis of tertiary thiol-functionalized (co)polypeptides. Through judicious selection of reaction solvents and the use of benzoic acid as an additive in the ROP, the intramolecular isomerization side reactions of Pen-NCA are suppressed, generating homo- and copolypeptides with improved yield, high molecular weight, and narrow molecular weight distributions. Successful postpolymerization modifications of the d-Pen-containing copolypeptides on the tertiary thiols are achieved with high efficiency through thiol-Michael, SN2, and nitrosylation reactions. This work provides an efficient protection-free approach to generating functional polypeptides and creates a fundamental understanding for Pen-NCA chemistry.

Structural Variety of Niobium(V) Polyoxo Clusters Obtained from the Reaction with Aromatic Monocarboxylic Acids: Isolation of {Nb2 O}, {Nb4 O4 } and {Nb8 O12 } Cores.

The reactivity of aryl monocarboxylic acids (benzoic, 1- or 2-naphtoic, 4'-methylbiphenyl-4-carboxylic, and anthracene-9-carboxylic acids) as complexing agents for the ethoxide niobium(V) (Nb(OEt)5 precursor has been investigated. A total of eight coordination complexes were isolated with distinct niobium(V) nuclearities as well as carboxylate complexation states. The use of benzoic acid gives a tetranuclear core Nb4 (μ2 -O)4 (L)4 (OEt)8 ] (L=benzoate (1)) with four Nb-(μ2 -O)-Nb linkages in a square plane configuration. A similar tetramer, 7, was obtained with 2-naphtoic acid by using a 55 % humid atmosphere synthetic route. Two types of dinuclear brick were identified with one central Nb-(μ2 -O)-Nb linkage; they differ in their complexation state, with one bridging carboxylate ([Nb2 (μ2 -O)(μ2 -OEt)(L)(OEt)6 ], with L=1-naphtoate (3) or anthracene-9-carboxylate (5)) or two bridging carboxylate groups ([Nb2 (μ2 -O)(L)2 (OEt)6 ], with L=4'-methylbiphenyl-4-carboxylic (4) or anthracene-9-carboxylate (6)). An octanuclear moiety [Nb8 (μ2 -O)12 (L)8 (η1 -L)4-x (OEt)4+x ] (with L=2-naphtoate, x=0 or 2; 8) was obtained by using a solvothermal route in acetonitrile; it has a cubic configuration with niobium centers at each node, linked by 12 μ2 -O groups. The formation of the niobium oxo clusters was characterized by infrared and liquid 1 H NMR spectroscopy in order to analyze the esterification reaction, which induces the release of water molecules that further react through oxolation with niobium atoms, in different {Nb2 O}, {Nb4 O4 } and {Nb8 O12 } nuclearities.

PSV-5 Effects of Benzoic Acid and an Essential Oils Blend on Detection of Swine Viruses in Inoculated Swine Feed and Premix

Abstract Feed has been shown to harbor viable viruses over an extended period. This study investigated the use of benzoic acid (BA) and an essential oils blend (EO) to mitigate the presence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Senecavirus A (SVA) in a complete diet (Exp. 1) and a vitamin premix (Exp. 2). Experiment 1 consisted of a control with no additive, 0.5% BA, 0.5% BA and 200 ppm EO, 0.3% BA and 120 ppm EO, and 0.25% BA and 100 ppm EO. Feed samples were inoculated with PEDV, PRRSV, and SVA. For Exp. 2, the control contained no additive, and treatment had 2.68% EO included to mitigate PEDV. Inoculated feed or premix was stored at room temperature with sampling points at 2, 5, and 15 d post-inoculation (dpi). Samples were analyzed using triplex qRT-PCR to detect changes in RNA quantities for all viruses. Detectible PRRSV in the feed demonstrated a quadratic decrease over time (P = 0.038). A significant treatment × day interaction was observed in the feed for both PEDV (P = 0.008) and SVA (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The 0.5% BA treatment had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) amounts of detectible PEDV on d 2 and 5 and decreased detectible PEDV on d 15 compared with control. The 0.5% BA treated feed demonstrated decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) detectable SVA at 2 dpi but greater detectible SVA at 15 dpi compared with control. Both PEDV and SVA demonstrated viral degradation over time. The use of the EO in the vitamin premix had no evidence of main or interactive effects. In conclusion, 0.5% BA decreased PEDV at 15 dpi, but BA and EO mitigation in this model did not provide consistent evidence for increased viral degradation. However, time decreased detectability of all three viruses.

Comparison of caproic acid and monolaurin with zinc oxide and benzoic acid; effect on growth performance of weaned pigs

Medium chain organic acids (MCOA) offer the potential to replace zinc oxide, without dependence on antibiotic use, and can replace or reduce the use of benzoic acid in pig production. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of caproic acid (C6) and C12 monolaurin (C12M) on the growth performance of weaned pigs, in comparison with zinc oxide (ZnO) and benzoic acid (BA). Specifically, the trial examined whether MCOA, at a reduced inclusion level of BA, could maintain performance levels of pigs similar to those receiving a higher inclusion level of BA. In total, 240 pigs from weaning until 27 d post-weaning were used in a completely randomised block trial with six treatments and eight replicate pens per treatment. Treatments were: (1) control (CON), basal diet (BD); (2) BD+ZnO (ZnO); (3) BD+5,000 mg/kg BA (BA); (4) BD+2,500 mg/kg BA+2,000 mg/kg C12M+700 mg/kg C6 (BAlow/MCOA); (5) BD+2,000 mg/kg C12M+700 mg/kg C6 (MCOA); (6) BD+1000 mg/kg C12M+700 mg/kg C6 (MCOAlow). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Pigs receiving BA or BA low/MCOA had improved feed conversion ration (FCR) during the period 0-14 days, compared with control pigs (1.02 vs 1.17, P&lt;0.05; 1.06 vs 1.17; P=0.084, respectively). The FCR of pigs receiving BAlow/MCOA was similar to those receiving BA at the higher inclusion-level. Pigs showed good health throughout the study, as indicated by clinical and faecal scores. Replacement of ZnO was inconclusive and further studies with more challenging health conditions are required to conclude benefits.

Impact of zinc oxide, benzoic acid and probiotics on the performance and cecal microbiota of piglets

BackgroundIntestinal health remains a key factor in animal production because it is essential for digestion, absorption and bacterial fermentation. Feed additives have been used to attenuate the weaning stress such as Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and benzoic acid (C7H6O2). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of of benzoic acid and probiotics (BA + P) on performance, diarrhea and cecal microbiota of piglets in the nursery phase (23 to 65 days).ResultsOne hundred and sixty weaned piglets with an initial weight of 6.335 ± 0.698 kg and 23 days of age were submitted to four treatments: supplementation with 2500 ppm of Zinc oxide (ZnO), supplementation with a commercial blend of benzoic acid and probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415; Vevogut P®) (BA + P), supplementation with Zinc oxide plus benzoic acid and probiotics (ZnO + BA + P), and controls receiving only the basal diet without any supplementation. At 65 days of age, 32 piglets (n = 8 per treatment) were slaughtered for the evaluation of the cecal microbiota. Supplementation with ZnO and BA + P were associated with better feed conversion (P < 0.05) in the early stage (23 to 49 days) and with an improvement in all performance parameters over the entire experimental period. The occurrence of diarrhea was lower (P < 0.05) in the BA + P group. The 4 most abundant phyla along with unclassified bacteria represented 93% of all sequences. Firmicutes dominated the cecal microbiota of all groups, followed by Bacteroidetes. Richness represented by the observed number of genera and by the Chao index were statistically lower in ZnO and ZnO + BA + P supplemented animals compared to controls. The beta diversity analysis that compares similarities between bacterial communities demonstrated formation of two distinct clusters containing samples with and without supplementation with ZnO, confirming a strong influence of ZnO on the intestinal microbiota.ConclusionThe use of Benzoic acid with probiotics yields similar performance results with lower impact on the gut microbiota compared to ZnO, and it should be considered as a potential alternative in swine production.

The effect of natural feed additive on productive performance of broiler chickens

The effect of natural feed additive on productive performance of broiler chickens

Evaluasi Mutu Fisik, Total Bakteri, Dan Sensori Minuman Sari Tempe Dengan Penambahan Bunga Kecombrang

Tempe juice drink is a functional drink made from the main ingredient of tempe, which has a good nutritional composition for the body, preservation of tempeh juice drinks currently uses chemicals using benzoic acid, the use of benzoic acid can have an impact on health. Kecombrang flowers contain bioactive components such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oils, phenolics, and triterpenoids which can function as antibacterial.The addition of kecombrang flowers is intended to prolong or preserve the tempeh juice.The purpose of this study was to determine the total bacteria test, viscosity, and sensory quality of tempeh juice drink with variations in the addition of kecombrang flowers and storage time.This research is an experimental type using factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the dependent variable including the total test for bacteria, viscosity, and sensory quality, while the independent variable includes the addition of kecombrang flowers and storage time. The research stages included making kecombrang flower powder and making tempeh juice.The process of making tempeh juice drinks through cutting, milling, boiling, filtering, packaging, and storage. The treatment of adding kecombrang flowers (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) and storage time (0 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours). The resulting product is carried out in the test stages for total bacteria, viscosity, and sensory quality (color, aroma, taste, consistency).The results showed that the interaction between the addition of kecombrang flowers and storage time had a significant effect on total bacteria, viscosity, aroma, taste, consistency, and had no significant effect on color.The best treatment was obtained in the addition of 1.5% kecombrang flower treatment and 8 hours of storage, with total bacteria (2.8x10 4 colonies / gram), viscosity (0.145 Cp), sensory (2.83).

SERS Detection of Benzoic Acid in Milk by Using Ag-COF SERS Substrate

Benzoic acid, which has a pivotal role in food additive, is prohibited to add as a preservative in dairy products. China, Brazil, and other countries have proposed standard methods to detect the addition of benzoic acid in food. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an upcoming spectral detection technique, which has been widely used in the field of material analysis with the advantages of non-invasive, fast detection speed and complex environment with little interference. To detect the illegal use of benzoic acid in dairy industry, we developed Ag-COF (covalent-organic framework) material as SERS substrate to detect benzoic acid in liquid milk. The great enhancement ability of Ag-COF substrate is controlled by the addition of acetic acid and complex interplay between COF material and benzoic acid. This detection method has high sensitivity and reliability that allows us to achieve limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 μg/mL in milk and 0.00372 μg/mL in water by applying this method. In experiment on recovery rate of real samples, the detection time is less than 15 minutes and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 2.82% to 5.69%. Therefore, this method has practical significance of the detection of benzoic acid in dairy products.

Suppression of Ganoderma boninense Using Benzoic Acid: Impact on Cellular Ultrastructure and Anatomical Changes in Oil Palm Wood

Basal stem rot (BSR) caused by a wood degrading fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is the major constraint in palm oil production. It degrades the wood components and causes palms to collapse, leading to heavy losses. Inefficacy in controlling this disease could be caused by the lack of understanding in how the pathogen establishes itself on the host concerning wood decay stages. This study aimed to understand and determine the role of benzoic acid on the suppression of G. boninense and production of ligninolytic enzymes responsible for wood decay. Further, the alteration in wood component structure due to G. boninense infection and its prevention were studied. Benzoic acid treatment resulted in more than 80% of inhibition in G. boninense growth. SEM and HR-TEM analysis confirmed the antifungal activity of benzoic acid by disruption of mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure. Moreover, the membrane permeability assay recorded enhanced cell mortality in benzoic acid treated mycelium. The degradation of oil palm woodblock caused 58.86 % wood dry weight loss at day 120. In contrast, reduction in dry weight loss (58.82%) was recorded in woodblock treated with concentrations of benzoic acid of 5 mM and above. It is concluded that the use of benzoic acid could inhibit or delay pathogen establishment in oil palm wood, leading to the sustainable management of BSR disease. Further, glasshouse and field trials are required to prove the consistency in current findings which may contribute to reduced land expansion to create new disease-free land for oil palm planting.

Effect of Benzoic Acid and Essential Oil Blends on Viral Load in Swine Feed and Vitamin Premix

Feed has been shown to harbor viable virus of interest to swine producers over an extended period of time. The use of mitigants and kill steps have been investigated with variable results. This study investigated the use of benzoic acid (BA) and an essential oil blend (EO) to mitigate the presence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Senecavirus A (SVA) in a complete diet (Exp. 1) and a vitamin premix (Exp. 2). Four treatments consisting of 0.5% BA; 0.5% BA and 200 ppm EO; 0.3% BA and 120 ppm EO; and 0.25% BA and 100 ppm EO were used in the complete feed, in addition to a control with no feed additive to test the mitigant’s effect on PEDV, PRRSV, and SVA detection. For Exp. 2, a vitamin premix without chemical treatment acted as the control and the other treatment was the vitamin premix treated with 2.68% EO, with both used to determine PEDV detection. The inoculated feed or premix was stored for up to 15 d with sampling points at 2, 5, and 15 d post-inoculation. Samples were analyzed using a triplex qRT-PCR to detect changes in RNA quantities for all three viruses. A significant treatment × day interaction was observed in the feed for both PEDV (P = 0.008) and SVA (P < 0.001). Per the decreased cycle threshold (Ct) value, the 0.5% BA treatment had higher (P < 0.05) measurements of detectible PEDV on d 2 and 5, and lower amounts of detectible PEDV on d 15, as compared to the control. The 0.5% BA treated feed had lower (P < 0.05) detectable SVA on d 2 but higher detectible SVA on d 15 compared to the control. There was no evidence of difference in detectable PRRSV between treatments. During this experiment, PEDV and SVA showed a degradation over time with rates of degradation varying between treatments. Increasing time from d 2 to 15 decreased (quadratic, P = 0.038) detectable PRRSV. The use of the EO in the vitamin premix had no evidence of a treatment × day interaction, treatment effect, or degradation over time. In conclusion, the use of 0.5% BA had an increased PEDV Ct on d 15 compared to the control (33.8 vs. 32.7 Ct, respectively). However, the use of BA and EO mitigant in this model did not provide consistent evidence for increased viral degradation,

Safety and efficacy of benzoic acid as a technological feed additive for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening.

The additive under assessment is pure benzoic acid (> 99.8%), manufactured in the form of flakes. It is intended to be used as a technological feed additive (acidity regulator) in feedingstuffs for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening, with maximum contents of 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg complete feed, respectively. Benzoic acid is safe for weaned piglets at 5,000 mg/kg complete feed, and at 10,000 mg/kg complete feed for pigs for fattening. The use of benzoic acid in feedingstuffs for piglets and pigs for fattening at the maximum application rate will not affect exposure of consumers to residues or metabolites of concern via food from treated animals. Therefore, the use of benzoic acid as technological additive in feeds for pigs to a maximum inclusion level of 10,000 mg/kg is considered safe for consumers. Benzoic acid is a skin and eye irritant but is not considered to be a skin sensitiser. Exposure via inhalation is unlikely. The use of benzoic acid in feedingstuffs for piglets and pigs for fattening will not pose a risk for the environment. Benzoic acid is efficacious as an acidity regulator in feedingstuffs for weaned piglets and pigs for fattening.

FAST AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BENZOIC ACID AND ACESULFAME-K IN SOFT DRINKS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-DIODE ARRAY DETECTOR: METHOD VALIDATION AND UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION

Classified as food additives, the use of benzoic acid and acesulfame K to preserve foods is finite due to health and environmentreason.In this study, anefficient and fast method for simultaneous determination of benzoic acid and acesulfame-K in soft drinks was validated using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) on a C18 column. The method showed results satisfaction as the coefficient determination for benzoic acid and acesulfame-K were 0.9998 and 0.9991 respectively. The LOD for both compounds found at 0.02 mg/kg and the LOQ were found at 0.07 and 0.06 mg/kg for benzoic acid and acesulfame-K respectively. The recovery studies proved that the method has a good recovery ranging from 96103% for both benzoic acid and acesulfame-K with %RSD varies from 1.6 - 4.6% at different concentrations. The validated method then applied to the inter-laboratory comparison sample conducted by the National Quality Control Laboratory for Drug and Food (NQCLDF), Indonesia, using traceable standard reference materials. Uncertainty evaluation using bottom-up approach showed that the method has reasonable uncertainty value with uncertainty budget derived from weighing process, recovery studies, method precision, calibration curve and standard solution. The uncertainty value (k=2, in confidence level 95%) for benzoic acid was found to be 4% at reported concentration of 343 mg/kg and for acesulfame-K was found to be 6.5% at reported concentration of 195 mg/kg. In conclusion, the validated method offered a simple and fast method, as well as economical reagents consumption indicating its possible application as an alternative method for a routine analysis.

Graphene Oxide as Metal-Free Catalyst in Oxidative Dehydrogenative C–N Coupling Leading to α-Ketoamides: Importance of Dual Catalytic Activity

A heterogeneous, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly carbocatalyst, graphene oxide (GO) enables the formation of α-ketoamides from activated aldehydes and amines through a cross-dehydrogenative coupling pathway. The oxygenated functionalities (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, ketonic, and epoxides) on the surface of graphene oxide impart acidic as well as oxidizing properties to the material. This dual catalytic property of graphene oxide is explored toward the generation of α-ketoamides where surface acidity of graphene oxide favors the initial formation of hemiaminal intermediate followed by oxidation leading to the desired final product. The hemiaminal intermediate could be isolated and confirmed by NMR and mass analysis. A few control experiments confirmed that both acidic and oxidizing catalytic activities of graphene oxide were instrumental in the coupling reaction. Use of benzoic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalysts resulted in the formation of only hemiaminal intermediate as the major prod...