Smartphone Use Research Articles

Insights from the evaluation of a persuasive intervention for absent-minded smartphone use

ABSTRACT Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is a growing concern that hurts users' daily lives and activities. Previous studies have emphasised the importance of developing mindfulness and self-efficacy concerning smartphone use rather than solely focussing on reducing usage. However, there has been little research developing and evaluating digital interventions specifically targeting absent-minded smartphone use. There is also little knowledge on how best mindfulness practice using digital technologies can be integrated with persuasive designs which have been widely studied and implemented for behaviour change. In this paper, we developed a live wallpaper application for Android lock and home screens as a mindfulness-based intervention for absent-minded smartphone use. The application was evaluated over two weeks with 121 participants. This was followed by a semi-structured interview with 15 participants. The results of our analysis show that the intervention reduced absent-minded smartphone use overall. While participants found the various features (especially the customisation features) of the intervention to be persuasive, we found no correlation between perceived persuasiveness and behaviour change. This work provides valuable insights for advancing human-computer interaction (HCI) research on PSU. Additionally, the results raise important questions for future research, such as the relationship between perceived persuasiveness and behaviour change. Finally, we contribute to the discussion on the applications of mindfulness in persuasive technology, challenges and future research areas.

Incidence of Smartphone Addiction, Poor Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness on Academic Performance of High School Students in Marrakech

Excessive use of smartphones has been associated with both poor sleep quality as well as daytime sleepiness. In the educational context, it is established that these factors often have an impact on the academic performance of students. This cross-sectional study is conducted to assess the impact of sleep quality in relation to the use of smartphones on academic performance among Moroccan high school students in the city of Marrakech. It involves 570 students of both sexes, aged 17 to 20 years. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire assessing Smartphone Addiction (SA), Sleep Quality (SQ), and excessive Daytime Sleepiness (DS). The results show that smartphone addiction is positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = 0.445; p = 0.000) and daytime sleepiness (r = 0.482; p = 0.000). In the same vein, academic performance is negatively correlated with smartphone addiction (r = -.144; p < 0.05), poor sleep quality (r = -0.074, p > 0.05), and daytime sleepiness (r = -0.073, p > 0.05). Smartphone addiction has proven to have a negative impact on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and academic performance of high school students. These results call on parents and school health officials to implement awareness campaigns aimed at promoting rational and moderate use of screens and healthy sleep among high school students.

“From Use for Good to Overuse for Bad”: Association Among Smartphone Use, Problem Behaviors and Well-Being in Adolescents

“From Use for Good to Overuse for Bad”: Association Among Smartphone Use, Problem Behaviors and Well-Being in Adolescents

Role of Policy in the Management of Smartphones among Undergraduates in Nigeria Higher Institutions of Learning

Smartphones have become a necessity in today’s world. Majority of our undergraduate students make use of their smartphones to take notes in their classes, do assignments and other class related works. Studies and observations have shown that students use their smartphones for other activities like online frauds, visit to sites that can corrupt their minds and even waste their precious time on video watching, streaming and downloading of inappropriate materials and films that are injurious to them which eventually have a negative impact on their studies. In view of the aforementioned, the formulation of policies to guide the management of smartphones by undergraduate students in our higher institution of learning is therefore very germane at this time. It has been postulated that Policy makers should ban the use of smartphones among the undergraduate students in our higher institutions of learning but some other concerns are of the opinion that it should not be banned but regulated. Customized tabs with WIFI capabilities should be provided to enable students to go online for their research activities and classes thereby restricting them to their academics and prohibiting them from accessing forbidden sites. Institutional customized tabs will block some harmful materials and prevent them from unnecessary sites. Institutions should also allocate fixed megabytes to students for their educational programs. This will inculcate discipline into the minds of the students and make them to use their online allocations for necessary things.

Does Exhaustion Lead to Problematic Smartphone Use or Vice Versa?—A Loss of Control Perspective

Does Exhaustion Lead to Problematic Smartphone Use or Vice Versa?—A Loss of Control Perspective

Technology and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Access, Literacy, and Use Among Patients at the Diabetes Center of an Inner-City Safety-Net Hospital: Mixed Methods Study.

Despite the existence of an increasing array of digital technologies and tools for diabetes management, there are disparities in access to and uptake and use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, particularly for those most at risk of poor diabetes outcomes. This study aims to assess communication technology and CGM access, literacy, and use among patients receiving treatment for diabetes at an inner-city safety-net hospital. A survey on digital technology ownership and use was self-administered by 75 adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes at the diabetes clinic of Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16% (12/75) of these patient participants and 6 health care providers (HCPs) to obtain additional insights into the use of communication technology and CGM to support diabetes self-management. Most participants were African American (66/75, 88%), over half (39/75, 52%) were unemployed or working part time, and 29% (22/75) had no health insurance coverage, while 61% (46/75) had federal coverage. Smartphone ownership and use were near universal; texting and email use were common (63/75, 84% in both cases). Ownership and use of tablets and computers and use and daily use of various forms of media were more prevalent among younger participants and those with type 1 diabetes, who also rated them as easier to use. Technology use specifically for diabetes and health management was low. Participants were supportive of a potential smartphone app for diabetes management, with a high interest in such an app helping them track blood sugar levels and communicate with their care teams. Younger participants showed higher levels of interest, perceived value, and self-efficacy for using an app with these capabilities. History of CGM use was reported by 56% (42/75) of the participants, although half (20/42, 48%) had discontinued use, above all due to the cost of the device and issues with its adhesive. Nonuse was primarily due to not being offered CGM by their HCP. Reasons given for continued use included convenience, improved blood glucose control, and better tracking of blood glucose. The in-depth interviews (n=18) revealed high levels of satisfaction with CGM by users and supported the survey findings regarding reasons for continued use. They also highlighted the value of CGM data to enhance communication between patients and HCPs. Smartphone ownership was near universal among patients receiving care at an inner-city hospital. Alongside the need to address barriers to CGM access and continued use, there is an opportunity to leverage increased access to communication technology in combination with CGM to improve diabetes outcomes among underresourced populations.

The Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Its Associated Risk Factors among School Students of a Metropolitan City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Smartphone is a term used to distinguish cell phones with advanced features from basic feature phones. Smartphone addiction is a phenomenon that pertains to uncontrollability of smartphone use. The increasing use of smartphones and easy availability of smartphones to school children after Covid-19 Pandemic were the reasons for conducting this study. Aims - To estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction among school children and its associated risk factors Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on English middle-school students of Mumbai, involving students from secondary section i.e.,6th to 10thgrade. Data were collected by interview using a pre-structured questionnaire, and all the students were asked to fill out smartphone addiction questionnaire i.e. Smartphone Application Based Addiction Scale (SABA). Then, data were entered into Microsoft EXCEL and analysed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of 275 participants, was 13.1, and the prevalence of smartphone addiction in the present study was 45.5%. Addiction was significantly associated with age (P value 0.000), gender (P value 0.004), self-owned phone (P value 0.03), duration of time spent on phone on weekdays(P value 0.000) and weekends (P value 0.000), having social media accounts(P value 0.000),and the time spent on social media (P value 0.042). On applying logistic regression, female gender and the time spent on social media were the major risk factors. Conclusions: The risk factors associated with addiction are age, female gender; owning a smartphone, increased time spent on phones on weekdays and weekends, having social media accounts and excessive time spent on social media applications.

Does putting down your smartphone make you happier? the effects of restricting digital media on well-being.

Both scientists and laypeople have become increasingly concerned about smartphones, especially their associated digital media (e.g., email, news, gaming, and dating apps) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat). Recent correlational research links substantial declines in Gen Z well-being to digital and social media use, yet other work suggests the effects are small and unnoteworthy. To help further disentangle correlation from causation, we conducted a preregistered 8-day experimental deprivation study with Gen Z individuals (N = 338). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) restrict digital media (i.e., smartphone) use, (2) restrict social media use, (3) restrict water use (active control), or (4) restrict nothing (measurement-only control). Relative to controls, participants restricting digital media reported a variety of benefits, including higher life satisfaction, mindfulness, autonomy, competence, and self-esteem, and reduced loneliness and stress. In contrast, those assigned to restrict social media reported relatively few benefits (increased mindfulness) and even some potential costs (increased negative emotion).

Does reducing smartphone use impact physical activity?

A sedentary lifestyle and low levels of physical activity among the population are major public health challenges due to numerous associated health risks. These behaviors are influenced by a number of environmental and cultural factors, such as screen addiction. To study the impact of reducing smartphone use by one hour per day for one week on physical activity. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study that included 490 individuals. Participants were recruited by means of a media campaign called "Let's put down our smartphones challenge", which was conducted in Brest, France. The questionnaires were widely publicized, and candidates from all over France were able to participate. Data reflecting physical activity were collected before and after the challenge, one week apart, through an online questionnaire. Among the 490 participants, 126 (25.7%) succeeded in the challenge and reduced the time spent on their smartphones by more than 60 minutes. Among those 126 participants, 112 individuals (89%) increased their physical activity. On average, participants who succeeded in the challenge reduced their smartphone use by 110.57 minutes (±53.66) (p< 0.001) and increased their number of steps by 841 (±14710) (p = 0.02). The proportion of patient reaching an increase of both 500 and 100 daily steps was statistically significant in the group reaching a reduction of smartphone use of 60 minutes versus the remainder (p = 0.016 and 0.018, respectively), but not for a cut off at 1000. A reduction in the time spent using smartphones results in an increase in the average number of daily steps. Limiting the leisure time spent on screens is a potential strategy for addressing physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle.

Exploring Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU) among Muslim Adolescents in Southern Thailand: Students and Parents’ Insights

This study aimed to explore problematic smartphone use (PSU) among young Muslim students in Southern Thailand. This research employed a dual-perspective, phenomenological approach, examining PSU from the perspectives of both adolescent Muslim students and their parents. We interviewed 10 participants, through purposive sampling, comprising 5 adolescent Muslim students studying in Southern Thailand and their respective parents. The qualitative data collected was then subjected to thematic analysis. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis. Each theme was further explored and discussed based on its categories and subcategories. The first theme, “Primary Purposes of Using Smartphones”, consisted of: learning, communicating, and relaxation. The second theme, “Types of PSU”, included overusing smartphones and dysfunctional habits. The third theme, “Negative Impacts of PSU”, encompassed physical effects and losing control. The last theme, “Reasons for PSU”, was composed of psychological needs and low regulation as its categories. Moreover, the study highlighted similarities and differences in perspectives on these themes between Muslim adolescents and their parents. The findings and limitations of this research are presented to suggest potential directions for future study and implications.

Measuring Environmental and Behavioral Drivers of Chronic Diseases Using Smartphone-Based Digital Phenotyping: Intensive Longitudinal Observational mHealth Substudy Embedded in 2 Prospective Cohorts of Adults.

Previous studies investigating environmental and behavioral drivers of chronic disease have often had limited temporal and spatial data coverage. Smartphone-based digital phenotyping mitigates the limitations of these studies by using intensive data collection schemes that take advantage of the widespread use of smartphones while allowing for less burdensome data collection and longer follow-up periods. In addition, smartphone apps can be programmed to conduct daily or intraday surveys on health behaviors and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and scalability of embedding smartphone-based digital phenotyping in large epidemiological cohorts by examining participant adherence to a smartphone-based data collection protocol in 2 ongoing nationwide prospective cohort studies. Participants (N=2394) of the Beiwe Substudy of the Nurses' Health Study 3 and Growing Up Today Study were followed over 1 year. During this time, they completed questionnaires every 10 days delivered via the Beiwe smartphone app covering topics such as emotions, stress and enjoyment, physical activity, access to green spaces, pets, diet (vegetables, meats, beverages, nuts and dairy, and fruits), sleep, and sitting. These questionnaires aimed to measure participants' key health behaviors to combine them with objectively assessed high-resolution GPS and accelerometer data provided by participants during the same period. Between July 2021 and June 2023, we received 11.1 TB of GPS and accelerometer data from 2394 participants and 23,682 survey responses. The average follow-up time for each participant was 214 (SD 148) days. During this period, participants provided an average of 14.8 (SD 5.9) valid hours of GPS data and 13.2 (SD 4.8) valid hours of accelerometer data. Using a 10-hour cutoff, we found that 51.46% (1232/2394) and 53.23% (1274/2394) of participants had >50% of valid data collection days for GPS and accelerometer data, respectively. In addition, each participant submitted an average of 10 (SD 11) surveys during the same period, with a mean response rate of 36% across all surveys (SD 17%; median 41%). After initial processing of GPS and accelerometer data, we also found that participants spent an average of 14.6 (SD 7.5) hours per day at home and 1.6 (SD 1.6) hours per day on trips. We also recorded an average of 1046 (SD 1029) steps per day. In this study, smartphone-based digital phenotyping was used to collect intensive longitudinal data on lifestyle and behavioral factors in 2 well-established prospective cohorts. Our assessment of adherence to smartphone-based data collection protocols over 1 year suggests that adherence in our study was either higher or similar to most previous studies with shorter follow-up periods and smaller sample sizes. Our efforts resulted in a large dataset on health behaviors that can be linked to spatial datasets to examine environmental and behavioral drivers of chronic disease.

Does Smart Phone Usage in Young Adults Have an Effect on Static and Dynamic Balance?

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of talking and note-taking on a smartphone on static and dynamic balance. Materials and Methods: In the study, healthy young adults (n=36) were asked to maintain postural balance while standing on static and dynamic platforms in different tasks: (Task I) without using a smartphone, (Task II) while taking notes on a smartphone, and (Task III) while talking on a smartphone. Center of pressure (CoP) on mediolateral (CoPx) and anteroposterior (CoPy), CoP path length, CoParea, and trunk deviation length were used to measure static and dynamic postural balance. Results: On a static platform, CoPy and CoParea were different between the tasks (p&amp;lt;0.001, p=0.017). Task II and Task III impaired CoPy more than the task I (p&amp;lt;0.001, p=0.004). Task III affected CoParea more negatively than task II (p=0.027). CoP path length was lower in task II and task III (p&amp;lt;0.001). CoP path length was significantly higher in task III compared to task II (p&amp;lt;0.001). On a dynamic platform, there were differences in CoPy between the tasks (p=0.038). There was a difference in CoPy between task II and task III (p=0.005). The CoParea was significantly different between the tasks (p=0.023). CoParea and CoP path length was higher in task II compared to task I (p=0.035, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: The study showed that smartphone use during specific tasks, including talking and/or note-taking on a smartphone, could increase the risk of falls and accidents by affecting center of pressure and postural sway.

The relationship between smartphone overuse, anxiety, and depression among middle school adolescents in the city of Kenitra, Morocco: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAdolescents face various addiction issues, including excessive smartphone use, which significantly impacts their mental health, leading to anxiety and depression. This study aimed to analyze the impact of smartphone use on the mental health of middle school adolescents in the city of Kenitra, Morocco, focusing particularly on the prevalence of depression and anxiety and to identify the factors influencing these behaviors. The present cross-sectional study included a sample of 341 middle school adolescents from Kenitra city, Morocco. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire covering various aspects, including sociodemographic information, smartphone addiction assessment using the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), and mental health assessment using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Descriptive statistics were performed, and Mann–Whitney U-test and chi-square test were both used for comparisons between the excessive and non-excessive group, respectively. A Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to evaluate associations of smartphone overuse with depression and anxiety.ResultsAmong 341 participants, 37.4% demonstrated smartphone overuse. Males exhibited nonsignificantly higher scores on the SAS than females (p = 0.082). In addition, the mean psychological distress scores for the study participants were 7.62 ± 3.31 for anxiety and 7.75 ± 3.7 for depression. Males exhibited significantly lower scores on the HADS subscales in comparison with females (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the results of the study showed a statistically significant positive correlation between anxiety (r = 0.2441, p = 0.013) and depression (r = 0.4035, p < 0.0001) subscales of HADS and SAS.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that adolescent students exposed to smartphone overuse are vulnerable to mental disorders. The results will be useful in helping schools put in place efficient measures to prevent excessive use of smartphones.

Exploring the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Telehealth Platform for Older Adults with Noncommunicable Diseases and Chronic Viral Hepatitis.

Background: Telehealth improves access to health care and potentially leads to better clinical outcomes. However, digital competence could be an essential factor in ensuring its adoption, particularly among older adults. This study evaluated the acceptability and perception of a mobile application platform among Thai older patients with chronic diseases according to their demographics and digital skills. Methods: The demographic information and internet usage profiles of patients with nonmalignant chronic diseases, including chronic viral hepatitis, were collected. Participants were grouped based on their self-perceived digital familiarity. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the associations between the parameters. Results: Among 710 participants (61.7% women, mean age: 66.2 years), digital familiarity was significantly higher among individuals aged <70 years, men, those with a bachelor's degree or higher, those with higher incomes, and Bangkok residents (p < 0.001). In this study, regular use of smartphones and the internet, but not messaging applications, was associated with self-perceived digital familiarity. Of these, 100 participants completed a survey evaluating their satisfaction with and perceptions of telehealth. Participants with greater digital familiarity demonstrated significantly higher satisfaction with telemedicine compared with those with limited ability or relied on caretakers (χ2 = 70.145, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our data indicated that a user-friendly mobile application is feasible and acceptable for the management of chronic diseases in older patients. Digital familiarity is an important factor associated with satisfaction with the platform, underscoring the need to bridge digital skill gaps and ensure equitable health care delivery.

An Independent Learning System for Flutter Cross-Platform Mobile Programming with Code Modification Problems

Nowadays, with the common use of smartphones in daily lives, mobile applications have become popular around the world, which will lead to a rise in Flutter framework. Developed by Google, Flutter with Dart programming provides a cross-platform development environment to create visually appealing and responsive user interfaces across mobile, web, and desktop platforms using a single codebase. However, due to time and staff limitations, the Flutter/Dart programming course is not included in curricula, even in IT departments in universities. Therefore, independent learning environments for students are essential to meet this growing popularity. Previously, we have developed programming learning assistant system (PLAS) as a web-browser-based self-learning platform for novice students. PLAS offers various types of exercise problems designed to cultivate programming skills step-by-step through a lot of code reading and code writing practices. Among them, one particular type is the code modification problem (CMP), which asks to modify the given source code to satisfy the new specifications. CMP is expected to be solved by novices with little effort if they have knowledge of other programming languages. Thus, PLAS with CMP will be an excellent platform for independent learning. In this paper, we present PLAS with CMP for the independent learning of Flutter/Dart programming. To improve the readability of the source code by students, we provided rich comments on grammar or behaviors. Besides, the code can be downloaded so that students can check and run it on an IDE. For evaluations, we generated 38 CMP instances for basic and multimedia/storage topics in Flutter/Dart programming and assigned them to 21 master students at Okayama University, Japan, who have never studied it. The results confirm the validity of the proposal.

Blending Tradition and Technology: An Ethnographic Study of Gamelan Production at Bogor Gong Factory

This study aimed to uncover insights into how tradition and technology coexist in gamelan production, preserving cultural authenticity while embracing innovation. The research revealed a harmonious interplay between tradition and technology in the production of gamelan instruments at the Bogor Factory in Indonesia. With a historical legacy spanning 370 years, skilled artisans demonstrated an unwavering commitment to preserving Sundanese cultural heritage through traditional craftsmanship. This commitment coexists seamlessly with modern technology, exemplified by smartphone use for tonal fine-tuning. The five-stage manufacturing process highlights precision and artistry, striking a careful balance between tradition and innovation. Key figures like Mr. Krisna and Mr. Hidayat navigated technological challenges, solidifying the Gong Factory in Bogor as a living embodiment of Indonesia cultural richness, bridging the past and future with grace.

The influence of blue light sources on somnological disorders among patients with mild to moderate acne

Background. The acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects all age groups of the population and has a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. Various endogenous and exogenous factors are involved in the pathogenesis of dermatosis. The increasing of usage of digital media and the Internet has an impact on people's sleep habits and, with changes in sleep quality, symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress may increase, which leads to a more severe course of chronic dermatoses, including acne. Aim. To evaluate the relationship between somnological disorders (SLD) and the frequency of smartphone use before bedtime in patients with mild to moderate acne (MMA). Materials and methods. A single-center observational prospective study was conducted from 2023 to 2024: 130 patients aged 18 to 30 years (average age 23.32±2.75 years) diagnosed with MMA were observed. The data on the severity of acne were assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), the degree of sleep disturbance was determined using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the quality of life of patients was determined according to the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Taking into account indicators on the use of a smartphone with the iOS or Android operating system included calculating average screen time, assessing addiction and the fact of using a smartphone 1 hour before bedtime. The statistical processing was carried out using the Jamovi version 2.3.21 program. Results. The SLD were identified in 85 (65.38%) patients with MMA. The dermatosis had a strong impact on quality of life (DLQI20) in 82.31% (n=107). In group I of patients "poor sleeping" there was a direct correlation between SLD (PSQI) and the severity of dermatosis (ρ=0.533; p0.001) and the duration of screen time (ρ=0.628; p0.001) spent on a smartphone per day. The patients of group I had a greater dependence on a smartphone compared to group II of patients "well sleeping": 15.94±1.89 points versus 7.71±1.96 points (p0.001). Conclusion. It has been established that the level of SLD has a high incidence in the group of patients with MMA. There is a pronounced correlation between dyssomnia and the severity of dermatosis; in patients with disturbed sleep, a high dependence on the phone and a correlation with the duration of screen time spent on a smartphone per day were revealed. This study demonstrates the need to pay attention to the presence of disturbances in the quality of sleep in people suffering from skin diseases, in particular acne.

Smartphone Addiction: Impact, Challenges, and Effects on Cognition Skills among the Dental Students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract Objective Smartphones are multifunctional devices providing a range of beneficial technologies and applications that support communication, socialization, entertainment, and education but also have a few disadvantages related to overdependence among students in general and more specifically with its effects seen in cognition among professional ones such as dental students. This study aims to explore the effect of smartphones on the academic and clinical performance of undergraduate and internship dental students in universities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected using 32 questionnaire-based Google forms which the concerned academic level students filled. The first part included 5 questions related to demographic data, while the second part included 24 questions assessing smartphone addiction and its impact on academic performance; furthermore, the last part of the survey has 3 questions inquiring about the effect of smartphones on clinical performance. Results Five-point Likert scale was used which has shown that as the level of study increases, smartphone use has also increased gradually. There was a positive correlation to the ill effects of high use of smartphones ranging from the patient himself experiencing high use of his device and often leading to lack of sleep. In contrast, some positive outcomes were related to the participants not using their devices while in the clinical atmosphere largely associated with the strict infection control protocol and self-awareness. Discussion Our findings can be correlated to various other studies that highlight the peers telling the participants about the increased risk of their smartphones and the same being felt by themselves. This highlights a positive result in the awareness campaigns being carried out and the main effect has been related to lack of sleep. A high infection control protocol can limit the dependency of the students on smartphone use among the clinics, but this does not relieve the overall high-level use among dental students. Conclusion An attempt should be made to educate the young population about the bad effects of the smartphone especially long hours of usage, bad timing, overdependence, and psychological impact. More studies are needed to assess the psychological impact of smartphone usage among this population.

Hiperrealitas dalam Penggunaan Smartphone pada Kalangan Remaja

Smartphones provide various instant messenger and social media applications that can facilitate communication and information. However, behind these benefits, hyperreality is currently occurring and there are many consequences that arise. Therefore, the main problem is How is hyperreality in smartphone use among teenagers. The purpose of this study is to determine the form of hyperreality and the consequences of smartphone use through instant messenger and social media among teenagers.This study uses a qualitative method. The data collection process is carried out using observation and in-depth interview techniques. In analyzing the data, the researcher uses qualitative analysis techniques. The theory used in this study is the theory of hyperreality proposed by Jean Baudrillard.The results of this research show that there are several forms of hyperreality of smartphone use via instant messenger and social media among teenagers which are seen through two Baudrillard concepts, namely simulation and simulacra. The simulation found is living in a digital simulation, acronyms and emoticons lose their reference and are obsessed with making friends in cyberspace. The simulacra found are blurring self-identity, changing use values to sign values, blurring the real world, chasing instant popularity, displaying falsehoods. Meanwhile, there are two consequences of smartphone use among teenagers. First, positive consequences, namely earning income and improving academic achievement. Second, negative consequences, namely reducing academic achievement, changing adolescent behavior, wasteful and uncertain time.

Subclinical attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours.

Literature emphasises the importance of identifying and intervening in the adoption of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (ULBs) during adolescence at an early stage, to mitigate their long-term detrimental effects. Among the possible associated factors contributing to ULBs, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown to play an important role. However, little is known about ADHD subclinical manifestations. The present study aimed to bridge the gap in the literature and shed light on the relationship between subclinical ADHD and early adoption of ULBs during adolescence. Through a clinimetric approach, prevalence of ULBs, severity of ADHD symptoms and psychosocial factors (i.e. allostatic overload, abnormal illness behaviour, quality of life, psychological well-being) were investigated among adolescents. The associations between different degrees of ADHD, ULBs and psychosocial factors were also explored. This multicentre cross-sectional study involved 440 adolescents (54.5% females; mean age 14.21 years) from six upper secondary schools. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, ULBs, ADHD symptoms and psychosocial factors. The most common ULBs were energy drinks/alcohol consumption and problematic smartphone use. Of the sample, 22% showed subclinical ADHD and 20.2% showed clinical ADHD. The subclinical ADHD group showed several ULBs (i.e. altered mindful eating, impaired quality of sleep, problematic technology use) and psychosocial factors, akin to those of ADHD group and different from peers without ADHD symptoms. Since subclinical ADHD manifestation is associated with ULBs, similarly to clinical ADHD, identifying subthreshold symptoms during adolescence is crucial, as it could improve health-related outcomes in adulthood across different domains.