Use Of Automated System Research Articles

Designing, Optimizing, and Validating a Low-Cost, Multi-Purpose, Automatic System-Based RGB Color Sensor for Sorting Fruits

The use of automatic systems in the agriculture sector enhances product quality and the country’s economy. The method used to sort fruits and vegetables has a remarkable impact on the export market and quality assessment. Although manual sorting and grading can be performed easily, it is inconsistent, time-consuming, expensive, and highly influenced by the surrounding environment. In this regard, this study aimed to design and optimize the performance of a low-cost, multi-purpose, automatic RGB color-based sensor for sorting fruits. The proposed automatic color sorting system consists of hardware components including a machine frame, belt and pulleys, conveyor belt, scanning zone, plastic boxes, electric components (stepper motors, RGB color sensors, Arduino Mega, motor drivers), and software components (Arduino IDE version 2.2.1 and C++). Calibration was performed for the light intensity sensor to measure the light intensity inside the scanning zone, the conveyor speed sensor, and the RGB color sensors by testing the RGB color channels. The sensor, the height, conveyor belt color, and light intensity should be carefully adjusted to ensure a high performance of the color-based sorting system. The results showed that the appropriate sensor height ranged from 15 to 30 mm, the optimum color of the conveyor belt was black, and scanning the objects at a light intensity of 25 lux achieved the best output signals. The RGB color sensors achieved an analytical performance similar to that obtained with manual sorting without requiring the use of computers for image processing like other automatic sorting systems do in order to gather RGB data.

Closing the loop and raising the bar: Automated control systems in neuromodulation.

Neuromodulation has emerged as a promising therapy for the management of chronic pain, movement disorders, and other neurological conditions. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a widely used form of neuromodulation that involves the delivery of electrical impulses to the spinal cord to modulate the transmission of pain signals to the brain. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of automation systems to improve the efficacy and safety of SCS. This narrative review summarizes the status of Food and Drug Administration-approved autonomous neuromodulation devices including closed loop, feedforward, and feedback systems. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system and focuses specifically on the use of these systems for SCS. It is important for clinicians to understand the expanding role of automation in neuromodulation in order to select appropriate therapies founded on automation systems to the specific needs of the patient and the underlying condition. The review also provides insights into the current state of the art in neuromodulation automation systems and discusses potential future directions for research in this field.

Investigation of the variability in the tool marks produced by modified blank firing pistols on fired 7.65 mm projectiles

Firearms identification has an important place in forensic ballistic investigations since the weapons are widely used in criminal offences. Firearm examiners resolve many case files, through the use of automatic systems or comparison microscopes. Advanced forensic technologies like BALİSTİKA helps to record and analyze non standard ballistic evidence. In today's world, with the ease of access to materials and production technique information, pistols modified from blank firers are frequently encountered as crime tools. In this study, the characteristics of 7.65 mm fired cartridge cases obtained by controlled shots from blank firing modified pistols were examined, and their detection performances were compared by means of the Balistika system. Although distinctive differences are not expected after successive test shootings, balistically important changes were seen after the use of blank firing modified pistols and the 3D imaging system proved to be useful in observing such differences. The analyses showed that the modifications in weapons lead to variation in the ballistic characteristics and reduce the accuracy of the detection performance, which may result in flawed forensic decisions. It was also found that the deviations in ballistic impressions of modified blank firing pistols were greater than that of standard fabricated and hand-made pistols. This unique study contributed to the forensic sciences literature by focusing on the impact of modified weapons on ballistic characteristics.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНОВ МВД РОССИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to the research of the directions of improving the organization of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with an emphasis on the use of modern automated control systems. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that the organization of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia direct-ly depends on the quality of information and analytical support for the development of management decisions based on the results of operational search and processing of large amounts of information obtained using automated control systems. This is especially important to take into account in the modern conditions of the digital transformation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia – the wide-spread introduction of digital technologies. The ways of increasing the efficiency of the use of auto-mated control systems in territorial bodies are proposed. The directions of improving the organization of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia based on the use of automated systems for the successful implementation of the digital transformation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are substantiated.

Iron ore beneficiation technologies in Russia and ways to improve their efficiency

Increasing the efficiency of crushing circuits is associated with a decrease in the particle size of finely crushed ore and the use of dry magnetic separation of crushed ore. Reducing grinding costs is achieved by using drum mills jointly with mills of other designs. The use of automation systems, slurry demagnetization, technologies with staged concentrate separation, and beneficiation and fine screening in a closed grinding cycle lead to a reduction in grinding costs. The main industrial technology for improving the quality of concentrate is its additional beneficiation using regrinding, fine screening, flotation, and magnetic-gravity separators. Increasing the integrated use of iron ore raw materials is associated with an increase in the yield of iron concentrate and the production of hematite concentrate during the beneficiation of hematite-magnetite ores and ilmenite concentrate during the beneficiation of titanomagnetite ores. Incremented concentrate yield is possible by using magnetic separators with an increased magnetic induction up to 0.25-0.5 T in the first stages of beneficiation. To obtain hematite and ilmenite concentrates, combined technologies can be used, including fine screening, high-gradient magnetic, gravity, flotation, and electrical separation.

Use and improvement of automatic systems for control of reduced electric power sources in local electric networks

THE PURPOSE. Consider the use of automatic systems for controlling reduced sources of electricity in local electrical networks. Explore the possibilities of expanding the functions of such automatic control systems to improve the quality of electricity in terms of eliminating power exchange and common-mode oscillations. METHODS. Studies of diesel generator units operating in parallel in local electrical networks were carried out using mathematical modeling methods. The mathematical model takes into account the presence of the "backlash" phenomenon in the speed control loops. RESULTS. The expediency of using batteries, rectifier and inverter converters in local electrical networks is noted. Experimental studies in the local electrical network revealed the existence of power exchange and common-mode oscillations. Mathematical modeling also confirmed the occurrence of power exchange oscillations in the local electrical network due to the “backlash” in the frequency controller circuit, as well as power common-mode oscillations due to the difference in the frequency controller transmission coefficients for diesel generator units operating in parallel. A map of the dependence of the amplitude of power exchange oscillations on backlash gaps and a map of the dependence of the amplitude of power common-mode oscillations on the values of the gain of the frequency controller are obtained. CONCLUSION. The possibility of eliminating power exchange and common-mode oscillations by reducing and ensuring equality of the transmission coefficients of frequency controllers has been established. Adding the function of eliminating power exchange and common-mode oscillations to automatic control systems for reduced sources of electricity in local electrical networks ensures that the required quality of electricity is maintained in quasi-steady operating modes.

Uncertainty-driven ensembles of multi-scale deep architectures for image classification

The use of automatic systems for medical image classification has revolutionized the diagnosis of a high number of diseases. These alternatives, which are usually based on artificial intelligence (AI), provide a helpful tool for clinicians, eliminating the inter and intra-observer variability that the diagnostic process entails. Convolutional Neural Network (CNNs) have proved to be an excellent option for this purpose, demonstrating a large performance in a wide range of contexts. However, it is also extremely important to quantify the reliability of the model’s predictions in order to guarantee the confidence in the classification. In this work, we propose a multi-level ensemble classification system based on a Bayesian Deep Learning approach in order to maximize performance while providing the uncertainty of each classification decision. This tool combines the information extracted from different architectures by weighting their results according to the uncertainty of their predictions. Performance is evaluated in a wide range of real scenarios: in the first one, the aim is to differentiate between different pulmonary pathologies: controls vs bacterial pneumonia vs viral pneumonia. A two-level decision tree is employed to divide the 3-class classification into two binary classifications, yielding an accuracy of 98.19%. In the second context, performance is assessed for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, leading to an accuracy of 95.31%. The reduced preprocessing needed for obtaining this high performance, in addition to the information provided about the reliability of the predictions evidence the applicability of the system to be used as an aid for clinicians.

APPLICATION OF SENAYAN LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SLIMS) FOR LIBRARY COLLECTION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AT RELIGIOUS TRAINING CENTER OF ACEH

Library management ideally use an automation system to provide optimal services. However, the library management in The Religious Education and Training Center of Aceh (BDK Aceh) has been done manually, which impacted on less effective and efficient performance. Therefore, it is important to optimize the library management at BDK Aceh. This study focused on describing the stages in optimizing the collection management of the BDK Aceh library through Senayan Library Management System (SLiMS) application. Sources of data in this study were the Head of BDK Aceh, librarian, staffs, and trainers of BDK Aceh. This study showed seven stages of SLiMS utilization; (1) coordinating and consulting, (2) downloading and installing SLiMS into the library computer, (3) uploading the bibliographic data of library collections on the SLiMS application, (4) uploading the cover of library collections, (5) setting the SLiMS online to the internet, (6) socializing the automation system, (7) evaluating the automation system. This library management using SLiMS at BDK Aceh has resulted in five outputs, namely: (1) bibliographic databases in digital form, (2) video tutorials on the use of automation systems, (3) an online library with the website librarybdkaceh.com, (4) online circulation services, and (5) automatic library membership cards. The use of the SLIMs escalates performance in library collections managements, thus resulted in better service quality which suits the regulations of the industrial revolution. Users can easily browse information about library collection and access the BDK Aceh library anywhere and anytime through the website. In addition, users can get quick and accurate information about library collections. Keywords: Library Management, Library Automation System, SLIMS

The Use of Responsible Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Context of Loan Approval Processes

Despite the existing skepticism about the use of automatic systems in contexts where human knowledge and experience are considered indispensable (e.g., the granting of a mortgage, the prediction of stock prices, or the detection of cancers), our work aims to show how the use of explainability and fairness techniques can lead to the growth of a domain expert’s trust and reliance on an artificial intelligence (AI) system. This article presents a system, applied to the context of loan approval processes, focusing on the two aforementioned ethical principles out of the four defined by the High-Level Expert Group on AI in the document “Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI,” published in April 2019, in which the key requirements that AI systems should meet to be considered trustworthy are identified. The presented case study is realized within a proprietary framework composed of several components for supporting the user throughout the management of the whole life cycle of a machine learning model. The main approaches, consisting of providing an interpretation of the model’s outputs and monitoring the model’s decisions to detect and react to unfair behaviors, are described in more detail to compare our system within state-of-the-art related frameworks. Finally, a novel Trust & Reliance Scale is proposed for evaluating the system, and a usability test is performed to measure the user satisfaction with the effectiveness of the developed user interface; results are obtained, respectively, by the submission of the mentioned novel scale to bank domain experts and the usability questionnaire to a heterogeneous group composed of loan officers, data scientists, and researchers.

Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of automation systems (SA) to support infocommunications services

Administration of communication networks, according to the Law “On Communication”, is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the trouble-free and coordinated functioning of the communication network. Including traffic regulation, monitoring and control of the state of network elements, transport network channels and interactions of nodes, as well as managing the operation of applications and the provision of new infocommunication services. In this regard, this work is devoted to the study of the topic Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of automation systems to support infocommunications services

Novel TB smear microscopy automation system in detecting acid-fast bacilli for tuberculosis – A multi-center double blind study

Due to COVID-19 pandemic, there is a large global drop in the number of newly diagnosed cases with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Actions to mitigate and reverse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB are urgently needed. Recent development of TB smear microscopy automation systems using artificial intelligence may increase the sensitivity of TB smear microscopy. The objective is to evaluate the performance of an automation system (μ-Scan 2.0, Wellgen Medical) over manual smear microscopy in a multi-center, double-blind trial. Total of 1726 smears were enrolled. Referee medical technician and culture served as primary and secondary gold standards for result discrepancy. Results showed that, compared to manual microscopy, the μ-Scan 2.0's performance of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 95.7% (1651/1726), 87.7% (57/65), and 96.0% (1594/1661), respectively. The negative predictive value was 97.8% at prevalence of 8.2%. Manual smear microscopy remains the primary diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Use of automation system could achieve higher TB smear sensitivity and laboratory efficiency. It can also serve as a screening tool that complements molecular methods to reduce the total cost for TB diagnosis and control. Furthermore, such automation system is capable of remote access by internet connection and can be deployed in area with limited medical resources.

Business Models in the Conditions of Digital Transformation

Digital transformation implies some organizational changes when using digital technologies and new business models to improve efficiency. With another definition, if we try to compare the concepts of "Digital transformation" and "Digitalization", then digital transformation includes changing the company's current business model, its strategy and values, ways of interaction with customers and suppliers, using digital technologies. At the same time, if the digitalization is based on some technology, the transformation should be directed towards the customer, in the conditions of the introduction and use of automated systems. Clarification of these approaches is of agenda importance for the transition to digital transformation of the business environment, to which this article is dedicated. The article presents the approaches, stages, levels of digital business transformation of the business environment, the role of new business models in the conditions of the digital economy, as well as studies the changes in the digitalization index of the business and the issues of introduction and use of automated systems.

APPLICATION OF SOME MODELS OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WITH AN EXAMPLE OF TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR RELIABILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN PRACTICE

The publication presents the most common and promising models and schemes for replacing the power supply system of industrial enterprises, and an example of their use in practice for power supply to sewage treatment plants of a chemical enterprise. Various types of models are considered (in tabular form, in the form of an electrical replacement circuit or in the form of a finite-state machine), as well as a logical-probabilistic approach to the representation of the power supply system. The use of automation systems in power supply systems of industrial enterprises can reduce the total number of accidents, prevent their development, reduce the time of disconnections of electrical installations and downtime of mechanisms, and also allows to transfer to work without constant maintenance a significant number of electrical installations of substations, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in the number of service personnel, increase labor productivity and reduce maintenance costs. One of the main tasks on the way to automating the power supply system of enterprises is to present it in the form of a model. The list of replacement models and schemes that can be used to represent the power supply system of enterprises is quite large, and choosing the appropriate model, for that best meets the requirements of the final goal is quite a complex scientific task. The purpose of this article is to analyze the most common and promising models and schemes for replacing the power supply system and provide recommendations on their application in practice for power supply to sewage treatment plants of a chemical enterprise. Presenting the power supply system in the form of a table allows you to simplify and visually perform certification of electrical equipment, identify problem and weak points in the power supply system of industrial enterprises. Such a table proves that a large amount of electrical equipment at lower levels depends on a single electrical device at higher levels. The representation of the power supply system in the form of a three-phase symmetric replacement circuit can be used to calculate short-circuit currents in symmetric and unbalanced modes in the MatLab program and similar. Using the model of the power supply system in the form of a finite-state machine allows you to visually check the reliability of power supply to consumers, simplify the design of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise, select the state of switching devices in the power supply system and take into account the advantages and disadvantages of each state. It is advisable to use the methods discussed in this article to represent the power supply system (in tabular form, in the form of a finite-state machine or a three-phase symmetric replacement scheme) and their further application and use in automated power supply systems of industrial enterprises. The logical-probabilistic method allows us to consider the issue of power supply reliability based on the theory of logical algebra.

Development of an STM32 Microprocessor System for Automatic Continuous Remote Temperature Control in an Intensive Flow of People

This article discusses the fundamental principles of non-contact temperature measurement, technical solutions that translate them into practice in order to automate temperature control and improve the current epidemiological situation in the world in connection with coronavirus infection, as well as a proposal for a new technical solution that is more affordable, which will increase coverage of the use of automatic systems for monitoring the body temperature of people in public places, and a description of the following steps for its implementation.

Development of an STM32 Microprocessor System for Automatic Continuous Remote Temperature Control in an Intensive Flow of People

This article discusses the fundamental principles of non-contact temperature measurement, technical solutions that translate them into practice in order to automate temperature control and improve the current epidemiological situation in the world in connection with coronavirus infection, as well as a proposal for a new technical solution that is more affordable, which will increase coverage of the use of automatic systems for monitoring the body temperature of people in public places, and a description of the following steps for its implementation.

Bacterial Disease Detection for Pepper Plant by Utilizing Deep Features Acquired from DarkNet-19 CNN Model

In recent years, computer-aided agriculture applications have been developing rapidly as a prominent research area. In parallel with the developments in technology, the use of automatic systems, sensor fusion, the internet of things, and artificial intelligence-based systems is becoming widespread in agriculture. The use of these systems allows for safer, faster, and more cost-effective operations based on human factors in agricultural applications. Among these applications, there are artificial intelligence applications developed based on image processing and machine learning. Plant disease detection systems are also among these artificial intelligence studies. Within the scope of this study: I. It has been ensured that the leaf images of the pepper plant have been segmented and their features have been extracted from the pre-trained convolutional neural network. II. These obtained features have been classified through the classifier methods in order to detect bacterial disease. In the study, a total of 2475 images of pepper leaves with 1478 healthy and 997 bacterial diseases, which are among the PlantVillage data sets, have been used. To extract the features, the DarkNet-19 network model has been used as a pre-trained convolutional network. The SoftMax classifier in the last layer of the convolutional network model has been removed from the network and SVM, KNN, and Decision-Tree-based classifiers are used instead of it. According to the results, the level of performance achieved using the DarkNet-19 network and SVM classifier is quite satisfactory.

Algorithm for clarifying diagnostics and intraluminal endoscopic removal of colorectal epithelial neoplasms

Aim: to work out of a set of measures aimed for early detection of colorectal tumors and the choice of a method of endoscopic surgery.Patients and methods: a multimodal approach was used, which included two successive stages: the stage of assessing the depth of invasion of malignant colorectal epithelial tumors (1) and the stage of endoscopic surgery. The study included 974 patients, aged 67 (43-81) years. The algorithm of the systemic automatic approach to differentiate the depth of invasion of superficial malignant colorectal tumors has been worked out based on analysis of color pictures of colonoscopy (Colonoscopy Video Analysis). The results of use of automatic system were compared with experts’ assessment.Results: the application of the developed algorithm of the systemic automatic approach to differentiate the depth of invasion of malignant ENC has high detection accuracy – the total average detection accuracy when implementing this algorithm is 72.02. No significant differences with experts’ assessment were obtained. With endoscopic removal of malignant tumors with superficial invasion, the correct selection of patients based on the tumor size (up to 2.0 and over 2.0 cm) and the corresponding removal technique (mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection) are decisive.Conclusion: the automatic system of evaluation of tumor invasion depth has a high accuracy and gives a possibility to exclude false positive results.

АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЕ КТНЫХ РАБОТ В СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ КОМПАНИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ

The article discusses the need for automation of work in a construction company in the context of digitalization, the design capabilities of the company. The article examines the activity of a construction company, the use of automation systems at different stages of design work in construction with the flow method of work execution. Calculations of electrical loads and possibilities of automation of regulation, control and protection of heat supply to heat consumption systems are presented. It is proposed to implement the software for economic and engineering calculations Mathcad, which will simplify the organization and execution of work, as well as provide the company with high-quality time management.

Propuesta metodológica para la auditoría de ciberseguridad aplicada a un sistema SCADA

La información que posee una empresa se considera en la actualidad uno de los factores más importantes, corresponde a la columna dorsal de su competitividad por lo que el uso de sistemas de automatización que permitan la Supervisión, Control y Adquisición de Datos (SCADA, del inglés Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) son necesarios. Las organizaciones emplean este tipo de sistemas para mejorar no solo la eficiencia y eficacia en los procesos, sino que adicionalmente para cuidar su seguridad industrial, denotando que con la competitividad acrecentada también se presentan de manera consecuente riesgos que ponen en peligro el actuar de la organización. Dada esta situación, el presente documento pretende de manera generalizada exponer una metodología para guiar el proceso de inspección, con el objetivo de mitigar el riesgo en el área operativa de la organización, reconociendo que su área administrativa cuenta en la actualidad con un significativo número de programas y metodologías que la han establecido como segura, en ese contexto el avance investigativo condujo a proponer una metodología de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo, a partir de técnicas de revisión bibliográfica, evocando principalmente la ocupación de ecuaciones de búsqueda.

PLC Tabanlı Uygulamalar: Mill Makinelerinde Oluşacak İş Kazalarının PLC Kullanılarak Önlenmesi

In recent years, the use of automation systems has been increasing, and the basis of these automation systems is generally Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based application. PLC is used for automation in the industry where there are many advanced machines and devices. In industrial automation systems, it is also used Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Human - Machine Interface (HMI) systems to ensure safe, quality, and fast production by minimizing human errors and intervention. Because of these systems used in the industries, the automation software developed enables 24/7 production with high quality and low cost. Large-scale companies prefer to use automation systems in order to minimize worker labor and error, prevent work accidents, reduce costs, and make high quality and fast production. PLCs are widely used in packaging systems, especially in the food, chemical, tire, automotive industries, as well as in cement plants, ventilation and cooling facilities, and textile factories. These systems, which are widely used in industries, are preferred due to simple programming structure, ease of setup, use and assembly, durable operation in difficult working environments, low failure, low maintenance cost, and low energy consumption. This article presents the usage and application areas of PLC based automation systems. In addition, a case study is presented that Mill machines, commonly found in truck tire manufacturing factories, are secured using PLC and HMI. Input and output cards have been added to these machines to provide security automatically. As a result of the case study, the production is made faster and with higher quality, and employees are provided with a safer environment. In addition, thanks to the developed HMI interface, Mill machines are able to control and monitor malfunctions and safety situations without the need for additional maintenance personnel.