Pharmaceutical Use Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activities of Mangrove Species in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review

Antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia is a macro-level health dilemma that may cause substantial casualties annually. Fortunately, Southeast Asian mangroves are potent reservoirs of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties in correlation to their traditional usage. Hence, this study aimed to systematically review studies concerning antimicrobial activities of mangroves in Southeast Asia as well as provide a technological overview of its prospective use in pharmaceutical industry applications through patents. Through the PRISMA protocol, the search for peer-reviewed studies originated from Southeast Asia and published between 2010 to 2022 were conducted over databases such as CORE, Google Scholar, PubMed (MedLine), Science Direct, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, a patent search was also performed on the Espacenet Patent Search, Google Patents, National Institute of Industrial Property, and United States Patent and Trademark Office. The studies and patents were collated on Mendeley Reference Manager as well as tabulated and assessed on Microsoft Office Excel 2016. After the four-phase screening, 59 studies and one patent regarding antimicrobial activities of Southeast Asian mangroves passed the criteria for the systematic review. It was inferred that Southeast Asia constitutes potentially most species-diverse mangroves with highly varied antimicrobial properties and can form synergism with drugs. The existing studies and patents may provide enlightenment on the future path of studies and inventions which must be continually substantiated in animal and clinical experiments for prospective pharmaceutical industry use. In this way, mangroves can be conserved while antimicrobial resistance and anthropogenic activities can be lowered.

Improvement of DOPA-Melanin Production by Aspergillus nidulans Using Eco-Friendly and Inexpensive Substrates.

Fungal pigments, including melanin, are recognized as promising materials for biomedical, environmental, and technological applications. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the DOPA-melanin produced by the MEL1 mutant of Aspergillus nidulans exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities without any cytotoxic or mutagenic effects, suggesting its potential use in pharmaceuticals. In order to increase the yield of this pigment and reduce the costs of its large-scale production, the present study aimed to evaluate agro-industrial by-products, sugarcane molasses, vinasse, and corn steep liquor as inexpensive substrates for fungal growth using experimental design methodology. According to the results obtained, the optimal composition of the culture medium was 0.81% (v/v) vinasse and 1.62% (w/v) glucose, which promoted a greater production of melanin (225.39 ± 4.52 mg g-1 of biomass), representing a 2.25-fold increase compared with the condition before optimization (100.32 mg.g-1 of biomass). Considering the amount of biomass obtained in the optimized condition, it was possible to obtain a total melanin production of 1 g L-1. Therefore, this formulation of a less complex and low-cost culture medium composition makes the large-scale process economically viable for future biotechnological applications of melanin produced by A. nidulans.

Bioactive Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Presence in Species from Chile.

Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of at least one fungal and one algal species. They are found in different environments around the world, even in the poles and deserts. Some species can withstand extreme abiotic conditions, including radiation and the vacuum of space. Their chemistry is mainly due to the fungal metabolism and the production of several secondary metabolites with biological activity, which have been isolated due to an increasing interest from the pharmaceutical community. However, beyond the experimental data, little is known about their mechanisms of action and the potential pharmaceutical use of these kinds of molecules, especially the ones isolated from lesser-known species and/or lesser-studied countries. The main objective of this review is to analyze the bibliographical data of the biological activity of secondary metabolites from lichens, identifying the possible mechanisms of action and lichen species from Chile. We carried out a bibliographic revision of different scientific articles in order to collect all necessary information on the biological activity of the metabolites of these lichen species. For this, validated databases were used. We found the most recent reports where in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the biological properties of these metabolites. The biological activity, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, of 26 secondary metabolites are described, as well as their reported molecular mechanisms. The most notable metabolites found in this review were usnic acid, atranorin, protolichesterinic acid, and lobaric acid. Usnic acid was the most investigated metabolite, in addition to undergoing toxicological and pharmacological studies, where a hepatotoxicity effect was reported due to uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, no major studies have been made to validate the pharmacological application of these metabolites, and few advancements have been made in their artificial growth in bioreactors. Despite the described biological activities, there is little support to consider these metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations or to evaluate them in clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to carry out further studies regarding their possible human health effects. These lichen secondary metabolites present a promising research opportunity to find new pharmaceutical molecules due to their bioactive properties.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM LEAVES, INFLORESCENCES AND STEMS OF PEROVSKIA SCROPHULARIFOLIA GROWN IN UZBEKISTAN

Essential oils as secondary metabolites, promising sources of biologically active substances with pronounced antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral effects, are of considerable interest for study and possible use in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and aromatherapy. We have studied the composition of the essential oil of an endemic species for the first time Perovskia scrophularifolia Bunge. (Lamiaceae = Labiatae). This species of plant is of considerable interest as a medicinal plant, which is widely used in folk medicine in Uzbekistan and neighboring countries. Studies of biologically active substances of this species did not concern the essential oil. During the period of mass flowering in the inflorescences of Perovskia scrophularifolia contains 0.65%, in leaves – 0.71% of essential oil. The stems of the plant contain essential oils in small quantities. The composition and content of the components of the studied samples were determined according to the data of gas chromatographic and chromate-mass-spectrometric analysis. 26 substances were identified in essential oils from leaves, 43 from inflorescences and 18 substances from stems. The main components of essential oils from leaves and inflorescences are 1,8-Cineol up to 19.3% and Isobornyl acetate – up to 15.9%. This species is a promising source of biologically active compounds with biological activity (including antibiotic).

Development and Validation of a Simple and Sensitive ICP-MS Method for the Quantification of Elemental Impurities in Propafenone Hydrochloride Drug Substance

Elemental impurities are substances present in drug products, excipients, or drug formulations. They may be formed by the presence of catalysts and environmental contaminants. Elemental impurities can be detected by a sophisticated method such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS). ICP-MS is an advanced method to detect elemental impurities in drug substances. In this study Propafenone hydrochloride drug was used, Propafenone Hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic medication belonging to class 1C used to prevent supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. The present study was aimed to develop and validate inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopic (ICP–MS) method for detection of elemental contaminants, i.e., Class 1, Cd, Pb, As, Class 2A, Hg, Co, V, and Class 2B impurities such as Ni, T1, Se, Ag, Au, Pd, Ir, Os, Rh, Ru, and Pt. Total 17 elemental impurities were detected in Propafenone Hydrochloride and this method was employed for the regular sample analysis of 17 elemental impurities in Propafenone Hydrochloride for pharmaceutical use. The instrument conditions were set using RF power of 1550 W, auxiliary gas of 0.5 L/min, and nebulizer flow of 1.01 L/min nebulizer pump pressure was 0.10 rps, spray chamber temperature was 2°C, and mode used was He, He flow rate was 4.3 mL/min and the energy discrimination rate was 3.0 V. The technique is sensitive and may identify desirable elemental impurities within permissible regulatory limits when additional elements are present. The proposed ICP-MS approach has been found to be accurate, precise, linear, rugged, robust, and convenient for the quality control of the drug substance propafenone hydrochloride. The linearity results for each impurity were 0.9990. The methods were validated according to USP requirements and International Council for Harmonization ICH guidelines. The suggested approach is an excellent quality control tool for the concurrent quantitative assessment and detection of elemental contaminants at low levels in the drug substance propafenone hydrochloride.

Formation and Structure Research of a Molecular Conjugate in the L-Ascorbic Acid – Isomaltite System

The formation of L-ascorbic acid molecular complexes with various biologically active substances opens the way to the production of a new drug type promising for the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries use. The research concerns the possibility study of obtaining a conjugate of L-ascorbic acid with isomaltite in an aqueous ethanol (40 %) medium. The method of the target product isolating involves thermostating a solution containing equimolar amounts (0.001 mmol) of components (50 °C, 1 hour), followed by slow solvent removal for 24 hours (25 °C). The authors examined formation processes dynamics by molecular spectroscopy methods through sequential sampling. The optical density values at 350 Nm in the electronic spectra and 1,674 and 1,754 cm−1 bands position in the IR-Fourier solution spectra indicate the components destruction absence during thermostate control. When treated with carbon tetrachloride or diethyl ether, the syrupy mass obtained after solvent removal containing significant solvent amounts crystallizes a yellowish powder (0.32 g, ice point at 146.6 °C). A man studied its structure by the IR-Fourier spectroscopy. The authors recorded the spectra in the transmission mode (in the KBr tablets) and using the diffusion reflection method enabling to record changes in the absorption bands characteristic positions of the molecular complex formation. The transmission spectra of the high-frequency area indicate the 1-O-glycosylated isomaltite component involvement in the conjugation with ascorbic acid. The shifts of the C=C, C−O and C−O−H bond oscillation bands in the diffusion reflection spectrum of the isolated product relative to their position in the initial component spectra in the low-frequency area indicate the endiol ascorbic acid fragment interaction with the secondary OH groups of the acyclic isomaltite component. Structural analogues of the studied molecular conjugate are promising antioxidant preparations. This determines the further study relevance of its properties.

Improving the regulatory environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals: Required changes in the new legislation

One of the flagship actions of the Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe is to address environmental challenges associated with pharmaceutical use. This includes strengthening the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) at marketing authorisation (MA) of pharmaceuticals, and revision of the pharmaceutical legislation where needed. The overall aim of an ERA should be to enable comprehensive and effective identification and management of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals without affecting the availability of pharmaceuticals to patients. As experts in the evaluation of ERAs of human medicinal products submitted by pharmaceutical industries (Applicants), we have summarized the current status of the ERA and suggest legislative changes to improve environmental protection without affecting availability. Six regulatory goals were defined and discussed, including possible ways forward: 1) mandatory ERAs in accordance to the EMA guideline at the time of the MA, 2) enforcement of risk mitigation measures including re-evaluation of the ERA, 3) facilitated exchange of environmental data between pharmaceutical and environmental legislations, 4) substance-based assessments, 5) transparency of data, and 6) a catching-up procedure for active pharmaceutical ingredients that lack an ERA. These legislative proposals can be considered as prerequisites for a harmonised assessment and effective management of environmental risks and hazards of human pharmaceuticals.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Geriatric Oncology in India: An Understudied Topic that Needs Attention

AbstractIn the elderly, polypharmacy is a common problem, and drug interactions and adverse drug reactions (ADR) have been linked to considerable harm in several population-based studies. However, when compared with other medical disciplines, studies with elderly cancer patients are lacking in oncology and India in particular. Additionally, intake of multiple drugs and, at times, potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are also common in older cancer patients. Physiologically, the body's metabolic functions are reduced in the elderly, resulting in altered medication pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic characteristics. There is also a high risk of aging-related disorders, and an increase in pharmaceutical use. Because cancer can affect the physiological milieu, patients are more likely to experience negative drug responses, drug–disease interactions, and drug–drug interactions, thereby making the elderly more vulnerable to the ill effects. Considering this, there is a need for greater knowledge and measures that try to lessen exposure to and the risks connected to drug combinations that might be detrimental. As the geriatric population grows, the need to address medical issues among aging cancer patients becomes more pressing, particularly in India. As far as the authors are aware, there is no review that addresses the drug–drug interactions and adverse drug responses brought on by polypharmacy in older cancer patients. It is expected that this endeavor will help the fraternity and the patients, and will serve as a valuable academic material for the health care students.

The environmental impact of pharmaceuticals on surface waters and its estimation through drug utilisation data.

Human use of pharmaceuticals is their primary way of entering the environment. Once consumed, pharmaceuticals are released, through urine and faeces, into wastewater and consequently into surface waters. Furthermore, veterinary use and inappropriate disposal also contribute to the accumulation of these substances in surface waters. These quantities of pharmaceuticals, although small, can cause toxic effects on aquatic flora and fauna, e.g., causing growth and reproduction problems. To estimate pharmaceutical concentration in surface waters, different data sources can be used, such as drug utilisation data, and wastewater production and filtration. Applying a method to estimate aquatic concentrations of pharmaceuticals at national level could allow the implementation of a monitoring system. to prioritize water sampling.

Ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves on hyper-cholesterolemic rats: The egg yolk induced model

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading killers in the world today, and hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia is rising dramatically worldwide and is mostly felt in poorer nations. The majority of communities and individuals in Africa are known to turn to ethnomedicine for their medical requirements. The tropical plant Carica papaya, which is grown for its edible, ripe fruit in Africa, was used in folk medicine for treatment of cardiovascular issues as well as a number of serious illnesses. This study assessed the anticholesterolemic property of the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves, adapting the egg yolk-induced hyperlipidaemia model in Wistar albino rats. This study prepared egg yolk to induce hyperlipidaemia in the Wistar rats, then treated some groups with the extract of Carica papaya leaves, and other groups with the standard drug Fenofibrate. The Wistar rats in the control group were given 2% acacia instead of egg yolk. The total cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as biological and haematological parameters, were determined. The Carica papaya leaves extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels at all doses administered, but the extract and the standard drug had no significant effect on HDL cholesterol. An inverse relationship between the Carica papaya leaves extract doses and the cholesterol levels was observed placing the efficacy in the order of 100 mg/kg > 250 mg/kg > Fenofibrate (2.29 mg/kg) > 500 mg/kg. With the potential efficacy of Carica papaya leaves extract in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and, as a result, cardiovascular diseases, more research on bioactive molecule isolation/characterisation for pharmaceutical use or incorporation into functional food products for CVD management is required.

Oncologists’ receipt of pharmaceutical industry payments and use of non-recommended and low-value cancer care services.

6639 Background: Personal payments from the pharmaceutical industry to US physicians are common and influence physician practice. Prior studies have found that industry payments sway physicians’ selection among effective, medically appropriate treatments. However, whether industry payments may be associated with non-recommended and low-value care has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between oncologists’ receipt of industry payments and use of non-recommended and/or low-value (NR/LV) interventions. Methods: Population-based cohort study using fee-for-service Medicare claims and Open Payments records of industry payments. We identified four NR/LV cancer interventions: 1) denosumab for castrate-sensitive prostate cancer; 2) GCSF for patients at low risk for neutropenic fever; 3) nab-paclitaxel instead of paclitaxel for breast and lung cancer 4) branded drug instead of a generic or biosimilar. Study sample: Medicare beneficiaries with an incident cancer diagnosis (identified by new occurrence of a cancer diagnosis code in proximity to claims for cancer treatment) from 2014-2019. We applied additional requirements as appropriate to identify four sub-cohorts, corresponding to patients at risk for each of the NR/LV treatments, and identified the treating oncologist using claims. The primary exposure was receipt, by a patient’s oncologist, of any industry payments for the corresponding NR/LV treatment of interest, within 365 days before the patient’s index cancer date. The primary outcome was receipt of the corresponding NR/LV treatment. We fit general linear models controlling for patient characteristics and calendar year. To assess robustness, we also accounted for physician-level fixed effects in separate models. Results: Cohort sizes were: denosumab N = 9,799; GCSF N = 271,485; nab-paclitaxel N = 86,394; branded drug N = 13,386. Controlling for patient characteristics and calendar year, industry payment was associated with an increase in the absolute prevalence of denosumab (+17.5% [95%CI:15.3 to 19.7%]), GCSF (+5.8% [95%CI:5.4 to 6.1%]), and nab-paclitaxel (+7.6% [95%CI:7.1 to 8.1%]) use, but lower branded drug use (-4.6 [95%CI:-5.8 to -3.3]). In physician-level fixed effects models, industry payment was associated with increased denosumab (+7.4% [95%CI:2.5 to 12.2%]) and nab-paclitaxel (+1.7% [95%CI:0.9 to 2.5%]) use, but not with GCSF (+0.4% [95%CI:-0.3 to 1.1%]) or branded drugs (+1.2% [95%CI:-5.8 to 8.3%]). Conclusions: Recent receipt of industry payments by physicians was associated with increased use of several forms of NR/LV cancer treatment. These findings raise quality-of-care concerns regarding physician-industry financial relationships. Additional work is needed to further explore the causal relationship between payments and non-recommended treatments, and between payments and patient outcomes.

English

Parsley is a plant widely used in cooking as a condiment and it has potential for pharmaceutical use due to flavonoids production, including the apiin, which has antioxidant activity. The current study investigates the influence of N fertilization on the biomass production, soluble fractions, total flavonoids and apiin in the parsley plants at 28 and 56 days after germination (DAG). The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse under different N levels: nitrogen free (control), 10 kg N ha-1 (10 kg N ha-1 at planting, without cover application of N) and 70 kg N ha-1 (10 kg of N ha-1 at planting and 60 kg of N ha-1 in cover). The biomass production and soluble fractions was influenced by harvest timing and nitrogen fertilization. The total flavonoid levels were lower at 56 DAG under the N fertilization effect. The highest levels of apiin were detected at 28 DAG in treatments with N fertilization. Thus, the harvest time at 28 DAG and N fertilization with 10 kg ha-1 yielded the highest apiin concentration and, therefore, less production time and costs with N fertilization. Key words: Petroselinum crispum, soluble fractions, nitrate, flavonoids, Apiin, Apiaceae

Development of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Red Algae for Dermal Care Applications: Recent Advances

Bioactive peptides produced from proteinaceous red algae biomass with varied structures have garnered much attention in biological applications and production. Unfortunately, there have been few studies on developing approaches to feasible bioactive peptide production and purification. Our goal with this article is to explore the latest trends in easily applicable approaches for extracting bioactive peptides for cutaneous applications. Bibliometric statistics show that the number of scientific publications is growing, with Asia ranking as the highest producer. Peptide purity and bioactivity are the most important factors to consider while extracting and identifying peptides using various separation techniques. To generate novel bioactive peptides with high yield and low cost, future research should focus on increasing the yields and improving the separation methods. Moreover, human clinical trials should be conducted to validate their potential health benefits. Thus, the final objective of this literature review was to give an insight into the bioactive properties of red algae-derived peptides, which have proven potential for dermal application with anti-melanogenic, collagenogenic, antioxidant, antiaging, and photoprotective activities, etc. Moreover, it covers the algal peptides’ scope for use in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and future studies for their emerging applications.

Antioxidant Activity, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in the Diet of Animals.

As the world's population grows, so does the need for more and more animal feed. In 2006, the EU banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in order to reduce chemical residues in food consumed by humans. It is well known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes must be combated to achieve higher productivity. The adverse effects of the use of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic compounds on animal health and product quality and safety have increased interest in phytocompounds. With the use of plant polyphenols in animal nutrition, they are gaining more attention as a supplement to animal feed. Livestock feeding based on a sustainable, environmentally friendly approach (clean, safe, and green agriculture) would also be a win-win for farmers and society. There is an increasing interest in producing healthier products of animal origin with a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids by modulating animal nutrition. Secondary plant metabolites (polyphenols) are essential chemical compounds for plant physiology as they are involved in various functions such as growth, pigmentation, and resistance to pathogenic organisms. Polyphenols are exogenous antioxidants that act as one of the first lines of cell defense. Therefore, the discoveries on the intracellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols as a plant supplement have contributed significantly to the improvement of antioxidant activity, as polyphenols prevent oxidative stress damage and eliminate excessively produced free radicals. To achieve animal welfare, reduce stress and the need for medicines, and increase the quality of food of animal origin, the addition of polyphenols to research and breeding can be practised in part with a free-choice approach to animal nutrition.

Antimicrobial Peptides: Challenging Journey to the Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Cosmeceutical Use.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), or host defence peptides, are short proteins in various life forms. Here we discuss AMPs, which may become a promising substitute or adjuvant in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmeceutical uses. Their pharmacological potential has been investigated intensively, especially as antibacterial and antifungal drugs and as promising antiviral and anticancer agents. AMPs exhibit many properties, and some of these have attracted the attention of the cosmetic industry. AMPs are being developed as novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens and as potential treatments for various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and viral infections. In biomedicine, AMPs are being developed as wound-healing agents because they promote cell growth and tissue repair. The immunomodulatory effects of AMPs could be helpful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In the cosmeceutical industry, AMPs are being investigated as potential ingredients in skincare products due to their antioxidant properties (anti-ageing effects) and antibacterial activity, which allows the killing of bacteria that contribute to acne and other skin conditions. The promising benefits of AMPs make them a thrilling area of research, and studies are underway to overcome obstacles and fully harness their therapeutic potential. This review presents the structure, mechanisms of action, possible applications, production methods, and market for AMPs.

Analysis of trends in the positioning of pharmaceutical drugs of the SGLT-2 class of gliflozin derivatives at the pharmaceutical market and the application prospects

Aim – is to analyze trends in the use and positioning of pharmaceuticals of the class of gliflozin derivatives on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market.&#x0D; Materials and methods. In the conducted research, the methods of systematic and comparative analysis, generalization, statistical processing and synthesis were used in determining the projected perspectives, tabular and graphic means of presenting the results. To implement the goal and objectives of the research, software and electronic resources of ATX (Anatomical-Therapeutically-Chemical), ATC (Anatomical Therapeutically Chemical Classification System), BSC (Biopharmaceutical Classification System), Vidal, Compendium, and the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine were used.&#x0D; Results of the research. The results of a systematic analysis of application trends and a comparative analysis of marketing research on the positioning of pharmaceuticals of the class of gliflozin derivatives on regulated markets and the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market are presented. A steady trend in the positioning of the number of appointments in the segments of mono and combined drugs and the number of sales on regulated markets was revealed. It is established that as of the end of 2022, the total number of pharmaceuticals from API class SGLT-2 pharmaceutically acceptable of gliflozin derivatives in the form of solid dosage forms, which are positioned on regulated markets and pharmaceutical campaign research on the pharmaceutical development of new dosage forms of mono and combined drugs is 35, the number of registered pharmaceutical drugs in Ukraine is 4 mono and 2 combined drugs. The segment of this group of drugs - mono and combined drugs - has been systematized, according to the ATX classification by active substances - API - pharmaceutically acceptable salts of gliflozin derivatives on regulated markets and on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.&#x0D; Conclusions. The analysis of positioning on regulated markets and statistics of R&amp;D research of pharmaceutical companies for the development of new dosage forms of mono and combined drugs provides grounds to generalize and conclude that SGLT-2 inhibitors are the newest and promising class of antidiabetic drugs, which, according to evidence-based medicine, are used in combination with with insulin and other antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) of I and II types, in combined regimens with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, as well as in combinations of all three and TZD drugs. SGLT-2 inhibitors are the second largest group of antidiabetic agents by the volume of clinical trials, which is 12%.&#x0D; Recommended for use by FDA regulatory authorities, EMA is an API of the SGLT-2 class of pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin: canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, ipragliflozin, luseogliflozin, tofogliflozin, sotagliflozin, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts; remogliflozin etabonate; sergliflozin etabonate.&#x0D; It has been established that SGLT-2 API drugs of pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin have a constant trend of positioning the number of appointments in the segments of mono and combined drugs and the number of sales on regulated markets, the total amount is 35 in the form of solid dosage forms. Distribution by volume of sales of solid dosage forms of pharmaceutical preparations with API class SGLT-2 of pharmaceutically acceptable of gliflozin derivatives is: tableted monopreparations – 59.2%; combined – 37.2%; mono preparations, hard capsules - 3.6%.&#x0D; The number of registered pharmaceutical drugs in Ukraine is 4 mono and 2 combined drugs, the level of prices from a pharmacoeconomic point of view, according to the results of price comparison of other antihyperglycemic drugs, are not affordable for Ukrainian patients who need systemic use. Therefore, the increase in the range of SGLT-2 class API drugs of pharmaceutically acceptable gliflozin derivatives on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market and competitive manufacturers will contribute to the availability of use for the treatment of DM in Ukrainian patients.&#x0D; Key words: trends; positioning; application; pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin; drug support; best practice; evidence-based medicine; rational pharmacotherapy.

Evaluation of pharmaceutical use of chamomile in dentistry: A systematic review

Background: Oral mucosa is one of the body’s most sensitive tissues. Due to the prevalence of oral ulcers and the effect of cancers on the oral mucosa، treating oral lesions is particularly important. Matricaria chamomilla is widely used in traditional medicine. Chamomile compounds have antibacterial، antiviral، anti-inflammatory and accelerate epithelialization. However no systematic study has been undertaken on the application of chamomile in treating oral lesions. Therefore this study aims to determine the medicinal use of chamomile in dentistry.&#x0D; Methods: This systematic review searched major international electronic databases، including PubMed، ISI and Scopus، from August 1998 to August 2021. The articles included in this review were clinical trials in which the participants used chamomile as a mouthwash or gel.&#x0D; Results: In this study، the therapeutic effects of chamomile were evaluated in 14 clinical trial studies. Most of the studies reviewed in the articles referred to the properties of flavonoid compounds with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of chamomile.&#x0D; Conclusion: Today، medicinal plants are used in treatment and one of the most common plants used for medicinal purposes is chamomile. It is used in dentistry، and its positive effects on plaque، gingivitis، caries، mucositis and its antibacterial effects have been reported.

Evaluation of administrative case definitions for hypertension in Canadian children

Hypertension is increasing in children and warrants disease surveillance. We therefore sought to evaluate the validity of case definitions to identify pediatric hypertension in administrative healthcare data. Cases of hypertension in children 3–18 years of age were identified utilizing blood pressures recorded in the Manitoba Primary Care Research Network (MaPCReN) electronic medical record from 2014 to 2016. Prevalence of hypertension and associated clinical characteristics were determined. We then evaluated the validity of 18 case definitions combining outpatient physician visits (ICD9CM codes), hospital claims (ICD9CM/ICD10 codes) and antihypertensive use within 1–3 years of data housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. The MaPCReN database identified 241 children with hypertension and 4090 without (prevalence = 5.6%). The sensitivity of algorithms ranged between 0.18 and 0.51 and the specificity between 0.98 and 1.00. Pharmaceutical use increased the sensitivity of algorithms significantly. The algorithms with the highest sensitivity and area under the ROC curve were 1 or more hospitalization OR 1 or more physician claim OR 1 or more pharmaceutical record. Evaluating 2 years of data is recommended. Administrative data alone reflects diagnosis of hypertension with high specificity, but underestimate the true prevalence of this disease. Alternative data sources are therefore required for disease surveillance.

"H" sprayer effect on liquid deposition on cucumber leaves and powdery mildew prevention in the shed.

To clarify the effect of droplet size on solution deposition and powdery mildew control on greenhouse cucumber leaves, the effect of volume median droplet diameter (VMD) on solution deposition and maximum retention, as well as the effect of flusilazole on powdery mildew control on cucumber, was determined using the stem and leaf spray method. The VMD of the typical fan nozzles (F110-01, F110-015, F110-02, F110-03) of the selected US Tee jet production differs by approximately 90 μm. The results showed that the deposition of flusilazole solution on cucumber leaves decreased as the VMD of the droplets increased and that the deposition of the solution in the treatments with VMD of 120, 172, and 210 μm decreased by 22.02%, 10.37%, and 46. 97%, respectively, compared to that observed with treatment with 151 μm VMD. The deposition of the solution on cucumber leaves showed the highest deposition efficiency of 63.3% when the applied solution volume was 320 L/hm2, and the maximum stable retention of the liquid on the leaves was 6.6 µl/cm2. The control effects of different concentrations of flusilazole solution on cucumber powdery mildew differed significantly, and the best control effect was achieved at the dosage of 90 g/hm2 of the active ingredient, which was 15%-25% higher than that observed at the dosage of 50 and 70 g/hm2 of the active ingredient per hectare. A significant difference in the effect of droplet size on the control of cucumber powdery mildew was observed at any specific liquid concentration. Nozzle F110-01 showed the best control effect when the dosage of the active ingredient was 50 and 70 g/hm2 per hectare, which did not differ significantly from that observed with nozzle F110-015 but differed significantly from those observed with nozzles F110-02 and F110-03. Hence, we concluded that the use of smaller droplets with VMD of 100-150 μm, i.e. the choice of F110-01 or F110-015 nozzles, for application on the leaf parts of cucumber in the greenhouse under conditions of high liquid concentration, can significantly improve the effective use of pharmaceuticals and the disease control effect.

Application of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) gum in food technologies: A review of properties and mechanisms of action.

With the world continuing to push toward modernization and the consumption of processed foods growing at an exponential rate, the demand for texturizing agents and natural additives has also risen as a result. It has become increasingly common to use thickening agents in food products to modify their rheological and textural properties and enhance their quality characteristics. They can be divided into (1) animal derived (chitosan and isinglass), (2) fermentation produced (xanthan and curdlan), (3) plant fragments (pectin and cellulose), (4) seaweed extracts (agar and alginate), and (5) seed flours (guar gum and locust bean gum). The primary functions of these materials are to improve moisture binding capacity, modify structural properties, and alter flow behavior. In addition, some have another responsibility in the food sector, such as the main ingredient in the delivery systems (encapsulation) and nanocomposites. A galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus), known as guar gum (GG), is one of them, which has a wide range of utilities and possesses popularity among scientists and consumers. In the world of modernization, GG has found its way into numerous industries for use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and explosives. Due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, it imparts significant thickening, gelling, and binding properties to the solution as well as increases its viscosity. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the characteristics, mechanisms, and applications of GG in different food technologies.