Use Of Abacus Research Articles

초등학교 방과후 학교의 수업 프로그램을 활용한 주산교육에 관하여

In this study, in order to examine the importance of abacus education using the abacus, the history and flow of the abacus and the Chinese knowledge and use of abacus were recognized as intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) through a literature review. It was intended to provide an opportunity to re-aware of the current meaning of abacus learning, which is receiving attention again through after-school class programs in Korea. Abacus education, which was evaluated as ‘oriental wisdom’, gradually fell out of favor with the development of computers, but its value and usefulness are still recognized in the ‘After-School Programs in Elementary Schools’, which began to be operated separately from the regular curriculum. The continued participation of students is evaluated as a positive phenomenon. The main purpose of operating after-school is the educational system of‘complementing and expanding school educational functions’. It can be seen that it has unlimited development potential to resolve the ‘education gap’ by ‘supplementing and expanding the regular curriculum,’ such as the purpose of reducing parents ‘private education costs and meeting care needs, and to develop the concept, specialty, and aptitude of care classes. It is hoped that such after-school education programs will provide effective satisfaction so that elementary school students can develop basic computational skills such as numbers and calculations with familiarity with numbers.

Teacher Training and the use of the Abacus in the Practice of Quantifying Physical Quantities

Background: Several studies in mathematics education show the use of the physical abacus in the activities of teachers in initial graduation, emphasising, in their manipulation, practices with addition or subtraction operations, or yet, which express a direct translation of the numeral to the physical abacus and, vice versa, without, however, explaining part of the complexity involved the social practice of quantifying physical quantities, which even makes possible the structuring of the numeral. Objective: To show that the use of the abacus by teachers in initial training may not ensure the realisation or mastery of the practice of quantifying physical quantities with discrete units. Design: In this sense, a study and research path (SRP) was carried out based on the training of early years teachers. Environment and participants: 25 students in initial training of a degree course at a public educational institution participated in an activity on decimal number system (DNS), but largely positional number system (PNS), proposed based on a problem in an unusual context (for them), they mobilised to face and answer questions. Data collection and analysis: We present an excerpt from the empirical research forwarded by Ferreira (2020) with teachers in initial training. Results: The data observed in the empirical confirms the hypothesis of the existence of a problem regarding the use of the abacus as a possible facilitator in the structuring of non-decimal numbers through the practice of quantifying physical quantities. Conclusions: The results found with the teachers revealed, in addition to the problem of teacher training on what to teach and how to teach numerals, that using the abacus made it difficult, if not hindered, the practice of quantifying physical quantities with discrete units. We also found changes in the quality of the teachers’ relationships with structuring decimal and non-decimal numbers.

ВПЛИВ ПОПЕРЕДНИКІВ І ФУНГІЦИДУ АБАКУС НА ПОШИРЕННЯ ХВОРОБ ТА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ЖИТА ПОСІВНОГО (SECALE CEREALE L.) В УМОВАХ ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article studies the value of beans and soybeans as precursors of winter sowing rye, and the effectiveness of the Abacus fungicide to reduce the spread of crop diseases in soil and climatic conditions of the Ternopil region.
 The research proves that the pesticide reduces the spread of powdery mildew by 2.7 and 3.0 %, brown rust by 2.9 and 3.2 %, leaf septoria by 6.0, and by 7.1 % in the sowing of rye Kharkiv 98. It shows high technical efficiency of application against the stated above diseases, in particular, 50.2 and 58.7 %, 49.2 and 46.9 %, 69.5 and 70.5 % respectively. 
 The use of Abacus significantly increases the grain productivity of rye, which is sown after soybeans (by 2.06 t/ha), compared to the predecessor of beans (1.66 t/ha). This increase in rye grain yield growth after the soybean precursor due to the fungicide is associated with a significant formation of plant density by 26.9 %, total by 36.1 %, and productive by 21.1 %, an increase in quantity (by 13.4 %) and the grains mass in the rye ears (by 19.1 %) and the higher increase in the biological yield of aboveground mass by 38.4 % for the predecessor of soybeans, compared with the growth of these indicators by 2.8, 25.3, 18.6, 4.6, 9.5, 30.4 % accordingly, sowing rye after beans.
 Despite the higher efficiency of the Abacus fungicide in sowing rye after soybean, for its productivity, a more important factor for crop formation was the predecessor, beans, which indicates a higher grain yield compared to the soybeans predecessor, as well as using the Abacus fungicide by 0.46 t/ha, and also in the absence of chemical protection by 0.86 t/ha.
 Analysis of the elements of productivity showed that the higher value of beans as rye precursor, compared with soybeans, is realized, regardless of the use of pesticides, due to higher plant density by 41.6–74.8 %, total stem density by 21.7–32.2 %, and productive stems density by 17.5–20.0 %, as well as the increase of plant height by 3.1–8.8 %, which led to the increase in total biological yield by 38.2–46.6 % and its component, masses of straw, by 49.0–56.1 %. Measurement of rye ears length, counting the number of spikelets and grains in the inflorescences revealed a slight effect of predecessors on these indicators. Significant increase in vegetative mass of rye after the predecessor of beans and limited influence of both predecessors on the generative sphere of plants led to the decrease in grain yield in crops by 6.1–7.5 % compared to plants sown after soybeans, regardless of fungicide.
 Given the higher value of beans compared to soybeans as precursors of rye in its productivity and lack of significant impact on spread of disease, as well as the high efficiency of the Abacus fungicide, it is recommended sewing rye after beans in crop rotation and use pesticides as a tool efficient in crop cultivation in local soil and climatic conditions.

Using Abacus and Bundles of Stick to Help Basic Two (2) Pupils to Add Two and Three-Digit Numbers: An Action Research of Ghana National College Basic School, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana

The purpose of this study was to use Abacus and Bundles of stick as Instructional Materials or Teaching Learning Materials (TLMs) to improve the addition of two- and three-digit numbers among Basic Two (2) Pupils of Ghana National College Basic School, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana. Action research design was used for the study. Evaluation Test (Pre-Test and Post-Test) were used to gather data on the pupils. The population was thirty-four (34) and the sample used for the study was fourteen (14) pupils. Pre-Test was used to assess the pupil’s performance to identify their strength and weakness for the necessary interventions to be used to solve that problem. Post-Test was used to gather results and compare the effectiveness of the use of Abacus and Bundles of stick in solving addition of two- and three-digits numbers in mathematics. Simple percentage count was employed by the researcher to display the results and findings. It was found out from the study that, appropriate materials like Bundles of sticks and Abacus should be encouraged and be used in primary schools more especially at the Lower Primary levels (Early Grade levels) to teach for the pupils to overcome their difficulties in solving addition problems involving two- and three-digits numbers.

Electronic Abacus (e-Abacus) using FPGA Altera DE2 Board

The development of electronic abacus using Altera DE2 115, is to integrate the use of abacus along with electronic devices which offer better visualisation of the abacus operations. The main focus of this technology is to assist the primary school students in validating a fundamental arithmetic operation. The electronic abacus is developed by integrating an abacus, abacus decoder module and field programming gate array (FPGA) based processor. DE2 115 is chosen as the development module and very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) as a main programming language. The arithmetic algorithm developed for the electronic abacus is limited to the computational of whole numbers only, involving the basic arithmetic operation of additional, subtraction, multiplication and division. This electronic abacus comes with two operational modes, display and arithmetic mode. In the display mode, the abacus beads position at column one until column seven is displayed as numerical representation on the liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. A computation of arithmetic operations with less than three operators is available in the arithmetic mode with the capability of displaying the negative numerical and infinite value. From the simulation conducted in Quartus II, the implementation of the algorithm in FPGA utilise 4% from the total logical element allowed and consume approximately 143.4 mW of power. As a conclusion, this enhanced ancient apparatus hopefully will contribute to the development of more lively and interesting teaching approach.