Use Of Air Conditioning Research Articles

Comparison of community response to road traffic noise by housing category

In 2023, a socio-acoustic survey on community response to road traffic noise was conducted in residential areas along several arterial roads in Kanagawa Prefecture as part of the Kanagawa University Cross-disciplinary Research Promotion Project. The survey targeted residents living in detached houses and apartment buildings. A questionnaire used for the survey was designed based on new findings from a survey conducted in 2021 using the Image Grid Method. Factors we focused were economic burden due to increased use of air conditioner, harmful impact of noise on family members, and importance of measures reducing noise. Regarding the noise exposure, we estimated Lden using noise maps, which were created for the survey. This paper presented the frequency distribution of the importance of measures reducing noise. In addition, applying multiple logistic regression analysis to individual data, we developed the exposure-response function for economic burden and harmful impact as well as listening disturbance and annoyance. Based on the results obtained, we discussed the importance of measures reducing noise and difference in exposure-response function between housing categories.

A Novel Method for Estimating the Thermal Performance of Multi-Block Wall Systems Using Thermal Impedance Z-Value under Transient Uncontrolled Heat Transfer Conditions

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges today. An increasing population accelerates the construction of concrete houses and the use of air conditioners, thereby leading to an increase in energy consumption. When the walls of buildings are well-designed and insulated, energy consumption can be reduced. Therefore, it is important to measure the thermal performance of wall systems accurately. The existing traditional methods of measuring R- and U-values provide acceptable solutions for steady-state controlled, uncontrolled or transient state-controlled conditions. However, a need to develop a novel approach for transient state-uncontrolled realistic conditions has been identified. The present study involves both experimental and numerical investigations. An in situ model room with dimensions of 1.60 m × 1.73 m × 1.50 m was built for the experimental work, and a series of experiments were conducted. For numerical work, two models using Ansys Fluent 2021/2022 and MATLAB Simulink 2021/2022 were developed. The real-time experimental data were fed into numerical models to predict the thermal behavior of the wall system. The results include the evaluation of a concept called ‘Time-Lag’ for all three models. ‘Time-Lag’ is the time taken for the heat energy to flow across the wall system. The Time-Lag for the experimental model was 8 h 45 min, while for MATLAB and Ansys models, it was 8 h 22 min. (average) and 7 h 30 min, respectively. Minor variations validate the accuracy of the numerical models. Further, a novel method using a new parameter in building systems called ‘thermal impedance Z-value’ was developed to estimate the real-time thermal performance of walls using MATLAB Simulink. The Z-value measures the ability of a wall system to resist the flow of heat (thermal resistance, R-value) combined with its ability to store heat energy (thermal capacitance, Cth-value). It is evaluated for steady-state and dynamic (transient) systems. For the steady-state system, the Z-values on the outer and inner walls were 18.2683 K/W and 18.6761 K/W, respectively with a minor difference of 0.4078 K/W at the end of 72 h. For the dynamic system, the Z-value did not reach a constant value and fluctuated in a particular pattern during 24 h of the solar cycle with average values of 3.2969 K/W on the outer and 1.2886 K/W on the inner walls at the end of 72 h, thus presenting more accurate and realistic thermal performance results of a wall system.

Forecasting demand for air conditioning in the Brazilian residential sector

Brazil is among the ten largest air-conditioning consumers in the world. The estimated electricity demand for air conditioners in the residential sector has more than tripled in the last twelve years, while household air conditioner ownership increased by 9 % per year. This trend is expected to continue in the upcoming decades as a result of population growth rate, higher incomes, and individual preferences for thermal comfort. This work assess the current use of air conditioning in the Brazilian residential sector and attempts to forecast its future demand. Forecasting is based on a proposed methodology which includes weather data monitored by 265 meteorological stations during eight years. Empirical correlations are used to determine daily average indoor temperatures for typical residential buildings and the ANSI/ASHRAE standard for indoor thermal comfort is applied to estimate the average number of cooling days (CD) and heating days (HD). These two parameters indicate the yearly average number of days in which thermal comfort condition is not reached and consequently the use of air conditioning is necessary. Northern and Northeastern Brazil are the regions with the highest CD for masonry residential buildings, approximately 318 days annually. Efforts are made to project the electricity consumption by space cooling in the residential sector until 2035 considering several effects, such as population growth, ownership of ACs, cooling capacity, and equipment efficiency. Southeastern Brazil had the highest electricity consumption for space cooling in 2022, at 12.06 TWh. The research forecasts a rise to 44.77 TWh by 2035, though improved equipment efficiency could lower this to 33.51 TWh. Future energy policies should emphasize efficient AC usage and stricter EER standards.

Assessment of seasonal variations in dry eye syndrome prevalence among office workers

Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is prevalent among office workers and influenced by various environmental and individual factors. This study assesses the prevalence, seasonal variations, symptom severity, and environmental influences on DES among office workers. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of DES among office workers in Warangal, Telangana, India, and to evaluate the impact of seasonal variations, symptom severity, and environmental factors on DES. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 office workers aged 25–55 years old. Data were collected through questionnaires on DES symptoms, environmental conditions, and demographics. The prevalence of DES was calculated, and seasonal variations were analyzed. Symptom severity was recorded on a scale from 1 to 10. Environmental factors such as humidity, air-conditioning use, screen time, and indoor air quality were examined for their correlation with DES prevalence. Results: The overall prevalence of DES was 45%, with females showing a higher prevalence (50%) compared to males (37.5%). Seasonal variations showed the highest DES prevalence in winter (40%) and the lowest in summer (16%). Symptom severity scores were highest in winter (6.5 overall) and lowest in summer (3.8 overall). Low humidity in winter was associated with a 55% prevalence of DES, especially among females (65%). High air-conditioning use in summer correlated with a lower DES prevalence (12.5%). Increased screen time (>6 h/day) resulted in a 60% prevalence of DES, with seasonal peaks in winter (65%). Poor indoor air quality was reported by 70% of participants and linked to a 50% prevalence of DES. Conclusion: The study highlights significant gender differences, seasonal variations, and environmental factors impacting DES prevalence and severity among office workers. Interventions focusing on improving workplace conditions, managing screen time, and enhancing indoor air quality may mitigate DES symptoms.

Rainy and dry seasons impact on electricity demand in Indonesia

Electricity consumption has become an integral part of daily life and is pivotal in supporting various aspects of human life. North Aceh Regency, a tropical region in Indonesia, experiences significant seasonal fluctuations between the rainy and dry seasons. This research aims to investigate and analyze the impact of these seasonal differences on electricity consumption patterns by consumers in the region using the IBM SPSS statistical method. Monthly electricity consumption data from consumers in North Aceh Regency over a specific period were collected and analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, and regression models were employed to identify significant differences in electricity consumption between the rainy and dry seasons and to understand the factors influencing consumption patterns. The results of the analysis indicate a significant difference in electricity consumption between the rainy and dry seasons in North Aceh Regency. The dry season shows an increase in electricity consumption, possibly related to factors such as the use of air conditioning and additional lighting.

IMPACT OF THE MIGRATION FROM R410A TO R454C IN THE COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

The quasi-azeotropic mixture of refrigerants R410A replaced R-22 as the preferred refrigerant for use in residential and commercial air conditioners. However, newer regulations have mandated the phase-down of refrigerants with a high GWP as R410A, and thus, new substituting refrigerants and mixtures must be selected. Among the different possibilities, some manufacturers have been interested in mixtures such as R454C, composed of R32 and R1234yf (21.5/78.5), which has a GWP lower than the limit imposed by the new F-Gas regulation.In this study a variable-speed scroll compressor was tested working with both R410A and R454C at different operating conditions. From these tests, the compressor behavior with these refrigerant mixtures has systematically been analyzed in terms of compressor efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and working range.

Volumetric Add-On Retrofit Strategy with Multi-Benefit Approach toward Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Target

Around 35% of the total housing stock of the European Union is more than half a century old. The shortage of funds for new construction, combined with rapidly changing economic, social, and technological factors, has led to significant obsolescence. Additionally, this situation makes it difficult to satisfy the owners’ energy, functional, and socio-economic needs. This research aims to develop an innovative retrofit approach that brings multiple benefits to assessing retrofit designs for social housing, with specific emphasis on volumetric envelope additions toward the nearly zero energy buildings target (nZEBs). To achieve the purpose of this study, the research through design methodology was chosen. The research methodology consisted of two phases: design and simulation. First, the design phase focused on re-designing and retrofitting social housing to address various aspects of the functional requirements in developing rational solutions. Second, the simulation phase focused on computational modeling and analysis of energy performance to assess the nZEBs target. The results show that the use of high-efficiency Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and improved material envelopes cut electricity consumption use by 43% and primary energy use by 40% compared to the base case. Photovoltaics (PV) production can meet the total electricity demand for six months. This approach can encourage residents and tenants to actively participate in the retrofit process and increase the real estate value of buildings through improvements in energy efficiency and housing function.

SUBSTANTIATION OF CHANGES IN THE CERTIFICATION OF THE TRACTOR DRIVER’S WORKPLACE IN MODERN MACHINE-TRACTOR UNITS

The study aims to identify possible changes in the working conditions of tractor drivers under the computerisation of workplaces and to develop proposals for changing the requirements for sanitary standards in the design of tractors and agricultural machinery. The article analyses the impact of modern technologies on the working conditions of tractor drivers in agriculture. It investigates various aspects of work, including using on-board computers, air conditioning, and satellite navigation, and their impact on workers’ health. The authors consider health risks, such as increased noise levels and work with on-board computers, and reveal the lack of consideration of these aspects in regulatory documents. In particular, we have found that using on-board computers significantly simplifies the process of controlling agricultural machinery but can lead to increased noise and vibration levels, negatively affecting workers’ health. Some studies have shown that prolonged work with on-board computers can lead to the development of occupational diseases, such as musculoskeletal disorders, impaired vision, and others. In addition, air conditioning in tractor cabs can cause colds due to sudden temperature changes and increase the risk of legionella infection due to the water condensation accumulation in ventilation systems. The research also found that the legal and regulatory documents governing the working conditions of tractor drivers do not consider the use of modern technologies, which creates gaps in worker protection. Regulatory documents should contain requirements for the parameters of monitors and their placement in the working area of tractor drivers in agricultural production, such as adjusting the reflectivity of the screen, the main adjusted visual characteristics of monitors, and the location of video terminals in the tractor cab without being directly in the line of sight. It is necessary to develop measures to prevent the overwork of tractor drivers. Regulations should include rules for the use of air conditioners, as well as for cleaning air conditioning ducts and replacing filters on time. The general conclusion is that there is a need to strengthen the regulation of tractor drivers’ working conditions and to include requirements for using modern technologies in the relevant regulations. These measures will ensure the safety and health of workers in agriculture and reduce the risk of occupational diseases. Keywords: machine-tractor unit, tractor driver, workplace certification, labour protection, video terminal.

Utilization of typha-boards for preserving the historic wooden houses typical of the region in the Thai city of Chiang Mai (Thailand)

ABSTRACT The quality of life in the historic wooden houses typical of the city of Chiang Mai in northern Thailand is significantly reduced by climate changes and the intense air pollution during the Haze Season (time of slash-and-burn). The traditional indirect cooling system through strong natural infiltration ventilation in traditional houses is severely limited in its function due to changes in the local urban microclimate. The low comfort level leads to increased use of electric air conditioning, resulting in substantial energy consumption and the formation of urban heat islands and more and more often to the loss of historic Thai wooden houses by demolition.

Substantial increase of heat-induced labor and economic loss in China under rapid economic and environmental temperature growth

Exposure to heat stress causes diminished work performance and leads to economic loss. In the last two decades, China has experienced both rapid economic development and environmental warming; however, the spatiotemporal variations of association between environmental heat and labor loss have been rarely investigated behind this double impact. Here, we evaluated the variation in China's heat-induced labor productivity loss and related economic cost from 2001 to 2019 and investigated the effect of economic development and regional warming. We found that decline in labor productivity because of heat stress increased significantly (p < 0.05 for heavy-intensity work), and the corresponding economic loss also exhibited a drastic increase by 6- to 9-fold. The relative economic loss showed a slight but nonsignificant increase with an average value of 0.54% of the annual total earnings. At the sub-regional and sectoral level, adverse effects were more prominent in the southeast region, and the secondary industry sectors, such as construction and manufacturing, contributed to larger proportions of economic losses. The transformation of industrial structure made economic sectors more vulnerable to heat exposure, and increasingly preventive effects of air-conditioning use were noted on economic damage due to heat-induced productivity decline (36.0% relative economic benefits in 2019 compared to 9.7% in 2001). Our findings could provide a deep insight into heat burden on occupational health and heat adaptation strategies regionally under climate change, especially in developing areas with higher temperature and humidity environment.

Synergistic Impact on Indoor Air Quality: The Combined Use of Air Conditioners, Air Purifiers, and Fresh Air Systems

As concerns about indoor air quality increase, air purifiers and fresh air systems are increasingly being used in conjunction with air conditioners in office buildings. To study the synergistic effects of multisystem joint operation on indoor air quality, this study used a combination of experimental and simulation methods to study the indoor particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under different operation conditions. The purification time and the PM2.5 concentration distribution under different conditions were compared with the condition in which the purifier was used alone. The results showed that the purification time required for the condition that the air conditioner runs together with the purifier was shortened by 15.2%. When the fresh air system is running together with the purifier, the purification time can be reduced by 30.4%. It was reduced by 32.6% when the three systems were operating at the same time. The PM2.5 concentration distribution under the joint operating condition was much more even than that under the condition in which the purifier was running alone. To analyze the impact on the CO2 distribution, the CO2 distributions under different joint operations were compared. The results show that the fresh air system can effectively dilute CO2 below 1000 ppm in 30 min. The air conditioner and purifier could help to mix the indoor air to provide a much more uniform indoor CO2 distribution.

Analysis of Freon Leakage in Condenser to Room Temperature on MT. Kuang

The development of technology has led to increased use of air conditioning. Air conditioning is a process that cools, dries, cleans, and circulates air, while controlling its quantity and quality. It is important for machinists and electricians responsible for cooling machines to effectively carry out their duties and responsibilities by maintaining the machines properly. This research is a qualitative case study involving descriptive analysis using written or spoken observations of behavior. It focuses on the analysis of freon leaks in the condenser related to room temperature on the MT ship, Kuang. The research concludes that the decrease in condenser work in refrigerator machines is caused by interference with the dryer. The recommended efforts include inspecting and repairing leaking pipes, and conducting maintenance and repairs in accordance with the Manual Book standards.

Feasibility of Urban-Based Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Urban Centers of Southwest Ethiopia: From Local Climate Action Perspective

This study identified the practices of adaptation strategies to climate change in Jimma, Bedelle, Bonga, and Sokorru urban centers using a survey of 384 households, 55 key informant interviews, 4 focus group discussions, and field observations. A cross-sectional study design was employed from 2019 to 2021. The adaptive capacity of municipalities to reduce climate extreme events was rated as poor by the majority (51%), mostly reactive measures (76%). The climate hazards identified in four urban centers were riverine and flash floods, urban heat waves, landslides, and windstorms. The urban households practiced lifestyle modification, reduce paved surfaces, the use of air conditioner, planting trees, and multiple windows. The adaptation strategies practiced by municipalities include the relocation of prone areas, the support of basic amenities, the construction of protection walls, diversion ditches, the clearance of waterways and rivers, greenery, and park development. The adaptation actions were constrained by a lack of awareness, commitment, cooperation and coordination, adaptive capacity, and participation. Gray/physical infrastructures (costly but important) as adaptation actions were hampered by the low municipal capacity. We recommend that urban authorities should incorporate climate change adaptation strategies into urban planning and development proactively to ensure future resilient climate smart urban centers of southwest Ethiopia.

Effects of variation in air conditioner temperature on lung functions of air conditioner users

Background: As a result of increasing environmental temperature, use of air conditioner(AC) has become very popular specially in the urban areas mostly during hot months of the year. Regular exposure to cold, dry air of AC can cause various alterations in lung functions of AC users which can lead to many lung diseases in future. These alterations in lung functions can be influenced by AC temperature fixation. Objective: This study aimed to observe the effect of variation of AC temperature on lung function in apparently healthy adult subjects living in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Method:This cross sectional study was conducted on 48 apparently healthy adult male and female who were exposed to cold air discharged by air conditioner for at least 6 hours per day for minimum 5 days per week for the past 2 to 4 years. They were then divided into two groups based on setting temperature at which AC was regulated. Group A was consisted of 24 subjects (12 male and 12 female) who were exposed to AC temperature constantly regulated in between 18° C to 22°C. Group B consisted of 24 subjects (12 male and 12 female) who were exposed to AC temperature constantly regulated in between 23°C to 25°C. Forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), and ratio of FEV1/FVC were estimated in all subjects to assess lung functions using Minato Autospiro AS-507.Percentage of predicted value of all parameter was used in data analysis. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test. Results: In this study mean percentage (%) of predicted value of FVC FEV1, and FEV1/FVC were significantly lower in group A in comparison to group B. Conclusion: Regulation of AC at a lower temperature can lead to more reduction of lung function in AC users. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2022;17(2): 72-77

Simulation-Based Exploration with Energyplus as an Energy Efficiency Strategy

In countries with tropical or subtropical climates, such as Indonesia, the use of air conditioning is becoming increasingly important for comfort and productivity. However, high energy use in air conditioning systems has significant environmental and economic impacts, including increased greenhouse gas emissions and high operational costs. This research aims to analyze the Energy Consumption Index (ECI) in the Joint Lecture Building, State University of Malang using EnergyPlus software simulation. Research data consists of building data, weather data, building construction data, operating schedules, equipment specifications, and energy usage data. Furthermore, the data analysis technique used ECI calculations based on EnergyPlus software simulation. The research results show that based on the Energy Consumption Index value it is 201,943 kWh/m2/year, but with a savings scenario it becomes 161,964 kWh/m2/year (an increase of 19,797%) so it is classified as efficient. The energy-saving scenario implemented is to replace the Constant Air Volume (CAV) air conditioning system with Variable Air Volume (VAV) and the types of luminaires that were originally fluorescent will be replaced with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The comparison results obtained an energy-saving value of 19,797%. The research results show that using VAV and LEDs technology can increase energy efficiency in the Joint Lecture Building, State University of Malang. The scenario attempts to reduce environmental impact through energy efficiency in commercial buildings and shows that the EnergyPlus simulation method is an effective approach for designing energy savings strategies.

Development of adaptive behaviour models for thermal comfort: Longitudinal investigation in Japanese office buildings and literature review

In the recent year's energy consumptions has increased, especially in the office buildings for heating and cooling use. Adaptive behaviours such as clothing adjustments, window opening, fan use, heating use and cooling use are important contributing factors for thermal comfort of the occupants. The main objectives of this study is to clarify different behavioural adaptations carried out by occupants in Japanese office buildings and to compare with previous studies. The occupant behaviour models were developed for clothing adjustments and air-conditioning use. Occupant behaviour survey was conducted in the five mixed mode (MM) and one heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) Japanese office buildings over a period of fifteen months resulting in 16,411 votes from 45 participants. Range of clothing insulation was wider in MM buildings compared to HVAC buildings which indicate that occupant behaviour in MM buildings required less energy for thermal comfort. The mean proportion of window opening and fan use was 0.54 and 0.41 respectively. Developed logistic model suggested that 80% of occupant used heating and cooling when the outdoor air temperature drops below 11 °C and rise above 27 °C respectively. The obtained results from field investigation are validated by the extensive literature review. The occupant behaviour models in Japanese office buildings are comparable with the behaviours models from different parts of the world having various climatic conditions. It was also confirmed that occupants behaviours are effective for energy saving building designs. The acknowledgement of these behaviour of the occupants is fruitful in designing thermally comfortable and possibly energy saving MM buildings in future.

Cumulative climate-induced fatigue damage in wooden painted surfaces: The case of wooden churches in Sweden

Environmental variations of Temperature (T) and Relative Humidity (RH) in air cause a superficial and/or sub-surface deformation (shrinkage/swelling) of organic hygroscopic objects, as for example wood. These environmental variations may be due to the natural variability of climate, to the use of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and to the presence of people. This contribution focuses on a group of wooden rural churches located in harsh climates in Sweden. The churches, which are still in use for the local communities, are heated during wintertime to reach acceptable indoor comfort levels causing potentially risky T and RH fluctuations for hygroscopic objects. In this framework, the main goal is assessing the risk of fracture on wooden structural elements caused by hygrothermal fluctuations. The method is based on a preliminary approach for reconstructing the climate history experienced by a typical wooden structural element of these churches and that, over time, results in a cyclic fatigue loading, naturally induced by the outdoor climate. Then, the effect of the artificial heating on the indoor microclimate and, therefore, on the reconstructed fatigue curve is assessed. Main outcomes were obtained by using a methodology that is preliminary based on simplifying assumptions, due to a severe lack of knowledge, in literature, about the fatigue behavior of wood. Finally, main considerations on the fatigue behavior of exposed wooden elements are drawn up, namely the estimation of their residual life (or “life-to-damage”), which may support conservators or church managers in better managing the microclimate to reduce the risk of fracture on valuable objects.

Energy-saving regulation methods and energy consumption characteristics of office air-conditioning loads in hot summer and cold winter areas

The air-conditioning system of an office building may have much higher operational energy consumption than its designed value due to the actual use behavior which significantly deviates from the predicted one. To precisely analyze the actual air-conditioning energy consumption, in this paper, based on the impact of occupant air-conditioning behavior on the energy consumption of air-conditioning systems, a Supply-Side Cooling Load Regulation Method (SSRM) is proposed, and its air-conditioning energy consumption analysis model is established. The energy consumption characteristics of the air-conditioning system under SSRM were analyzed, with the assumption that the example office building is located in a hot summer and cold winter areas. The results indicate that the indoor air conditioning set temperature and the actual fresh air volume are important factors affecting the variation of the air conditioning system cooling load under the Demand-Side Cooling Load Regulation Method (DSRM) method, whereas under SSRM, the air conditioning system cooling load is not affected by the variation of the indoor set temperature and the fresh air volume; meanwhile, regulating human air-conditioning use behaviors is the key point of reducing air-conditioning cooling load. The increasing fresh air volume from 30 m3/(p∙h) to 90 m3/(p∙h) can result in about a 5°C increase in the average daily indoor air temperature in the rooms used by SSRM, and it also causes an increase in the total air-conditioning load in the rooms under DSRM by more than 45 kWh/day. Further, compared to the DSRM, the SSRM can well regulate occupant air-conditioning use behaviors, which reduces energy consumption by more than 35% in the summer.

Heat-related mortality and ambulance transport after a power outage in the Tokyo metropolitan area.

Air conditioners can prevent heat-related illness and mortality, but the increased use of air conditioners may enhance susceptibility to heat-related illnesses during large-scale power failures. Here, we examined the risks of heat-related illness ambulance transport (HIAT) and mortality associated with typhoon-related electricity reduction (ER) in the summer months in the Tokyo metropolitan area. We conducted event study analyses to compare temperature-HIAT and mortality associations before and after the power outage (July to September 2019). To better understand the role of temperature during the power outage, we then examined whether the temperature-HIAT and mortality associations were modified by different power outage levels (0%, 10%, and 20% ER). We computed the ratios of relative risks to compare the risks associated with various ER values to the risks associated without ER. We analyzed the data of 14,912 HIAT cases and 74,064 deaths. Overall, 93,200 power outage cases were observed when the typhoon hit. Event study results showed that the incidence rate ratio was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 2.84) with effects enduring up to 6 days, and 1.11 (95% CI = 1.02, 1.22) for mortality on the first 3 days after the typhoon hit. Comparing 20% to 0% ER, the ratios of relative risks of heat exposure were 2.32 (95% CI = 1.41, 3.82) for HIAT and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.75, 1.22) for mortality. A 20% ER was associated with a two-fold greater risk of HIAT because of summer heat during the power outage, but there was little evidence for the association with all-cause mortality.

Systematic Review: How to reduce the car cabin temperature using solar energy?

The two biggest issues we have are the energy crisis and global warming. Both issues are made worse by the use of traditional air conditioners. Therefore, numerous techniques were devised to overcome that, including solar ventilation, solar cooling, and solar thermoelectric modules. The most suitable choice was solar thermoelectric cooling because it was safe for the environment, provided a significant drop in car cabin temperatures, and avoided using hazardous refrigeration fluids.