Use Of Autogenous Vaccines Research Articles

Current Challenges of Vaccination in Fish Health Management.

Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest statistics in 2020, 90.3 million tons of capture fishery production was achieved from the aquaculture sector. Out of the above, 78.8 million tons were from marine water aquaculture sectors, and 11.5 million tons were from inland water aquaculture sectors. About a 4% decline in fish production was achieved in 2020 in comparison to 2018 from inland aquaculture sectors. On the other hand, the digestive protein content, healthy fats, and nutritional values of fish products are comparatively more affordable than in other meat sources. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the essential approaches to stop such losses in the aquaculture sector. Fish vaccines consist of whole-killed pathogens, protein subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist in the adaption of vaccination in the aquaculture sector, the route of administration, the use of effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, the lack of effective results. The use of autogenous vaccines; vaccination via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or oral routes; and, most importantly, adding vaccines in feed using top dressing methods or as a constituent in fish feed are now emerging. These methods will lower the risk of using antibiotics in cultured water by reducing environmental contamination.

Immune response induced by a Streptococcus suis multi-serotype autogenous vaccine used in sows to protect post-weaned piglets

Streptococcus suis is a bacterial pathogen that causes important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Since there are no current commercial vaccines, the use of autogenous vaccines applied to gilts/sows to enhance transfer of passive immunity is an attractive alternative to protect weaned piglets. However, there is no universal standardization in the production of autogenous vaccines and the vaccine formulation may be highly different among licenced manufacturing laboratories. In the present study, an autogenous vaccine that included S. suis serotypes 2, 1/2, 5, 7 and 14 was prepared by a licensed laboratory and administrated to gilts using a three-dose program prior to farrowing. The antibody response in gilts as well as the passive transfer of antibodies to piglets was then evaluated. In divergence with previously published data with an autogenous vaccine produced by a different company, the increased response seen in gilts was sufficient to improve maternal antibody transfer to piglets up to 5 weeks of age. However, piglets would still remain susceptible to S. suis disease which often appears during the second part of the nursery period. Vaccination did not affect the shedding of S. suis (as well as that of the specific S. suis serotypes included in the vaccine) by either gilts or piglets. Although all antibiotic treatments were absent during the trial, the clinical protective effect of the vaccination program with the autogenous vaccine could not be evaluated, since limited S. suis cases were present during the trial, confirming the need for a complete evaluation of the clinical protection that must include laboratory confirmation of the aetiological agent involved in the presence of S. suis-associated clinical signs. Further studies to evaluate the usefulness of gilt/sow vaccination with autogenous vaccines to protect nursery piglets should be done.

Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Streptococcus suis-Associated Disease.

The economic impact of Streptococcus suis-associated disease at farm level is well known by the producers, but the cost in a region or a country is more difficult to evaluate due to the lack of a centralized data system, the different incidences, and the control measures applied by each producer. In this chapter, we describe a method based on the information gathered through interviews with veterinary practitioners. A comprehensive questionnaire created specifically for the disease can help to conduct the interviews. The questions include information about the proportions of farms, batches and animals clinically affected, mortality, metaphylactic and therapeutic treatments, use of vaccines, and proportion of cases that are diagnosed at the laboratory. As the questionnaire is quite complex, the best option to obtain the data is send the questionnaire to the selected veterinarians to allow them to collect some data and make an interview with them some days later. The information allows to estimate the costs due to mortality, antimicrobial treatments, the use of autogenous vaccines, and analyses performed. Initially they are calculated per animal in each affected production phase, and later it can be extrapolated to estimate the annual cost per affected production unit and per country. The model does not consider indirect costs such as the cost as a zoonosis, the revenues forgone, or an increase of labor.

Advancement of Autogenous Vaccines in the Poultry Industry.

Autogenous vaccines, also known as "custom" vaccines, have become an essential instrument in the production veterinarian's toolbox for the control of emerging and evolving diseases. Autogenous vaccines require a reduced burden of U.S. Department of Agriculture licensing, making them rapidly accessible. Autogenous vaccines have made significant advancements in the ability to reduce disease within the poultry industry from a combination of several different advancements in regulation requirements, rapid and accurate diagnostic assessments, and improvements in manufacturing. The use of autogenous vaccines by poultry health professionals has also increased, and these custom-made products have been instrumental in combating diseases resulting from antigenic variants such as salmonellosis, colibacillosis, infectious coryza, infectious bursal disease, inclusion body hepatitis, viral enteritis, and viral arthritis and tenosynovitis.

Protective Potential of an Autogenous Vaccine in an Aerogenous Model of Escherichia coli Infection in Broiler Breeders.

In poultry, Escherichia coli is a common cause of high-cost infections. Consequently, autogenous vaccines are often used despite limited and conflicting evidence on their effectiveness have been presented. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a commonly used autogenous vaccine, previously deemed ineffective, in an aerosol model of colibacillosis. Methods: Broiler breeders (n = 47) were randomly allocated to one of four groups (vaccinated and unvaccinated birds receiving an autogenous vaccine or sterile saline intramuscularly) and challenged with either aerosolised E. coli or vehicle at 29 weeks of age. Two days following inoculation, the birds were euthanised, thoroughly necropsied, and samples for bacteriology and histopathology were collected. Results: Vaccinated birds had a significantly lower bacteriology score compared to the unvaccinated group challenged with E. coli (p < 0.01) and a lower overall air sac lesion score (p < 0.05). Overall lung and spleen lesion scores only differed significantly between the unvaccinated E. coli challenged group compared to the vehicle inoculated groups. The overall gross pathology score was 2.8 and 1.95 in the unvaccinated and vaccinated E. coli challenge groups, respectively, whereas the vaccinated vehicle group had a score of 0.9 and the unvaccinated vehicle group a score of 1. Conclusions: A protective effect of an autogenous vaccine was found utilising an aerogenous model of colibacillosis through multiple methods of evaluation. The findings encourage the continued use of autogenous vaccines and underlines the necessity of discriminative experimental models with high predictive validity when evaluating vaccine interventions.

Exploring the importance of mixed autogenous vaccines as a potential determinant of lung consolidation in lambs using Bayesian networks

Bayesian networks are used to evaluate the effectiveness of mixed autogenous vaccines in fattening lambs to prevent the ovine respiratory syndrome. An experiment was performed with 460 fattening lambs, which were clustered into four groups according to the kind of vaccine received (Pasteurella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Mixed Mycoplasma-Pasteurella or placebo). After slaughtering, lungs were collected, and macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed. A microbiological study was carried out to evaluate the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and Pasteurellaceae by conventional culture and identification by nested polymerase chain reaction. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, Bayesian networks have not been used to evaluate the effect of vaccines on the absence/presence of lung consolidation. Our results revealed that the use of mixed autogenous vaccines can decrease lung consolidation from 15.75% (12.42–19.08) to 9.24% (6.59–11.89). Therefore, the use of these autogenous vaccines in farms could be considered an effective control tool against ovine respiratory syndrome.

Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis isolates from Great Britain

The UK has approximately 10 million cattle (Veterinary Medicines Directorate 2011), and each year approximately 1.9 million of these cattle are affected by respiratory disease. A disease that is often...

Disponibilité du médicament vétérinaire : réalité, enjeux et perspectives

Dans son exercice quotidien le vétérinaire praticien est souvent confronté à un manque de médicament vétérinaire pour soigner l’animal qu’il consulte. Cette situation est la résultante de contraintes économiques et de contraintes réglementaires. L’étroitesse du marché vétérinaire limite le retour sur investissement et freine l’innovation. L’application du règlement relatif aux Limites Maximales de Résidus a permis d’améliorer la protection du consommateur de denrées animales mais est responsable de l’appauvrissement de l’arsenal thérapeutique en productions animales. Les praticiens doivent recourir quotidiennement à la cascade alors que celle-ci était initialement prévue pour répondre à quelques situations exceptionnelles de carence thérapeutique. L’importation de médicaments et les autovaccins sont des solutions pour pallier certains manques. Pour améliorer durablement la situation, des aménagements sont nécessaires aussi bien sur le plan technique (extrapolation des LMR, adaptation des temps d’attente dans le cadre de la cascade) que sur le plan économique (à travers l’allongement de la durée de protection des AMM par exemple).

Evaluation of an autogenous vaccine against E. coli bearing the CTX-M-14 plasmid Roberto M. La Ragione, Sabrina Lotz, Hannah Cockrem, Martin J. Woodward and Nick Coldham Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), UK.

Event Abstract Back to Event Evaluation of an autogenous vaccine against E. coli bearing the CTX-M-14 plasmid Roberto La Ragione1* 1 University of Surrey, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Department of Bacteriology, United Kingdom Roberto M. La Ragione, Sabrina Lotz, Hannah Cockrem, Martin J. Woodward and Nick Coldham Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), UK. Over the past decade enteric bacteria in Europe, Africa, and Asia have become increasingly resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics. This is largely due to the spread of genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes that can inactivate 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. The recent emergence of bacteria carrying ESBLs has highlighted their zoonotic potential and the requirement to prevent their dissemination through the food chain. One such approach to controlling bacterial disease is the use of autogenous vaccines. Autogenous vaccines are manufactured from the specific pathogenic bacteria isolated from the diseased animal. The studies presented here aimed to establish if there is any scientific evidence to support the use of autogenous vaccines to prevent the colonisation of cattle by ESBL harbouring bacteria. Preliminary studies established a bovine colonisation and persistence model for E. coli O33 bearing the blaCTX-M-14 plasmid. An autogenous vaccine study was then set up whereby thirty 5-6 week old cross bred calves were randomly divided into two groups, one receiving the vaccine and the other a placebo intramuscularly. At 12 weeks of age all calves were orally challenged with 1 x 1010 CFU of E. coli O33 and faecal shedding monitored daily. Total E. coli and E. coli O33 shedding rates were determined using selective media. Serial post-mortem examinations were also performed to evaluate colonisation levels together with detailed histopathological studies. Blood samples were taken throughout the study for immunological assays. The results indicated good colonisation of the bovine GIT by the ESBL bearing E. coli O33. However, there was no significant protection afforded by the autogenous vaccine as assessed by faecal shedding and enumeration of ESBLs from tissues sampled at post mortem examination. Interestingly though, an elevated immune response to E. coli O33 was detected in the serum of the vaccinated animals. Future studies aim to evaluate the effect of the vaccine on plasmid transfer and the identification of ESBL specific antigens that may be appropriate as novel vaccine candidates. Keywords: Autogenous vaccine, Calves, ESBL harbouring bacteria Conference: ECMIS - E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System : Interaction, Modulation and Vaccination, Ghent, Belgium, 2 Jul - 5 Jul, 2011. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Abstracts Citation: La Ragione R (2012). Evaluation of an autogenous vaccine against E. coli bearing the CTX-M-14 plasmid . Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: ECMIS - E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System : Interaction, Modulation and Vaccination. doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2012.01.00010 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 09 Jan 2012; Published Online: 12 Jan 2012. * Correspondence: Prof. Roberto La Ragione, University of Surrey, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Department of Bacteriology, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom, R.Laragione@surrey.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Roberto La Ragione Google Roberto La Ragione Google Scholar Roberto La Ragione PubMed Roberto La Ragione Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Part II: Clinical Use of Autogenous Vaccines

Part II: Clinical Use of Autogenous Vaccines

Antigenic studies onpasteurella anatipestifer,species incertae sedis, using slide and tube agglutination

Comparative serological investigations including all available serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer, species incertae sedis, have shown that six American serotypes designated by Arabic numbers were covered already by previously described serotypes. Two out of 12 existing English serotypes designated alphabetically were shown to be identical. It is suggested that Arabic numbers are used instead of letters for sero-type designation. Consequently, two new serotypes isolated in Denmark are designated type 12 and 13. Six serotypes including types 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 and 12 were isolated from ducks suffering from P. anatipestifer infection in Denmark during the years 1976-1980. Most outbreaks, however, were caused by types 1 or 3. Occurrence of more than one serotype at the same time was often demonstrated as were changes in serotypes from year to year within a single farm. Because of the occurrence of different serotypes in cases of infection, prophylactic use of autogenous vaccines necessitates continuous surveillance of the serotypes prevalent on the respective farms.

The use of autogenous vaccines in otolaryngology.

The use of autogenous vaccines in otolaryngology.

KERATOSIS BLENNORRHAGICA

IN THE half-century which has elapsed since the original description of keratosis blennorrhagica by Vidal1in 1893, it has become generally agreed that this disease represents a distinct clinical entity. In 1942 Keim2analyzed the disease from an etiologic standpoint and described the fundamental histologic changes. Since that time numerous investigators have anvanced methods of treatment; these have in the main been directed against the general infection, local treatment proving to be of little value. Among the therapeutic measures reported favorably are intravenous injections of 1 per cent solution of merbromin N. F., (mercurochromeR), by Willmott3in 1926, and the use of autogenous vaccines, by Scholtz,4about one year later. Downing5reported rapid recovery in a patient following double vesiculectomy and prostatotomy. Sherman, Blumenthal and Heidenreich6stressed the importance of treating the primary focus and stated the opinion that local treatment of the

MOUTH INFECTION AS A SOURCE OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE

Cultures, from emulsified tissues in various systemic disorders, such as the adjacent lymphatic glands draining the involved joints in arthritis deformans, in acute articular rheumatism, and the lymph-glands in Hodgkin's disease, have yielded interesting results. One striking thing in connection with some of the more chronic infections is that the character of the micro-organisms found in the lesion may be quite different from the character of the micro-organisms in the focus of infection at the same time. This, however, does not minimize the importance of the focus of infection in any way. The organisms found in the tissues may have undergone change. This fact should be borne in mind whenever autogenous vaccines are to be used. The poor results in some cases of arthritis, for example, following the use of autogenous vaccines prepared from the tonsils or other presumable focus, may be due to the fact that the organisms present