Use Of 3D Printed Models Research Articles

Use of 3D-printed animal models as a standard method to test avian behavioral responses toward nest intruders in the studies of avian brood parasitism

Living and/or non-living animal models are often used as stimuli to observe the behavioral responses of the target animals. In the past, parasites, predators, and harmless controls have been used to test host anti-parasitism defense behavior, and their taxidermy specimens have been widely used as a set of standard methods for the study of avian brood parasitism. In recent years, with the rapid development of 3D-printing technology, 3D-printed bird models are expected to be applied as a standard method in the study of avian brood parasitism. To evaluate the use of 3D-printed models, this study tests the reaction of Oriental Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis) towards predators, parasites, or controls, and compares the reaction among different nest intruders and between taxidermy specimens and 3D-printed animal models. It was found that the Oriental Reed Warbler responded most aggressively to the parasite, followed by predator, and finally the control; the results were consistent between the reaction to taxidermy specimens and 3D-printed animal models, indicating that 3D-printed models could serve as a substitute for taxidermy specimens. We propose a series of advantages of using 3D-printed models and suggest them to be a standard method for widespread use in future studies of avian brood parasitism.

Effectiveness of 3D-printed models prepared from radiological data for anatomy education: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of 22 randomized, controlled, crossover trials.

Many academicians suggested the supplementary use of 3D-printed models reconstructed from radiological images for optimal anatomy education. 3D-printed model is newer technology available to us. The purpose of this systematic review was to capture the usefulness or effectiveness of this newer technology in anatomy education. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for quantitative synthesis. The included studies were sub-grouped according to the interventions and participants. No restrictions were applied based on geographical location, language and publication years. Randomized, controlled trial, cross-sectional and cross-over designs were included. The effect size of each intervention in both participants was computed as a standardized mean difference (SMD). Twenty-two randomized, controlled trials were included for quantitative estimation of effect size of knowledge acquisition as standardized mean difference in 1435 participants. The pooled effect size for 3D-printed model was 0.77 (0.45-1.09, 95% CI, P < 0.0001) with 86% heterogeneity. The accuracy score was measured in only three studies and estimated effect size was 2.81 (1.08-4.54, 95% CI, P = 0.001) with 92% heterogeneity. The satisfaction score was examined by questionnaire in 6 studies. The estimated effect size was 2.00 (0.69-3.32, 95% CI, P = 0.003) with significant heterogeneity. The participants exposed to the 3D-printed model performed better than participants who used traditional methodologies. Thus, the 3D-printed model is a potential tool for anatomy education.

Application of concentrated growth factor to autotransplantation with inflammation in recipient area

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to apply concentrated growth factor (CGF) to the transplanted area with inflammation, to observe the clinical effects of CGF on the inflammation area assisted by 3D printing technology.MethodsA total of 52 compromised mandibular first or second molar with chronic periapical lesions were transplanted with mature third molars. The patients were divided into CGF group (n = 26) and control group (n = 26) and transplanted into fresh extraction sockets with or without CGF. All the patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations during the follow-up.ResultsAverage surgery and extra-oral time were 39 min (± 7.8) and 42 s (± 10.2). The success rates of CGF group and control group were 100% and 92.3% respectively. Most of the periapical lesions in CGF group healed completely within 3 months, which was significantly faster than control group. The initial stability of CGF group was better than control group immediately after operation, and the degree of pain in CGF group was lower than control group on the 1st and 3rd day after operation.ConclusionsThe application of CGF in recipient site with chronic periapical lesions can accelerate the regeneration of alveolar bone and the healing of inflammation, greatly shorten the healing period. Meanwhile, CGF help to reduce postoperative pain and reaction at the early stage of healing and increase the success rate of autogenous tooth transplantation (ATT). Additionally, the use of 3D printing model can greatly reduce the extra-oral time of donor teeth.

CORR Insights®: 3D-printed Handheld Models Do Not Improve Recognition of Specific Characteristics and Patterns of Three-part and Four-part Proximal Humerus Fractures.

CORR Insights®: 3D-printed Handheld Models Do Not Improve Recognition of Specific Characteristics and Patterns of Three-part and Four-part Proximal Humerus Fractures.

Sinus Lift and Implant Insertion on 3D-Printed Polymeric Maxillary Models: Ex Vivo Training for In Vivo Surgical Procedures.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the increased efficiency achieved by dental practitioners when carrying out an ex vivo training process on 3D-printed maxillaries before performing in vivo surgery. Materials and Methods: This developed ex vivo procedure comprises the following phases: (i) scanning the area of interest for surgery; (ii) obtaining a 3D virtual model of this area using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); (iii) obtaining a 3D-printed model (based on the virtual one), on which (iv) the dental practitioner simulates/rehearses ex vivo (most of) the surgery protocol; (v) assess with a new CBCT the 3D model after simulation. The technical steps of sinus augmentation and implant insertion could be performed on the corresponding 3D-printed hemi-maxillaries prior to the real in vivo surgery. Two study groups were considered, with forty patients divided as follows: Group 1 comprises twenty patients on which the developed simulation and rehearsal procedure was applied; Group 2 is a control one which comprises twenty patients on which similar surgery was performed without this procedure (considered in order to compare operative times without and with rehearsals). Results: Following the ex vivo training/rehearsal, an optimal surgery protocol was developed for each considered case. The results of the surgery on patients were compared with the results obtained after rehearsals on 3D-printed models. The performed quantitative assessment proved that, using the proposed training procedure, the results of the in vivo surgery are not significantly different (p = 0.089) with regard to the ex vivo simulation for both the mezio-distal position of the implant and the distance from the ridge margin to sinus window. On the contrary, the operative time of Group 1 was reduced significantly (p = 0.001), with an average of 20% with regard to in vivo procedures performed without rehearsals (on the control Group 2). Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the use of 3D-printed models can be beneficial to dental surgeon practitioners, as well as to students who must be trained before performing clinical treatments.

Effect of Fluids on the Elastic Properties of 3D-Printed Anisotropic Rock Models

Laboratory physical models play an important role in understanding rock properties and wave propagation, both theoretically and at the field scale. In some cases, 3D-printing technology can be adopted to construct complex rock models faster, more inexpensively, and with more specific features than previous model-building techniques. In this study, we use 3D-printed rock models to assist in understanding the effects of various fluids (air, water, engine oil, crude oil, and glycerol) on the models’ elastic properties. We first used a 3D-printed, 1-in. cube-shaped layered model. This model was created with a 6% primary porosity and a bulk density of 0.98 g/cc with VTI anisotropy. We next employed a similar cube but with horizontal inclusions embedded in the layered background, which contributed to its total 24% porosity (including primary porosity). For air to liquid saturation, P-velocities increased for all liquids in both models, with the highest increase being with glycerol (57%) and an approximately 45% increase for other fluids in the inclusion model. For the inclusion model (dry and saturated), we observed a greater difference between two orthogonally polarized S-wave velocities (Vs1 and Vs2) than between two P-wave velocities (VP0 and VP90). We attribute this to the S2-wave (polarized normal to both the layering and the plane of horizontal inclusions), which appears more sensitive to horizontal inclusions than the P-wave. For the inclusion model, Thomsen’s P-wave anisotropic parameter (ɛ) decreased from 26% for the air case to 4% for the water-saturated cube and to 1% for glycerol saturation. The small difference between the bulk modulus of the frame and the pore fluid significantly reduces the velocity anisotropy of the medium, making it almost isotropic. We compared our experimental results with theory and found that predictions using Schoenberg’s linear slip theory combined with Gassmann’s anisotropic equation were closer to actual measurements than Hudson’s isotropic calculations. This work provides insights into the usefulness of 3D-printed models to understand elastic rock properties and wave propagation under various fluid saturations.

Using low-cost 3D-printed models of prenatal ultrasonography for visually-impaired expectant persons

BackgroundFor visually impaired or blind patients, the experience of pregnancy sets them apart from nondisabled people for whom viewing of the first ultrasound has become a social and emotional milestone. ObjectiveWe proposed the use of 3D-printed models to allow the societal inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. Patient involvementVisually impaired expectant parents were proposed to touch a 3D printed sensory vector of their prenatal classic ultrasonography. MethodsAfter a classic ultrasound assessment was performed, selected volumes were processed and 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Patient satisfaction was recorded after they manipulated the models. ResultsA total of 42 prenatal 3D prints were for 12 expectant parents, used during 20 ultrasonographic sessions with visually impaired or blind expectant parents. During 13 of them (65%), it was the mother who was affected by a visual loss whereas the father was the parent affected by the disability during 7 sessions (35%). The parent affected by the disability was congenitally blind and Braille-reader in 9 ultrasonography sessions (45%). All expectant visually impaired or blind parents expressed very significant satisfaction with the use of 3D models for inclusive use. DiscussionWe have shown that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-printed models improve the sonographic experience of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. They can thereby perform their own mental representation process by extrapolating sensory information obtained from the 3D tactile support. Practical valueThese low-cost 3D-printed models improve the inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents, by offering them a sensory vector of information.

Use of tracheobronchial tree 3-dimensional printed model: does it improve trainees\u2019 understanding of segmentation anatomy? A prospective study

BackgroundThis prospective study investigated whether the use of 3D-printed model facilitates novice learning of radiology anatomy on multiplanar computed tomography (CT) when compared to traditional 2D-based learning tools. Specifically, whether the use of a 3D printed model improved interpretation of multiplanar CT tracheobronchial anatomy.MethodsThirty-one medical students (10F, 21 M) from years one to three were recruited, matched for gender and level of training and randomized to 2D or 3D group. Students underwent 20-min self-study session using 2D-printed image or 3D-printed model of the tracheobronchial tree. Immediately after, students answered 10 multiple-choice questions (Test 1) to identify tracheobronchial tree branches on multiplanar CT images. Two weeks later, identical test (Test 2) was used to assess retention of information. Mean scores of 2D and 3D groups were calculated. Student’s t test was used to compare mean differences in tests scores and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the interaction of gender, CT imaging plane and time on test scores between the two groups.ResultsFor test 1, 2D group had higher mean score than 3D group although not statistically significant (7.69 and 7.43, p = 0.39). Mean scores for Test 2 were significantly lower than for Test 1 (7 and 7.57, p = 0.03) with mean score decline for 2D group (Test 1 = 7.69, Test 2 = 6.63, p = 0.03), and similar score for 3D group (Test 1 and 2 = 7.43). There was no statistically significant interaction of gender and test score over time. Significant interaction between group and time of test was found for axial CT images but not for coronal images.ConclusionsUse of a 3D-printed model of the tracheobronchial anatomy had no immediate advantage over traditional 2D-printed images for learning CT anatomy. However, use of a 3D model improved students’ ability to retain learned information, irrespective of gender.

Improving knowledge of Mohs surgery in patients and families with 3D-printed models and video animation: A survey-based cohort study

To the Editor: Despite its frequency of use, Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) remains unfamiliar to many patients and can be anxiety provoking for them and their loved ones.1Kamangar F. Petukhova T.A. Monico G. et al.Anxiety levels of patients undergoing common dermatologic procedures versus those seeking general dermatologic care.Dermatol Online J. 2017; 23 (13030/qt64d8r1gp)Crossref Google Scholar Because MMS is performed in the ambulatory setting, it is important for physicians to effectively educate patients so they are better able to give full informed consent and comply with procedure instructions. However, most available educational materials are either not accessible enough or too complex for patients (above the recommended sixth grade reading level).2Vargas C.R. DePry J. Lee B.T. Bordeaux J.S. The readability of online patient information about Mohs micrographic surgery.Dermatol Surg. 2016; 42: 1135-1141Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar As a result, new methods are needed to educate patients before MMS procedures. We developed 2 3-dimensional (3D) models of skin cancers and an educational video module. Accompanied by a script written at a sixth-grade level, the 2 3D models (Fig 1) demonstrate differing patterns of tumor growth: the orange model is a nonaggressive tumor that can be removed in 1 stage, and the pink model is an aggressive tumor requiring multiple MMS stages. The educational video is a 4-minute high-definition animated illustration of the MMS technique, visually describing it in easily approachable language and subtitles (see Supplemental Video 1).3Benedetto P.X. Poblete-Lopez C. Mohs micrographic surgery technique.Dermatol Clin. 2011; 29: 141-151Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar In this unmatched cohort study, 124 patients were enrolled from 2018 to 2019, along with 42 family members. On the surgical day, all patients viewed the video; a subgroup (n = 58) also viewed the 3D models. For patients who viewed both modalities, the video was shown before the 3D models. All 42 family members viewed both the educational video and 3D models. A 5-question survey administered before and after the intervention assessed knowledge of and indications for MMS, as well as participant anxiety and comfort during the ambulatory surgery day on a scale from 1 to 5. For participants who also viewed the 3D model, an additional sixth question assessed if the 3D model in addition was helpful (yes/no). For participants who viewed the video module, a Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed (SAS 9.4; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) to compare preintervention and postintervention survey responses. A P value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. The percentage of participants who found the 3D models beneficial was calculated. We found a statistically significant improvement in survey scores across all 5 questions for patients (P < .001) and family members (questions 1–4: P < .001; question 5: P = .002) on the postintervention survey. Overall, 92% of participants who viewed the 3D model found this helpful, but there was no statistically significant difference in survey improvement between patients who viewed only the video and patients who viewed both the video and 3D models. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining effectiveness of a combination 3D model and educational video approach in improving comfort and reducing anxiety in not only patients but also accompanying family members.4DeMarco D.V. Ellis J. 3D modeling and Mohs surgery: a novel approach to medical and patient education.Dermatol Surg. 2018; 44: 1646-1647Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar,5Biro M. Kim I. Huynh A. Fu P. Mann M. Popkin D.L. The use of 3D-printed models to optimize patient education and alleviate perioperative anxiety in Mohs micrographic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 81: P1339-P1345Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar Small sample size, the possibility of selection bias (although all consecutive patients were offered participation), and no distinction made between patients having first-time MMS and patients with prior MMS experience were limitations. Based on these results, we believe this video module and 3D models could be included in a comprehensive set of educational materials before MMS procedures in the future. We would like to acknowledge and thank Steve Morin, instrument maker in the Minneapolis Adaptive Design & Engineering Program, for volunteering to produce the first 3D prototype of the model used in this study. https://www.jaad.org/cms/asset/163789db-f8ca-4991-9e8c-0adec8edf846/mmc1.mp4Loading ... Download .mp4 (28.77 MB) Help with .mp4 files Supplemental Video 1

The use of 3D printing model as tool for planning endoscopic treatment of benign airway stenosis.

Benign tracheal stenosis is a life-threatening condition that needs a prompt treatment when the tracheal lumen is less than 5 mm. In patients unfit for surgery, endoscopic dilation with stent insertion (if indicated) remains the main alternative to restore airway patency and assure ventilation. Endoscopic management of tracheal stenosis may be a cumbersome procedure, that sometimes takes a long time, and may be complicated by stent dislocation especially in cases of complex stenosis, near to vocal folds. In recent years, the 3D printing industry has undergone rapid development, and 3D printing model has been increasingly applied to different medical fields where therapeutic interventions rely on defining complex anatomic structural relationships. Thus, in this review we aimed to evaluate whether the use of 3D printing model as tool for preoperative planning could facilitate the endoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis and improve outcome. Three papers evaluated this issue: one paper reported a consecutive series of patients while the remaining single case report. All authors concluded that the 3D model aided the understanding of patient’s anatomy and the stenosis’s characteristic. The possibility of recreating the endoscopic procedure in the 3D model facilitated and shorted the procedural time in live patient. Furthermore, the 3D model was additionally useful to choose the length, diameter and shape of stent and to define the exact distance of the proximal end of stent from the vocal folds after its insertion. Finally, it represented an educational tool for patients and his/her family to understand the procedure, and for residents and fellows to improve endoscopic skills.

Three-Dimensional Printed Models for Lateral Skull Base Surgical Training: Anatomy and Simulation of the Transtemporal Approaches.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing holds great potential for lateral skull base surgical training; however, studies evaluating the use of 3D-printed models for simulating transtemporal approaches are lacking. To develop and evaluate a 3D-printed model that accurately represents the anatomic relationships, surgical corridor, and surgical working angles achieved with increasingly aggressive temporal bone resection in lateral skull base approaches. Cadaveric temporal bones underwent thin-slice computerized tomography, and key anatomic landmarks were segmented using 3D imaging software. Corresponding 3D-printed temporal bone models were created, and 4 stages of increasingly aggressive transtemporal approaches were performed (40 total approaches). The surgical exposure and working corridor were analyzed quantitatively, and measures of face validity, content validity, and construct validity in a cohort of 14 participants were assessed. Stereotactic measurements of the surgical angle of approach to the mid-clivus, residual bone angle, and 3D-scanned infill volume demonstrated comparable changes in both the 3D temporal bone models and cadaveric specimens based on the increasing stages of transtemporal approaches (PANOVA<.003,<.007, and<.007, respectively), indicating accurate representation of the surgical corridor and working angles in the 3D-printed models. Participant assessment revealed high face validity, content validity, and construct validity. The 3D-printed temporal bone models highlighting key anatomic structures accurately simulated 4 sequential stages of transtemporal approaches with high face validity, content validity, and construct validity. This strategy may provide a useful educational resource for temporal bone anatomy and training in lateral skull base approaches.

Improved Maternal Bonding with the Use of 3D-printed Models in the Setting of a Facial Cleft

Aim: Case presentation of the effects of 3D-printed models on the maternal bonding of two fetuses with facial clefts. Method: In one case the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale was used to score maternal bonding before and after viewing of 3D-printed images. In the other case, the effect of the 3D-printed image was witnessed anecdotally. Both 3D prints were created using polylactic acid on an Ultramaker 2+ printer. Result: In both cases maternal bonding appeared to be improved. Increased global bonding and quality of attachment was quantifiably measured in the second case. Conclusion: 3D-printed models can be a useful addition to patient education and can positively impact maternal–fetal bonding. Further study is required to evaluate how 3D printing can affect maternal bonding in a larger setting.

A novel use of 3D printing model demonstrates the effects of deteriorated trabecular bone structure on bone stiffness and strength.

Trabecular bone structure is crucial to normal mechanical behavior of bones. Studies have shown that osteoporosis negatively affects trabecular bone structure, mainly by reducing bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thus increasing fracture risk. One major limitation in assessing and quantifying the effect of this structural deterioration is that no two trabecular structures are identical. Thus, when we compare a group of healthy bones against a different group of bones that experienced resorption (i.e. decreased BV/TV) we only discover an "average" mechanical effect. It is impossible to quantify the mechanical effect of individual structural deterioration for each sample, simply because we never have the same sample in both states (intact and deteriorated structure). 3D printing is a new technology that can assist in overcoming this issue. Here we report a preliminary study that compares a healthy 3D printed trabecular bone model with the same model after bone resorption was simulated. Since the deteriorated structural bone model is derived from the healthy one, it is possible to directly estimate (percentage wise) the decrease of tissue stiffness and strength as a result of bone resorption for this specific structure. Our results demonstrate that a relatively small decrease in BV/TV (about 8%) leads to a dramatic decrease in structural strength (24%) and structural stiffness (17%), (P < 0.01). Structural strength decreased from an average of 9.14 ± 2.85MPa to 6.97 ± 2.44MPa, while structural stiffness decreased from an average of 282.5 ± 63.4N/mm to 233.8 ± 51.2N/mm. This study demonstrates that 3D printing is a novel and valuable tool for quantifying the effect of structural deterioration on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. In the future, this approach may help us attain better personal fracture risk assessments by CT scanning, 3D printing and mechanically testing individual bone replicas from patients suffering excessive bone resorption.

Evaluating the Use of Cleft Lip and Palate 3D-Printed Models as a Teaching Aid

Visualization tools are essential for effective medical education, to aid students understanding of complex anatomical systems. Three dimensional (3D) printed models are showing a wide-reaching potential in the field of medical education, to aid the interpretation of 2D imaging. This study investigates the use of 3D-printed models in educational seminars on cleft lip and palate, by comparing integrated "hands-on" student seminars, with 2D presentation seminar methods. Cleft lip and palate models were manufactured using 3D-printing technology at the medical school. Sixty-seven students from two medical schools participated in the study. The students were randomly allocated to 2 groups. Knowledge was compared between the groups using a multiple-choice question test before and after the teaching intervention. Group 1 was the control group with a PowerPoint presentation-based educational seminar and group 2 was the test group, with the same PowerPoint presentation, but with the addition of a physical demonstration using 3D-printed models of unilateral and bilateral cleft lips and palate. The level of knowledge gained was established using a preseminar and postseminar assessment, in 2 different institutions, where the addition of the 3D-printed model resulted in a significant improvement in the mean percentage of knowledge gained (44.65% test group; 32.16%; control group; p = 0.038). Student experience was assessed using a postseminar survey, where students felt the 3D-printed model significantly improved the learning experience (p = 0.005) and their visualization (p = 0.001). This study highlights the benefits of the use of 3D-printed models as visualization tools in medical education and the potential of 3D-printing technology to become a standard and effective tool in the interpretation of 2D imaging.

Take away body parts! An investigation into the use of 3D-printed anatomical models in undergraduate anatomy education.

Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the human form is imperative for effective medical practice and the emergence of 3D printing creates numerous opportunities to enhance aspects of medical and healthcare training. A recently deceased, un-embalmed donor was scanned through high-resolution computed tomography. The scan data underwent segmentation and post-processing and a range of 3D-printed anatomical models were produced. A four-stage mixed-methods study was conducted to evaluate the educational value of the models in a medical program. (1) A quantitative pre/post-test to assess change in learner knowledge following 3D-printed model usage in a small group tutorial; (2) student focus group (3) a qualitative student questionnaire regarding personal student model usage (4) teaching faculty evaluation. The use of 3D-printed models in small-group anatomy teaching session resulted in a significant increase in knowledge (P = 0.0001) when compared to didactic 2D-image based teaching methods. Student focus groups yielded six key themes regarding the use of 3D-printed anatomical models: model properties, teaching integration, resource integration, assessment, clinical imaging, and pathology and anatomical variation. Questionnaires detailed how students used the models in the home environment and integrated them with anatomical learning resources such as textbooks and anatomy lectures. In conclusion, 3D-printed anatomical models can be successfully produced from the CT data set of a recently deceased donor. These models can be used in anatomy education as a teaching tool in their own right, as well as a method for augmenting the curriculum and complementing established learning modalities, such as dissection-based teaching. Anat Sci Educ 11: 44-53. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.

Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases.

3D-printed models fabricated from CT, MRI, or echocardiography data provide the advantage of haptic feedback, direct manipulation, and enhanced understanding of cardiovascular anatomy and underlying pathologies. Reported applications of cardiovascular 3D printing span from diagnostic assistance and optimization of management algorithms in complex cardiovascular diseases, to planning and simulating surgical and interventional procedures. The technology has been used in practically the entire range of structural, valvular, and congenital heart diseases, and the added-value of 3D printing is established. Patient-specific implants and custom-made devices can be designed, produced, and tested, thus opening new horizons in personalized patient care and cardiovascular research. Physicians and trainees can better elucidate anatomical abnormalities with the use of 3D-printed models, and communication with patients is markedly improved. Cardiovascular 3D bioprinting and molecular 3D printing, although currently not translated into clinical practice, hold revolutionary potential. 3D printing is expected to have a broad influence in cardiovascular care, and will prove pivotal for the future generation of cardiovascular imagers and care providers. In this Review, we summarize the cardiovascular 3D printing workflow, from image acquisition to the generation of a hand-held model, and discuss the cardiovascular applications and the current status and future perspectives of cardiovascular 3D printing.

Use of 3D Printing Model for the Management of Fibrous Dysplasia: Preliminary Case Study

Fibrous dysplasia is a relatively rare disease but the management would be quite challenging. Because this is not a malignant tumor, the preservation of the facial contour and the various functions seems to be important in treatment planning. Until now the facial bone reconstruction with autogenous bone would be the standard. Although the autogenous bone would be the ideal one for facial bone reconstruction, donor site morbidity would be the inevitable problem in many cases. Meanwhile, various types of allogenic and alloplastic materials have been also used. However, facial bone reconstruction with many alloplastic material have produced no less complications including infection, exposure, and delayed wound healing. Because the 3D printing technique evolved so fast that 3D printed titanium implant were possible recently. The aim of this trial is to try to restore the original maxillary anatomy as possible using the 3D printing model, based on the mirrored three dimensional CT images based on the computer simulation. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) data were processed for the patient and a rapid prototyping (RP) model was produced. At the same time, the uninjured side was mirrored and superimposed onto the traumatized side, to create a mirror-image of the RP model. And we molded Titanium mesh to reconstruct three-dimensional maxillary structure during the operation. This prefabricated Titanium-mesh implant was then inserted onto the defected maxilla and fixed. Three dimensional printing technique of titanium material based on the computer simulation turned out to be successful in this patient. Individualized approach for each patient could be an ideal way to restore the facial bone.