Use Of 3D Mapping Research Articles

A comprehensive analysis of the erosion in a carbon steel boiler tube elbow through the use of 3D mapping of the corroded surface and CFD modeling

Erosion corrosion is a common problem that affects boiler tubes, particularly those in power plants and industrial settings where hard water and abrasive particles are present in the flow. These particles can cause physical erosion to the surface of the tubes, which can then lead to further corrosion. This type of corrosion is often accelerated by the high temperatures and pressures present in a boiler system, as well as the presence of oxygen. The combination of physical erosion and chemical corrosion attack can cause significant damage to the tubes, reducing their ability to efficiently transfer heat and potentially leading to system failure. Therefore, it is important to predict rates of erosion to prevent costly and potentially dangerous failures. The focus of this paper is an investigation into the effects of erosion caused by hard water particles on a carbon steel boiler tube elbow (ANSI 16.9). A semi-empirical procedure, which considers properties of the material and flow parameters, is developed for predicting erosion rates. The study revealed that the primary erosion damage occurred on the extrados of the bend. The findings indicated that particles within the flow began to separate from the front wall surface, resulting in significant erosion along the lateral sides. The disappearance of erosion from the front surface of the bend was also consistent with the erosion patterns observed on the eroded pipe sample, which was extracted from the line. Moreover, it was demonstrated the presence of two different erosion patterns in the separation region, which matched qualitatively the erosion pattern observed on the sample wall.

Utilization of 3D mapping systems in interventional electrophysiology and its impact on procedure time and fluoroscopy-Insights from the "Go for Zero Fluoroscopy" project.

The implementation of 3D mapping systems plays an important role in interventional electrophysiology (EP) in recent years. The aim of the present study was to evaluate use of 3D mapping systems regarding fluoroscopy and procedure duration. In the "Go for Zero Fluoroscopy" project 25 European centers provided data of consecutive EP procedures. Data on use of 3D mapping systems as well as utilization of contact force catheters and multipolar mapping catheters were associated with fluoroscopy time, dose area product (DAP), and procedure duration. A 3D mapping system was used in 966 (54%) cases. Use of 3D mapping for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) was associated with reduced fluoroscopy time (p<0.001), DAP (p=0.04) but increased procedure time (p=0.029). Moreover, fluoroscopy time (p<0.001) and DAP (p=0.005) were significantly lower in the 3D mapping group in ablation of typical atrial flutter. However, the procedure time (p<0.001) increased. Use of 3D mapping in the ablation of accessory pathway (AP) was associated with reduced fluoroscopy time (p<0.001) and DAP (p<0.001) with no significant increase in procedure time (p=0.066). In the case of atrial fibrillation, a 3D mapping system was used in 485 patients (75.8%). Additional use of a contact force catheter was associated with lower fluoroscopy time (p<0.001) and DAP (p<0.001). Use of a multipolar mapping catheter was associated with lower fluoroscopy time (p=0.002). The implementation of 3D mapping systems in the ablation of ventricular tachycardias resulted in a significant increase in the procedure time (p=0.001) without significant differences regarding the DAP (p=0.773) and fluoroscopy time (p=0.249). Use of 3D mapping systems in ablation of supraventricular tachycardias is associated with lower radiation exposure. Nevertheless, the procedure time often increases, except in the case of ablation for AP. Use of contact force catheters and multipolar mapping catheters is associated with yet lower radiation exposure values. Prospective randomized studies are needed to further elucidate potential benefit of these technological tools.

Safety and efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation using pulsed field ablation with or without 3D mapping system for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has recently been introduced as a novel routine ablation technology for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). PFA can be performed "cryo-style" using fluoroscopy only, or additional pre- and post-ablation high-density 3D bipolar voltage maps can be performed to assess lesion formation and acute pulmonary vein isolation. We compared 6-month outcome after PFA using fluoroscopy only (X-ray) vs. PFA guided by 3D mapping (3D). Methods In PAF patients, PVI in conscious sedation using a steerable sheath and a pentaspline over-the-wire basket and flower PFA catheter was performed. In a subset of patients, pre- and post-ablation high-density bipolar voltage 3D maps (Carto 3D) were performed. Procedural parameters, acute success, in-hospital safety and arrhythmia recurrence were assessed over 6-month follow-up. Efficacy was evaluated by freedom from a ≥ 30-sec. recurrence of AF/atrial flutter (AFL)/atrial tachycardia (AT). Follow-up included 7-day Holter ECGs and/or telephonic interviews at days 90 and 180 after ablation. Results This study included a total of 101 patients (mean age: 65±10 years; 42% female) in whom 6-month follow-up data were available. There were no selection criteria for the use of 3D mapping. Pre- and post-ablation high-density maps were performed in 34/101 (34%) of patients. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc-score was 2,1±1,6. Median duration since first AF diagnosis was 21 [3-60] months. Skin-to skin procedure time was 56±20 in the X-ray group vs. 118±22 min in the 3D group, respectively (p&amp;lt;0,0001). Fluoroscopy time was 17±7 in the X-ray group vs. 21±6 in the 3D group, respectively (p&amp;lt;0,01). Acute pulmonary vein isolation rate was 100% in both groups. Primary adverse events occurred in 0% of patients in the X-ray group vs. 2/34 (6%) in the 3D group (2 pericardial tamponades), respectively (p=ns). During a mean follow-up of 204±82 days, 54/67 (81%) in the X-ray group vs. 27/34 (79%) in the 3D group remained free of any symptomatic or documented AF/AFL/AT episode after a single procedure (p=ns). In 4/13 (31%) patients in the X-ray group, a re-do procedure was performed, 2 patients had durable PVI with typical or atypical atrial flutter, 1 patient had reconnection of both posterior carinae and 1 patient had typical atrial flutter degenerating in AF. In 3/7 (43%) patients in the 3D group, a re-do procedure was performed, 2 patients had durable PVI with typical or atypical atrial flutter and 1 patient had reconnection of the LIPV. Conclusions PVI using PFA with or without 3D mapping system resulted in a similar 6-month atrial arrhythmia recurrence rate and safety profile. Procedure and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter in the fluoroscopy only group.

Differences in acute outcomes and complications of pulmonary vein isolation using pulsed field ablation with or without 3D mapping system for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has recently been introduced as a novel routine ablation technology for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). It is also used as off-label therapy for persistent AF. PFA can be performed "cryo-style" using fluoroscopy only, or additional pre- and post-ablation high-density 3D bipolar voltage maps can be performed to assess lesion formation and acute pulmonary vein isolation. We compared acute outcome after PFA using fluoroscopy only (X-ray) vs. PFA guided by 3D mapping (3D). Methods In patients with AF, PVI in conscious sedation using a steerable sheath and a pentaspline over-the-wire basket and flower PFA catheter was performed. In a subset of patients, pre- and post-ablation high-density bipolar voltage 3D maps (Carto 3D) were performed. Procedural parameters, acute success and in-hospital safety were assessed. Results A total of 4 operators treated 218 patients (mean age 66 years (range 35–86), female 43%, mean BMI 28 kg/m2 (range 20-42), mean CHA2DS2-VaSc score of 2,5 (range 0-7), first-time ablation 93%, paroxysmal AF/persistent AF/re-do 72/21/7%). Mean duration since first AF diagnosis was 42 months (range 1-336). Most procedures were performed under deep conscious sedation without intubation (99%). There were no selection criteria for the use of 3D mapping. Pre- and post-ablation high-density maps were performed in 28% of cases. Skin-to skin procedure time was 54±22 in the X-ray group vs. 123±35 min in the 3D group, respectively (p&amp;lt;0,0001). Fluoroscopy time was 17±7 in the X-ray group vs. 20±6 in the 3D group, respectively (p&amp;lt;0,01). Acute pulmonary vein isolation rate was 100% in both groups. There were no phrenic nerve palsies or esophageal complications. Major complications (3,7%) were pericardial tamponade (2,8%) and stroke (0,9%); one stroke resulted in death (0,5%). They occurred in 3,2% of patients in the X-ray group (3 pericardial tamponades, 2 strokes) vs. 4,8% in the 3D group (3 pericardial tamponades), respectively (p=ns). Minor complications (1,4%) were vascular (0,5%) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (0,9%). Conclusions In a large, single center cohort of unselected patients, PVI using PFA with or without 3D mapping system resulted in a similar acute outcome and safety profile. Procedure and fluoroscopy times were significantly shorter in the fluoroscopy only group. There were no PFA-specific complications, but the frequency of catheter complications in this relatively old patient population demonstrates that there is still room for improvement.

Regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics for cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Cryoballoon ablation is a well-established anatomical approach for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although widely adopted, regional variations in standards of care have not been well characterized. Purpose To evaluate regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics for PVI with cryoablation in the Cryo Global Registry (NCT02752737). Methods Patients with AF were enrolled from May 2016 to October 2021 at 128 sites in 37 countries. Patients were treated with cryoballoon ablation according to local clinical practice. Baseline subject and procedural characteristics were summarized for 8 regions (Central Asia and Russia, East Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia). Procedure-related serious adverse events (SAEs) were evaluated in a subset of patients with ≥7 days of follow-up. Results A total of 3680 patients undergoing initial PVI for AF were included. Cryoballoon ablation was more commonly performed in patients with paroxysmal vs. persistent AF in all regions, and in males vs. females in all regions except Central Asia and Russia. Mean age ranged from 47±12 in the Middle East to 64±11 in East Asia. Regional variations were observed in the proportion of patients with common AF comorbidities undergoing cryoablation (Table 1). Median procedure time ranged from 61 (49–68) minutes in Central Asia and Russia to 95 (76–120) minutes in Southeast Asia. Median fluoroscopy time was ≤20 minutes in all regions. The use of 3D mapping was relatively uncommon except in North America (63.3%). Large variation was observed in the use of esophageal monitoring, whereas phrenic nerve monitoring was used in ≥97.7% of cases in all regions (Table 2). Same-day discharge was uncommon except in North and South America (37.8% and 26.5% of cases, respectively). Average freeze duration ranged from 153±41 seconds in Southeast Asia to 230±29 seconds in Central Asia and Russia. Mean number of applications per vein ranged from 1.2±0.4 in Central Asia and Russia to 2.1±1.0 in North America. Acute procedural success was ≥94.7% in all geographies and focal radiofrequency touch-up was required in ≤13.0% of cases. In 3126 subjects with ≥7 days of follow-up, 122 procedure-related SAEs were reported in 111 patients (3.6%), and 1 procedure-related death was reported during data collection. Conclusion(s) Despite regional variations in patient selection and procedural characteristics, PVI using cryoballoon ablation is performed with high acute success and short procedural times around the world. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Medtronic, Inc.

Outcomes From Pediatric Ablation: A Review of 20 Years of National Data.

This study set out to examine outcomes from pediatric supraventricular tachycardia ablations over a 20-year period. This study sought to examine success rates and repeat ablations over time and to evaluate whether modalities such as 3-dimensional (3D) mapping, contact force, and cryotherapy have improved outcomes. Ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in pediatric patients is commonly performed in most congenital heart centers with excellent long-term results. Data were retrieved from the NICOR (National Institute of Clinical Outcomes Research) database in the United Kingdom. Outcomes over time were evaluated, and procedure-related details were compared. There were 7,069 ablations performed from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2018, at 10 centers. Overall, ablation success rates were 92% for accessory pathways, 97% for atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia, and 89% for atrial tachycardia. There was an improvement in procedural success rates over time (p<0.01). The use of 3D mapping did not alter success or need for repeat ablation but was associated with a higher proportion of lower fluoroscopy cases; 55% of 3D mapping cases used<5 min of fluoroscopy (p<0.01). Patients needing a repeat ablation were 341 (12%) for accessory pathways, 128 (7%) for atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia, and 35 (7%) for atrial tachycardia. Overall, the risk of complete heart block was low (n = 12,<0.01%). The use of cryotherapy was associated with an increased risk of needing a repeat ablation. Overall success rates from pediatric ablations are excellent and compare favorably to other registries. Introduction of newer technologies have likely made procedures safer and reduced radiation exposure, but they have not changed success rates or the need for a repeat procedure.

The Phenomenon of Digital Art as a Means of Preservation of Cultural Heritage Works

The constant development of multimedia technologies and, as a result, their rapid spread among countries around the world has been a general trend in digital art in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. This phenomenon, as practice shows, comes out top among other creative activities. With the help of multimedia technologies it is possible to optimize multimedia systems in figurative and meaningful value relations. An important role here is given to the development of a unigue multimedia “language”, which harmoniously combines technical, creative and value-oriented components.This article presents an analysis of the use of the submersive method in solving scenario-design problems for the preservation of elements of cultural heritage through the use of 3D mapping and video projection in exhibition space design and for projections onto the facades of architectural landmarks. The content of such video projections and specific characteristics of the artistic imag-es they draw upon depend on the functional purpose of the context in which the interactive work is presented. There remains a need for greater scientific understanding of the phenomenon of in-teractive art, in the interests of improving professional design practices in the preservation of cul-tural heritage works.

A Support Vector Machine Classification of Computational Capabilities of 3D Map on Mobile Device for Navigation Aid

3D map for mobile devices provide more realistic view of an environment and serves as better navigation aid. Previous research studies shows differences in 3D maps effect on acquiring of spatial knowledge. This is attributed to the differences in mobile device computational capabilities. Crucial to this, is the time it takes for 3D map dataset to be rendered for a required complete navigation task. Different findings suggest different approach on solving the problem of time require for both in-core (inside mobile) and out-core (remote) rendering of 3D dataset. Unfortunately, studies on analytical techniques required to shows the impact of computational resources required for the use of 3D map on mobile device were neglected by the research communities. This paper uses Support Vector Machine (SVM) to analytically classify mobile device computational capabilities required for 3D map that will be suitable for use as navigation aid. Fifty different Smart phones were categorized on the bases of their Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), display resolution, memory and size. The result of the proposed classification shows high accuracy

Abstract 16285: Routine Use of 3D Mapping and Irrigated Ablation Improves Outcomes of Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation Among Patients With Persistent AF

Bckground: Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation (PVAI) is a widely accepted treatment option in Atrial Fibrillation (AF). However, despite procedural advancements, post-PVAI AF recurrences remain a common challenge. We thought to investigate whether the addition of routine 3D electroanatomical mapping and routine use of irrigated ablation catheters (IC) vs 8 mm tip catheters made an impact on the outcomes of PVAI guided by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and a decapolar circular mapping catheter (CMC) alone. Methods: Patient and procedural data were collected for 884 AF consecutive patients undergoing PVI at a single Canadian center during 2004 - 2014 (469 patients in 2004-2009, Group 1vs. 415 patients in 2010-2014, Group 2). Group 1 patients received PVAI guided by ICE and CMC. All Group 2 patients had PVAI guided by ICE, CMC and 3D mapping with the use of irrigated tip ablation catheters. Mean ages for Groups 1 and 2 were = 58.6 ± 10.0 and 61.0 ± 10.7 years respectively (p= 0.001). Mean follow up time was 17.1 ± 18.8 months for Group 1 and 14.1± 9.7 months for Group 2 (p=0.003). ECG and ambulatory monitoring was performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Recurrences ≤ 3 months post-PVI were considered Early (ER), while recurrences after 3 months post-PVI were considered Late (LR). Using survival analysis, rates of LR stratified by AF type [Paroxysmal AF (PAF) vs. Non-PAF (NPAF)] were compared between the two cohorts Results: ER rate was lower in Group 2 vs. Group 1 (36.8% vs. 44.7%, P=0.05) in patients with PAF and for those with NPAF (54.8% vs. 66.9%, P=0.03). LR rates did not differ between the Groups among PAF patients (62.5% in Group 1 vs. 57.3% in Group 2, P=0.16), but improved significantly for the NPAF patients (55.6% in Group 1 vs. 37.9% in Group 2 , P=0.002). Conclusion: Late recurrence of AF post-PVI has dramatically improved since 2010 for patients with persistent AF following routine addition of 3D mapping to ICE and CMC, while substituting an irrigated for an 8mm ablation catheter.