Use Of Animals For Production Research Articles

Transport of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Through Prairie Strips During Simulated Runoff

HighlightsA physical model system was used to track resistance contaminants through prairie strips.Resistance contaminants included antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes.Subsurface filtration caused the highest concentration reduction of resistance contaminants.Infiltration is highlighted as a key feature in concentration and mass load reductions.Abstract. Antibiotic use in production animals can drive the development and spread of antibiotic resistance within environmental systems. Transport pathways of resistance contaminants from animals to the environment are known, but there is no regulatory consensus on which specific contaminants should be monitored. Furthermore, there is a need for management practices to combat the transport of these resistance contaminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate Conservation Practice 43 prairie strips for their reduction of three resistance indicators: antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes, from manure-impacted overland flow under varying run-on flow rates. High, medium, and low run-on flow rates were tested with the use of a laboratory-scale flume containing a field-extracted section of prairie strip. Grab samples were collected immediately upstream, downstream, and beneath the prairie strip, representing run-on, runoff, and infiltrated flows, respectively. Percent reductions in the median concentration of each resistance contaminant were calculated for each flow experiment at both the runoff and infiltration sampling locations to demonstrate the impact of the prairie strip. However, in instances where an increase in the median concentration of a contaminant occurred between the run-on sampling location and either the runoff or infiltration sampling locations, a negative percent reduction is reported. Across all flows, the percent reductions in median concentrations at the runoff sampling location ranged from -11.4%–0.8% for antibiotics, 1.2%–28.2% for bacteria, and -4.2%–30.5% for genes. In comparison, the percent reductions in median concentrations at the infiltration sampling location ranged from -23.9%–43.6% for antibiotics, 12.9%–65.5% for bacteria, and -12.6%–43.5% for genes. The dataset from this study supports the use of appropriately designed prairie strips to decrease the concentrations and loads of resistance contaminants that are transported downstream from manured fields and can be used to inform in-field design parameters. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Flume, Swine manure, Water quality.

Intensive milk production technologies on a modern complex

The article presents the results of research confirming the influence of intensive technologies used in modern dairy complexes on the level of reproduction and productivity of milking herds. It is noted that when heifers are bred intensively in the specialized farm, at the first successful insemination the animals reach a high live weight (350-360 kg) at the age of 330-340 days. A high efficiency of intensive technology of dairy herd reproduction using sexed semen has been established. Thus, the pregnancy rate of heifers from the first insemination was 61.5% and that of cows of the first lactation, taking into account their health condition and the diseases they had undergone, was 41.1%. During calving, 82.9 - 94.3% of replacement heifers were obtained from the control stock of heifers and cows of the first lactation. Researches have shown that intensive technologies of the maintenance, feeding and reproduction herd realized on modern dairy complex provide high milk productivity of animals (the level of milk yield 10,240 kg of milk, mass fraction of fat in milk - 3.98% and that of protein - 3.17%). In the herd more than 3% of animals completed the sixth lactation (the level of milk yield - 9,940 kg of milk, the mass fraction of fat in milk - 4.35% and protein - 3.2%), which demonstrates the prospects of forming the dairy herd with a long period of economic use of cows. Consequently, intensive milk production technologies in modern complexes contribute to the increase of productivity of young cattle and milking cows, ensure high efficiency of reproduction of the dairy herd and, to a certain extent, increase the duration of productive use of animals.

Economic and useful traits of cows of different ages

Intensive use of highly productive animals has revealed new problems associated with reducing the duration of productive use of animals and reducing their reproductive abilities, which lead to a decrease in the number of young animals for rearing and fattening for beef. Therefore, the study of the infl uence of age on the productive traits of cows is relevant and has practical signifi cance. The purpose of the work was to evaluate cows for economically useful traits depending on the age of the animals. It has been found that the milk yield for lactation increases with age in cows. If from fi rst-calf heifers has been received 5163,8±212,3 kg of milk, then 6106,5±201,7 and 6846,8±231,7 from cows of the third and fourth lactation, respectively, this was more by 942,7 kg or 18,2 % and 1683,8 kg or 32,6 %. Milk yield increases gradually from lactation to lactation with increasing age of cows and thus confi rms the association of improving the productive traits of animals with the laws of development, i.e. the onset of their physiological maturity. It has been revealed that the farm does not have optimal conditions for the full manifestation of the genetic potential of productivity, and therefore cows of the third and fourth lactation have lower milk yields than possible. So, the estimated milk yield of fi rstcalf heifers to mature cows practically corresponds to the milk yield that was received from cows after IV lactation. The diff erence between groups of cows in the content of individual components of milk was insignifi cant, although there is a positive trend to reduce the content of protein and casein with increasing age of cows. Cows bred on the farm have high indicators of reproductive ability. So, they have a short period of open day from 26,6±0,61 days (II lactation) to 43,7±1,11 days (III lactation), the optimal pregnancy period and calving interval (less than a calendar year). The level of profi tability of milk production increases with increasing milk yields, which increase with age.

Human antibodies neutralizing diphtheria toxin in vitro and in vivo

Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacterium primarily infects the throat and upper airways and the produced diphtheria toxin (DT), which binds to the elongation factor 2 and blocks protein synthesis, can spread through the bloodstream and affect organs, such as the heart and kidneys. For more than 125 years, the therapy against diphtheria has been based on polyclonal horse sera directed against DT (diphtheria antitoxin; DAT). Animal sera have many disadvantages including serum sickness, batch-to-batch variation in quality and the use of animals for production. In this work, 400 human recombinant antibodies were generated against DT from two different phage display panning strategies using a human immune library. A panning in microtiter plates resulted in 22 unique in vitro neutralizing antibodies and a panning in solution combined with a functional neutralization screening resulted in 268 in vitro neutralizing antibodies. 61 unique antibodies were further characterized as scFv-Fc with 35 produced as fully human IgG1. The best in vitro neutralizing antibody showed an estimated relative potency of 454 IU/mg and minimal effective dose 50% (MED50%) of 3.0 pM at a constant amount of DT (4x minimal cytopathic dose) in the IgG format. The targeted domains of the 35 antibodies were analyzed by immunoblot and by epitope mapping using phage display. All three DT domains (enzymatic domain, translocation domain and receptor binding domain) are targets for neutralizing antibodies. When toxin neutralization assays were performed at higher toxin dose levels, the neutralizing capacity of individual antibodies was markedly reduced but this was largely compensated for by using two or more antibodies in combination, resulting in a potency of 79.4 IU/mg in the in vivo intradermal challenge assay. These recombinant antibody combinations are candidates for further clinical and regulatory development to replace equine DAT.

The differentiated milk recording when milking into the milk line

The article is devoted to theoretical and experimental substantiation of technical capability of the differentiated recording of milk when milking into the milk line. The pilot studies were carried out in 2017 … 2018 in the cowshed for 200 heads of one of the enterprises of the Kirov region. Milking duration depending on intensity of milk secretion was divided into three stages: initial, main and final. The theoretical analysis of the process of milk secretion from an udder nipple of a cow was made. Analytical expressions for definition of the current flow rate of milk were received during milking. The vacuum mode in under-mamillary chambers of the duple milking machine and integrated schedules of milk yield were studied and analyzed during the whole process of milking into the milk line. The weak interrelation between the current milk yield and corresponding vacuum in the under-mamillary chamber of a teat cup was revealed during milking (R 2 = 0.06…0.15). Very close interrelation (R 2 = 0.95) between milk yield and duration of milk secretion confirmed a possibility of differentiated recording of milk yield by measurement of the real time of milk outflow during each working cycle. Mathematical models of an algorithm of functioning of devices of the differentiated recording of milk have been developed during milking. Differentiated milk recording during milking can be technically carried out by addition into the device of udder on-quarters milking monitoring of milk secretion intensity the blocks of measurement of time of the real milk flow during each working cycle, calculation and indication of milk yield. Use of milking machines with function of differentiated recording of the milk yield will allow to increase the duration of productive use of animals, quantity and quality of the milk yield.

PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF HOLSTEIN COWS OF EUROPEAN SELECTION OF DIFFERENT LINES UNDER INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY CONDITIONS

Score productive longevity of dairy cattle is an important scientific and practical importance. It is known that among genetic factors, significant effects of linear affiliation of their parents. It is demonstrated that effective breeding subject to strict compliance with the screening system, selection and evaluation of animal breeding values reported by domestic and foreign authors. The purpose of the work was to study the influence of linear membership on productive longevity and lifetime milk productivity of Holstein cattle of European breeding. Studies carried out on cows Holstein breed using data management system dairy cattle breeding "Orsek". Found that targeted breeding work and selection in a herd of imported European cattle breeding Holstein using information systems selection bulls MAR company CRI meets the latest requirements of the ICAR and Subcommittee on the unified international assessment of manufacturers (Interbull) contributed to a change in the number of separate lines among the cows first generation. This has led to an increase in the percentage of manufacturers lines daughters Valiant 1650414.73, Starbuc 352790.79, as well as Cheef 1427381.62. on the basis of the desired economic-useful signs. It is established that the value of productive longevity of cows depending on linear conditioning averaged 3.1 ... 3.9 lactations. By this measure, the daughter of Starbuck's lines were superior animals Holstein breed other lines by the number of lactations: Chevalier – 0.1 or 2.6% (td = 0.25; P ≤ 0.95); Bell – 0.5 or 14.7% (td = 0.95; P ≤ 0.95); Valiant – at 0.8 or 25.8% (td = 1.52; P ≤ 0.95); Eleveyshn – 0.8 or 25.8% (td = 1.91; P ≤ 0.95); Cheef – 0.5 or 14.7% (td = 1.27; P ≤ 0.95). It has been proven that milk productivity and milk quality of the imported Holstein cows and their offspring of domestic generation attributable to linear. The highest lifetime yield of Holstein breed cows had Starbuck lines, which outnumbered their import contemporaries other lines: Chevalier – 2818.7 kg or 8.2% (td = 0.46; P ≤ 0.95); Bell – 3404.5 kg or 10.1% (td = 0.61; P ≤ 0.95); Valiant – 5553.8 kg or 17.5% (td = 1.26; P ≤ 0.95); Eleveyshn – 7368.9 kg or 24.6% (td = 1.78; P ≤ 0.95); Cheef – 5500.5 kg or 17.3% (td = 1.38; P ≤ 0.95). The father's genotype had a significant impact on the quality of the milk. It should be noted that cows Starbuck's line differed relatively high fat content in the milk. By this measure the superiority of animals this line over imported cows other lines: Chevalier – 0.5% (td = 2.38; P ≥ 0.95); Bell – 0.2% (td = 1.38; P ≤ 0.95); Valiant – 0.6% (td = 2.78; P ≥ 0.95); Eleveyshn – 0.4% (td = 3.23; P ≥ 0.99); Cheef - 0.2% (td = 1.44; P ≤ 0.95). However, large protein content in milk cows belonging to different lines of Bella, who on this indicator had superiority over animals other lines: Chevalier – 0.2% (td = 1.03; P ≤ 0.95); Starbuck – 0.1% (td = 0.59; P ≤ 0.95); Valiant – 0.5% (td = 2.31; P ≥ 0.95); Eleveyshn – 0.2% (td = 1.85; P ≤ 0.95); Cheef – 0.1% (td = 1.15; P ≤ 0.95). It should be noted that only the cows first generation Valiant lines and Eleveyshn marked positive relationship between life and the content of cows in milk fat and protein (r = +0.17 ... +0.40), which may indicate the possibility of holding breeding work to improve these symptoms. So in the breeding work it is advisable to use manufacturers of prominent lines that combine high breeding value on productivity of daughters with improving effect on the duration of their use. The results of the research show that the effective use of well-known manufacturers and imported Holstein breed brood in breeding work with dairy cattle of Ukraine. However, shortening the productive use of animals in conditions of industrial technology should serve as a stimulus to study and find ways to solve this problem.

Структура та поширеність поліорганної патології корів післяродового періоду

Among the diseases of the postpartum period, the most common are ketosis, hypo-luteolysis, subinvolution of the uterus, hypocalcemia, delayed afterbirth and endometritis. These pathologies exert the greatest influence on the further course of lactation and may even call into question the further productive use of animals. To date, there is a lot of information about these diseases separately, and very few people pay attention to the combination of ketosis-endometritis, endometritis-hypoluteolysis and ketosis-endometritis-hypoluteolysis as a polyorganis pathology. In connection with the foregoing, the aim of the work was to determine the structure and prevalence of multi-organ pathology of postpartum cows in the conditions of a particular farm.The total number of 290 cows of the postpartum period was subject to research. Of these, obstetric pathologies were detected in 230 animals (79%), including ketosis of 23 head (8%), endometritis – 38 head (13%), hypoluteolysis – 35 head (12%) and concomitant diseases: ketosis endometritis – 55 head (19%), ketosis-hypoluteolysis – 29 heads (10%), endometritis-hypoluteolysis – 29 heads (10%) and ketosis-endometritis-hypoluteolysis – 20 heads (7%).Thus, only 21% of the total herd of cows were clinically healthy, 8% ‒ had ketosis, 12% had ‒ hypolyteolysis, and 13% had ‒ endometritis. Diagnosis for diorgan pathology of endometritis-hypoluteolysis and ketosis-hypoluteolysis was established in 10%, ketosis-endometritis in 19%. The multi-organ pathology of ketosis-endometritis-hypoluteolysis was recorded in 7% of animals.

Органічне землеробство за розвинутого тваринництва

The purpose. To prove expediency of the prospect of development of organic farming in Ukraine together with the developed animal husbandry with the purpose of provision of population with qualitative food stuffs. Methods. Power consumption of production received during lifetime of each group of cows of Golshtein and Ukrainian red milk breeds which were formed depending on duration of their productive use was determined in view of power consumption of milk, increase of alive mass, breeding cattle and excrements according to power equivalents for production of cattle breeding. Results. According to the power equivalents calculated on the basis of caloric content, among all cumulative production that is made during life of cows, the greatest power consumption have excrements and milk. So, at cows of Golshtein breed power consumption of excrements, depending on duration of productive use of animals, makes 60 — 62,5%, at cows of Ukrainian red milk breed – 62 — 65, and milk – 35 — 37 and 33 — 35% accordingly. Conc usions. For provision of population with qualitative food stuffs (according to scientifically proved norms) and preservation of national treasure – Ukrainian chernozem, it is necessary, that branches of plant growing and animal husbandry developed together in each agricultural enterprise. Among all cumulative production that is made during the life of cows, the greatest power consumption has excrements and milk. The account of expenses for basic and collateral production of milk cattle breeding, will allow determining more objectively its cost price and efficiency of branch.

Recombinant Antibodies for Academia: A Practical Approach.

After several decades of optimization, phage display technology enables the routine isolation and production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in vitro. As such it has the potential to provide the academic community with a vast, inexpensive and renewable supply of well-characterized reagents, reducing bottlenecks in basic science, helping increase reproducibility of experiments, and phasing out the use of animals for production and discovery of antibodies. Yet the overwhelming majority of fundamental research laboratories still use incompletely characterized antibodies developed in animals. In order to promote increased use of recombinant antibodies in academia, we have recently initiated an open source recombinant antibody facility in Geneva (http://www.unige.ch/antibodies). Here we describe our experience at the Geneva Antibody Facility: the various techniques involved in isolation and production of antibodies, the strategic choices that we have made, and what we hope will be a bright future for this project as part of a growing movement in the scientific community to replace all animal-derived antibodies with recombinant antibodies.

The genotype influence for duration of the productive use of cows and the reasons of its disposal

The results of studies on the life and productive use of cows of different genotypes Ukrainian black and white dairy breed are presented in the article. It was established that the life expectancy of laboratory animals averaged 1851 ± 28 days and duration of productive use – 1065 ± 26.8 days. With increasing of blood Holstein breed productive use of animals decreased from 1158 (in cows with a share of inheritance Holstein below 50%) to 979 days (75% or more-blood animals). The high variability of life and productive use of cows all genotypes (Cv = 26 – 53%) are found out, which indicates ample opportunity to select animals according to these characteristics. The largest herd of cows (30.1%) dropped out due to poor performance and dysfunction of reproductive ability (25.9%). 20.3% of cows dropped out of the herd because of the physiological old age, 14.6% – because of udder disease, 9.1 % – as a result of injury. Withdrawal almost half of the animals (49.6%) from the herd is the result of causal relationships. One such feature is the certain sequence of events in time: cause precedes consequence. It is determined that between cause and consequence is genetic connection. At a certain stage of development the cause generates consequence. In the breeding aspect it could be minimized by setting optimal in terms of duration and efficiency of economic use of genotype of animals that are in specific ecological conditions of the environment. Birth calves per 100 cows, the coefficient of reproductive ability and fertility index animals grew with age. In order to increase the number, maintaining good performance reproductive ability and relatively higher fat and protein in milk black and white cows in the future breeding Ukrainian black and white dairy breed genotypes should be used, in which the share of inheritance Holstein breed is not more than 75%. However, the economies of the region should focus on preventive measures to non-communicable diseases, improving animal welfare.

Actual problems of protecting highly productive animals farms in the Lipetsk region

Due to more efficient use of feed, many farms, ensuring high productivity, has reached the profitability of milk production 40 % or more. No wonder milk has recently been called white gold because it provides the highest profitability among livestock products. However, higher producing cows have higher requirements for balanced feeding. Such cows are more intense metabolism: compared to cows of average productivity, the gas exchange is increased in 1,5-2 times, also increases blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration. This means that the wear and tear of the body is faster. And the consequences of inadequate feeding due to unbalanced diets on nutritional and biological active substances lead to profound metabolic disorders, which leads to disruption of the function of reproduction, diseases, shortening productive use of animals to one or two lactations. Without a system of introduction of achievements of zoo technical and veterinary Sciences, the proper organization of feeding, housing and care, application of progressive forms of work organization - cannot be opened, laid in the animals genetic potential. The main direction in the development of dairy cattle breeding is its intensification. The effectiveness of intensification is the implementation of the following development paths: full implementation and improvement of the genetic potential of dairy cattle; rich, biologically full feeding of animals; preparation of sufficient high-quality feed; implementation of efficient technologies.

Study of animal remains dug out during the excavations of a Nuragic village in Sardinia

This paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal materials brought to light during the excavations set up in the Nuragic village surrounding the Santu Antine Nuraghe, near Torralba (Sassari), Sardinia. Precisely, the remains come from the structure of the village named by archaeologists hut 12. They are 779 specimens out of thousands animal remains from the whole archaeological site. The majority of the rests belong to sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>) or goats (<em>Capra hircus</em>), cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>), pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) and deers (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>). Such material may provide suggestions about the productive use of animals in the village and point out the importance of the economical management of animals in the Nuragic society. Indeed, many remains show signs with human origin, which testify that the hut may have been a workplace where bone fragments were processed to obtain different kind of tools.

In vivo effect of herbal products against Histomonas meleagridis in turkeys

Histomoniasis is a serious disease in poultry. All chemotherapeutics with known efficacy against its causative agent, Histomonas meleagridis, have been banned from use as prophylactic or therapeutic use in production animals. In a search for possible alternatives, the in vivo effects of the herbal products Enteroguard™ and Protophyt™ were examined. Two-week-old turkeys allocated into 13 groups of 18 birds were either sham inoculated (negative control group) or were inoculated with 100, 3162 or 200 000 histomonads per bird. Control groups (no feed additives, dimetridazole, or Histostat-50™) were included in the study. No morbidity or mortality was observed in the negative control group or in the groups inoculated with 100 histomonads per bird. Mortality was 100% in the groups inoculated with 200 000 histomonads per bird and either untreated (positive control group) or receiving Protophyt SP™, Protophyt™ SP and Protophyt™ B, Enteroguard™, or Histostat-50™. Mortality was 17% in the dimetridazole-treated group. In the groups inoculated with 3162 histomonads per bird, mortality was 100% for the positive control group and the group receiving Enteroguard™, and was 94% in the group receiving Protophyt™ SP. In the present study, Enteroguard™ or Protophyt™ was not found to be effective against histomoniasis.

Mitigating Risk, Facilitating Research

The fundamental raison d’etre of the laboratory animal veterinarian, institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC 1 ), IACUC administrator, institutional compliance office/officer, training coordinator, and other related positions and groups at institutions that use animals for research, testing, and teaching is to ensure the humane, responsible, and productive use of animals in those activities. All of these people and groups support both science and animal welfare. The US system of animal welfare oversight has been covered in several review articles in recent years (Garnett 2005; NRC 2003), and all of the authors in this issue of the ILAR Journal allude to or cite key components of the policy and regulatory framework of oversight. Therefore, rather than an exhaustive review, we provide here a brief summary of the relevant documents and oversight bodies. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) regulations (9 CFR), enforced by the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Animal Care unit, apply to registered research facilities that use species covered under the act. The Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, authorized by the Health Research Extension Act (HREA), is implemented by the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW 1 ) and is applicable to all PHS-supported activities involving live vertebrate animals. The PHS Policy includes, by reference, the NRC Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide; NRC 1996). Eligibility for NIH (and other PHS) grant and contract support requires compliance with the