Industrial Use Research Articles

Feasibility and Growth Dynamics of Mustard Farming in Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand Region of U.P. India

Bundelkhand is a region of central India lying in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the least socio-economically developed regions of the country mainly due to regular incidence of drought and erratic rainfall. Mustard is one of the most important oilseed crop of rabi season for Bundelkhand region on the basis of area under the crop. With the limited resources, there has been a noticeable change in the area, production and productivity of mustard. Apart from edible oil, it also has industrial use in producing items like varnishes, soaps, paints, hydrogenated oil, perfumery, lubricants, etc. The study is an attempt to examine the pattern of growth, instability, cost and return of production of mustard crops at state (Uttar Pradesh) and regional (Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh) level. Study is based on secondary data obtained from various published sources. Compound Annual Growth Rate, coefficient of variation, Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) cost concept and returns were used as analytical tools to assess the financial suitability and performance of the crop in both the Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand region. It was observed that the growth in area (2.94%) and production (4.36%) of mustard crop in Bundelkhand region was increasing at a higher rate as that of Uttar Pradesh. Higher net return was earned by the farmer growing mustard in Uttar Pradesh than the farmer of Bundelkhand region.

Enhancing Functional Properties and Protein Structure of Almond Protein Isolate Using High-Power Ultrasound Treatment.

The suitability of a given protein for use in food products depends heavily on characteristics such as foaming capacity, emulsifiability, and solubility, all of which are affected by the protein structure. Notably, protein structure, and thus characteristics related to food applications, can be altered by treatment with high-power ultrasound (HUS). Almonds are a promising source of high-quality vegetable protein for food products, but their physicochemical and functional properties remain largely unexplored, limiting their current applications in foods. Here, we tested the use of HUS on almond protein isolate (API) to determine the effects of this treatment on API functional properties. Aqueous almond protein suspensions were sonicated at varying power levels (200, 400, or 600 W) for two durations (15 or 30 min). The molecular structure, protein microstructure, solubility, and emulsifying and foaming properties of the resulting samples were then measured. The results showed that HUS treatment did not break API covalent bonds, but there were notable changes in the secondary protein structure composition, with the treated proteins showing a decrease in α-helices and β-turns, and an increase in random coil structures as the result of protein unfolding. HUS treatment also increased the number of surface free sulfhydryl groups and decreased the intrinsic fluorescence intensity, indicating that the treatment also led to alterations in the tertiary protein structures. The particle size in aqueous suspensions was decreased in treated samples, indicating that HUS caused the dissociation of API aggregates. Finally, treated samples showed increased water solubility, emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability, foaming capacity, and foaming stability. This study demonstrated that HUS altered key physicochemical characteristics of API, improving critical functional properties including solubility and foaming and emulsifying capacities. This study also validated HUS as a safe and environmentally responsible tool for enhancing desirable functional characteristics of almond proteins, promoting their use in the food industry as a high-quality plant-based protein.

Ethnobotanical study on traditional cosmetics practiced by the Dayak Kayong of West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Sari LCS, Lovadi I, Wardoyo ERP, Randi A. 2024. Ethnobotanical study on traditional cosmetics practiced by the Dayak Kayong of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2937-2944. Various ethnic groups across the globe have practiced traditional cosmetics and many studies on cosmetic plants and their uses in Indonesia have been conducted. However, there is no ethnobotanical information on cosmetic plants and their uses, particularly in Dayak Kayong of Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study reports on cosmetic plants and their traditional uses by the Dayak Kayong community. We conducted semi-structured interviews from April to June 2022 with 30 respondents living in Nanga Tayap Sub-district in Ketapang District. Non-probability sampling was employed to select respondents based on their knowledge and practice of traditional cosmetics. Three indices, namely Frequency of Citation (FC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL), were employed to analyze the ethnobotanical data. The Dayak Kayong community utilizes 26 plant species from 20 families for traditional cosmetics. The most frequently used plant part are leaves (34.62%), followed by fruits (19.23%), sap (15.38%), rhizomes (11.54%), flowers (11.5%), roots (3.85%), and seeds (3.85%). Important cosmetic plants based on FL include Aquilaria malaccensis, Areca catechu, Dendrobium sp., Gluta renghas, Lansium domesticum, and Sindora sp. The high FL documented for cosmetic plants in this study needs further investigation into potential plants for use in the cosmetics industry.

Investigation of physical properties of microalgae‐pectin‐based bio‐composite with addition of pine needle for environmental application

AbstractPolymers and biopolymers have gained significance due to their applicability and use in industry reducing the negative impact of polymers based on petroleum. A possible solution for the conventional polymer's biodegradability is bio‐composites, which contain natural fibers or aggregates such as microalgae. Hence, microalgae biomass has a promising application to address the biodegradability issue of conventional polymers. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris biomass was mixed with pectin for control samples with glycerol as plasticizer. The mixture microalgae‐pectin‐glycerol, and the addition of pine needles was used to evaluate the tensile strength and compression of the bio‐composite. This bio‐composite showed a higher Young's modulus of 95.66 MPa for blend C2 and a higher strength with 20% of pectin concentration in the mixture. Additionally, the pine needle addition did not have a low effect between the compression results. On the other hand, analysis on elasticity showed that the full recovery of the bio‐composite happened after 10 min in all the blends. Also, the bio‐composite showed a slow release of nitrogen and phosphorous after 5 days of water addition, indicating an effective slow release for blend B for both nutrients. Water uptake capacity and loss of soluble material was studied using pullulan, chitosan, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide additives. These cationic surfactants demonstrated their potential for reduction of water solubility of the bio‐composite.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on the Structural and Functional Properties of Soluble Dietary Fibre from Sweet Potatoes.

In this study, hot water treatment (WT), ultrasonic treatment (UT), ultrasonic-sodium hydroxide treatment (UST), ultrasonic-enzyme treatment (UET), and ultrasonic-microwave treatment (UMT) were used to treat sweet potatoes. The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the extracted soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) were named WT-SDF, UT-SDF, UST-SDF, UET-SDF, and UMT-SDF, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal properties, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were employed. The structural results indicated that the UST-SDF exhibited the best thermal stability, highest crystallinity, and maximum specific surface area. Moreover, compared to hot water extraction, ultrasonic extraction, or ultrasonic extraction in combination with other methods, enhanced the physicochemical and functional properties of the SDF, including extraction yield, water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC), glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), sodium cholate adsorption capacity (SCAC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), and antioxidant properties. Specifically, the UST-SDF and UMT-SDF showed better extraction yield, WHC, OHC, GAC, CAC, SCAC, and NIAC values than the other samples. In summary, these results indicate that UST and UMT could be applied as ideal extraction methods for sweet potato SDF and that UST-SDF and UMT-SDF show enormous potential for use in the functional food industry.

Advances in Aureobasidium research: Paving the path to industrial utilization.

We here explore the potential of the fungal genus Aureobasidium as a prototype for a microbial chassis for industrial biotechnology in the context of a developing circular bioeconomy. The study emphasizes the physiological advantages of Aureobasidium, including its polyextremotolerance, broad substrate spectrum, and diverse product range, making it a promising candidate for cost-effective and sustainable industrial processes. In the second part, recent advances in genetic tool development, as well as approaches for up-scaled fermentation, are described. This review adds to the growing body of scientific literature on this remarkable fungus and reveals its potential for future use in the biotechnological industry.

Unintended distortion of regulating water use: Evidence from China

AbstractThe Chinese government has been using water efficiency targets to manage commercial, institutional, and industrial water use across the country. This paper argues that water efficiency targets may influence provincial administrators’ preferences in tightening water regulation in cities with higher water use while disproportionately overregulating water use in productive cities to satisfy their efficiency goals. I develop a city‐level production model with water regulation preferences and show that the unintended distortion of water regulation in response to water efficiency targets leads to efficiency loss of resource allocation and further reshapes regional output across cities, especially for productive cities. Using a sample of city‐level water data from 2006 to 2016 in China, this paper empirically investigates the impact of the Three Red Lines (TRL) policy on provincial administrators’ preferences in water use regulation. The results indicate that the elasticity of water regulation in response to the policy is approximately −0.64 to −0.8 and has resulted in tighter water regulations for cities with higher economic outputs. Quantitatively, eliminating water distortions would reshape water use across cities and increase the aggregate output of an entire province by up to 0.069%. The results imply that possible consequences of the political consideration of provincial administrators in satisfying water efficiency targets include inefficiency and inequality in water allocation.

Effects of antimicrobials over sessile and planktonic microbiota associated with an industrial cooling water system

The bacterial community from a cooling water system was investigated through culture-dependent and independent strategies, and the responses of planktonic and sessile bacteria (grown in glass slides and stainless-steel coupons) to antimicrobials of industrial and clinical use were assessed. The morphotypes with higher biofilm-forming potential were Pseudoxanthomonas sp., Rheinheimera sp., Aeromonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp., and the first also exhibited lower susceptibility to all antibiotics and biocides tested. 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing indicated that Pseudomonadota (77.1% on average, sd 11.1%), Bacteroidota (8.4, sd 5.7%), and Planctomycetota (3.0, sd 1.3%) were the most abundant phyla. KEGG orthologs associated with antibiotics and biocide resistance were abundant in all samples. Although the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were generally higher for biofilms, morphotypes in planktonic form also showed high levels of resistance, which could be associated with biofilm cells passing into the planktonic phase. Overall, monochloramine was the most effective biocide.

3D-printed indium oxide monoliths for PFAS removal

More efficient removal methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), anthropogenic compounds with high persistence in the environment, are urgently needed due to their significant adverse health effects. Current technologies for PFAS removal in water are limited by incomplete degradation or practical concerns about the use of slurry-based adsorbents. In this study, self-supported indium oxide (In2O3) monoliths were produced via extrusion-based 3D printing and used for the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) via adsorption in a recirculating flow system. A detailed study of the sintering temperature, monolith geometry, and flow rate allowed maximising PFOA adsorption due to the improvement of PFOA diffusion and the increased number of active sites on the monolith, resulting in 53 % of PFOA removal with fast adsorption kinetics in 3 h. Additionally, a low-temperature pyrolysis process at 500 °C effectively regenerated the In2O3 monoliths, allowing reusing the monoliths for three adsorption cycles, while also improving the PFOA removal to 75 % in 3 h. The regenerated In2O3 monoliths not only have a high adsorption capacity (0.16 mg g−1), but also required a much shorter time to reach the adsorption equilibrium compared with other adsorbents reported in the literature. The effectiveness, robustness and reusability of the 3D printed In2O3 monoliths highlight their potential as an efficient and sustainable adsorbent for PFAS removal. The approach presented here represents an effective strategy for the fabrication of complex adsorbents, which are reusable and can be easily handled, eliminating the expensive downstream removal required for slurries while offering a clear route for scale-up towards industrial use.

Investigation of the origin of structural colors in calliphoridae flies for bioinspiration

The article presents a study of the origin of iridescent structural coloration in the thorax of the Calliphoridae fly, intending to inspire in this fly optical and structural properties of interest for use in industry. We carried out SEM microscopic analyses and modeled optical properties using the transfer matrix. The results indicate that this coloration is due to the presence of a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of two alternating layers of specific thickness. Microscopic analysis using a scanning electron microscope led to this conclusion. Based on these results, a model was proposed describing the structure as consisting of chitin and air. By modulating the optical properties of this structure at different angles of incidence, it was observed that the iridescent colors, notably green, blue, and violet, matched the predictions made by this modulation. These colors are the result of constructive interference. In addition, we observed the presence of a photonic band gap when exploring the influence of the periodicity of chitin and air multilayer in the fly on reflection intensity. Thus, a comparative study of the fly and that emerged in water with a different refractive index revealed consistency in our model. Finally, the results obtained improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this coloration and pave the way for the development of new materials inspired by nature, with potential applications in the fields of biomimetic engineering and optics.

Is It Time to Ban Flavored Cigarettes in Asia-Pacific Countries? A Scoping Review.

Flavored cigarettes encourage youth smoking and deter quitting. No country in Asia-Pacific, a region with some of the world's highest smoking rates, has regulated tobacco flavors. We examined market data, academic literature, and gray literature to describe what is known on flavored cigarettes in the Asia-Pacific region. Of the 12 countries for which market data were available, ten had substantial flavored cigarette market shares ranging from 10% to 97%. With no regulations and growing markets for flavor capsule variants, the tobacco industry's ongoing promotion of flavored cigarettes, which targets primarily youth and women, is expected to drive further increases in smoking prevalence. There are significant research and monitoring gaps on the industry's marketing tactics and use of flavored cigarettes in the region. Given the large market shares, Asia-Pacific countries stand to benefit substantially from a tobacco flavors ban.

Development of Chitosan Polysaccharide-Based Magnetic Gel for Direct Red 83:1 Removal from Water.

Water pollution caused by dyes is a significant environmental issue, necessitating the development of effective, cost-efficient decolorization methods suitable for industrial use. In this study, a Chitosan-Fe polymeric gel was synthesized, characterized, and tested for removing the azo dye Direct Red 83:1 from water. The polymeric magnetic chitosan was analyzed using various techniques: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed a porous structure, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated the thermal stability, Infrared Spectrophotometry (IR) indicated the successful coordination of iron at the C3 position, and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of the polymeric structure. Optimal conditions for kinetic and isotherm models were found at 1 g and pH 7.0. Adsorption behavior of Direct Red 83:1 onto magnetic chitosan gel beads was studied through kinetic tests and isotherm curves. The maximum adsorption capacity was 17.46 mg/g (qmax). The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.999) and fit the Temkin isotherm (R2 = 0.946), suggesting heterogeneous surface adsorption. The newly synthesized Chitosan-Fe polymeric gel demonstrated good adsorption properties and facilitated easy separation of purified water.

Safety assessment of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCC5231 and its persistence in gastrointestinal tract

Probiotics are the health beneficial microorganisms and suitable for food industry if found fit for human consumption. In the present study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCC5231, a probiotic bacterium included in vegetable-based beverages, was evaluated for its safety characteristics and gastrointestinal survival using a combined in silico and in vitro approach. The strain was found to be devoid of hemolytic, lecithinase and gelatinase activities. Additionally, it does not consist any transferable antibiotic resistance genes. Further, whole genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of three intact prophages and 14 virulence-associated genes, however, none of them posed a pathogenic threat. Importantly, MCC5231 do not possess any gene associated with toxin production. The strain harbored a CRISPR system, enhancing defense against prophages. Survival assays under simulated gastric and intestinal fluid conditions demonstrated viability rates of 71.4 % and 83.3 %, respectively. Genetic analysis of the mucin binding protein indicated possession of a type II mucin binding domain, suggesting moderate adhesion to intestinal cells. Furthermore, L. plantarum MCC5231 exhibited the ability to produce exopolysaccharides and form biofilms, which may confer additional protection in the gastrointestinal tract. Based on these findings, L. plantarum MCC5231 appears to be a safe probiotic candidate suitable for commercial use in the food industry.

Analysis of the integrated role of the Yangtze River Delta based on the industrial economic resilience of cities during COVID-19

The enhancement of regional comprehensive development ability is significantly impacted by the study on the implementation effect of regional integration strategies. The integration strategy’s impact on urban development during COVID-19 in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is unclear. According to prior industrial transfer theory, Hefei, Anhui’s capital, is difficult to transfer industries, and other YRD cities push industry integration in Anhui. This study employs the theory of economic and land resource use to examine the resilience of the industrial economy during an epidemic by using industrial land as a representation of industrial economic development. The three cities in Anhui—Wuhu, Maanshan, and Chuzhou (Wu-ma-Chu) were selected as the research area. The study employed the UNet deep learning method to detect the land use types in Wu-ma-Chu. The land transfer matrix and the standard deviation ellipse were utilised to research the alterations in industrial land use and the spatial distribution of industrial output value, respectively. The results showed that the industrial land in Machu continued to grow during the outbreak, highlighting the resilience of the region’s industrial economy. During 2019–2022, the elliptical ring of industrial output value is distributed in Nanjing, revealing the radiating role of Nanjing in integrating into the integration of the YRD. This confirms China’s YRD integration strategy, strengthens regional economic resilience, and encourages coordinated regional economic development.

City-level green growth accounting: Evidence from China's thirteen urban agglomerations

Cities play a pivotal role in achieving 'Carbon Peak' and 'Carbon Neutrality' objectives through the implementation of strategies aimed at mitigating environmental risks. While the environmental impacts of industrial production activities have been widely examined, the nuances of their internal structures remain obscure. This study delves into the industrial sector across the 'thirteen urban agglomerations (TUAs)' in mainland China, covering the years 2006–2016, by developing a comprehensive (source-specific and variable-specific) decomposition framework for Malmquist productivity index. The framework is utilized to discern whether efficiency changes or technological advancements drive productivity growth, considering input/output variables such as capital and labor. Findings show that the average annual environmental productivity gain during the examined period was 2.6 %, suggesting a general enhancement in productivity within TUAs' industrial sectors. A detailed breakdown of productivity changes indicates that a combined contribution of 1.8 % to environmental productivity growth stemmed from energy use and pollutant variables, with emissions of industrial sulfur dioxide being the most significant at 0.9 %. Conversely, the 'catch-up effect,' or environmental efficiency change, was negative (−0.2 %), indicating the TUAs' inability to emulate the productivity levels of more advanced areas. Industrial energy use and capital inputs were the primary contributors to this negative trend, each accounting for a −0.2 % impact. The results underscore the importance of facilitating technology transfers from more developed to less advanced regions, especially regarding renewable energy and capital investment, to bolster environmental performance and productivity in the TUAs' industrial sectors.

Engineering High-Performance Composite Cellulose Materials for Fast Hemostasis.

The development of an effective hemostatic agents is of vital importance for saving wounded individuals from uncontrolled hemorrhage, which is the main reason for preventable death after accidental injury. However, current high-performance hemostatic agents suffer from a cumbersome preparation procedures and poor biocompatibility. Here, we engineered a cellulosic-derived aerogel material by simply controlling the drying process of cellulose regeneration for fast hemostasis. Four different freeze-drying pretreatments were investigated. As compared with the other three, the cellulosic aerogel material prepared without freezing pretreatment exhibited the lowest crystallinity (21.3%) and the highest body fluid absorption capacity (20.3 times that of its own weight) due to its super hierarchical porous structure, which led to an excellent hemostatic performance in vitro blood coagulation (≈100 s). Moreover, the addition of gelatin and diatomite in the material could tune the functional groups and electrostatic properties of the aerogel and further enhance its hemostatic performance. Various characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray nanocomputed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential analysis, were carried out to probe the structure-function relationship of the prepared material, and its mechanism of fast hemostasis was thereafter revealed. The results indicate that the developed aerogel is a cost-effective and feasibly scalable hemostatic material suitable for practical use in industry.

Synergistic Methods for Chromium Cleanup Using Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria

Chromium (Cr) pollution contributes a significant threat to environmental and human health due to its widespread industrial use and toxic effects. Among the various remediation strategies, the application of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has emerged as a promising approach. The article explores the synergistic potential of PGPB in enhancing plant-based remediation techniques for chromium cleanup. PGPBs enhance plant growth and stress tolerance through mechanisms such as hormone production, nitrogen fixation, and pathogen inhibition. Key strategies discussed include bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoextraction, and phytostabilization. These methods leverage the abilities of PGPB to promote plant growth, enhance chromium uptake, and immobilize chromium in the soil, thereby reducing its bioavailability and mobility. Case studies and experimental evidence highlight the effectiveness of PGPB in chromium-contaminated environments, demonstrating improved plant growth and metal accumulation. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, field-scale implementation, and ongoing research to harness the full potential of PGPB-mediated phytoremediation for sustainable chromium cleanup.

Non-targeted metabolomics and explainable artificial intelligence: Effects of processing and color on coniferyl aldehyde levels in Eucommiae cortex

Eucommia ulmoides, a plant native to China, is valued for its medicinal properties and has applications in food, health products, and traditional Chinese medicine. Processed Eucommiae Cortex (EC) has historically been a highly valued medicine. Ancient doctors had ample experience processing EC, especially with ginger juice, as documented in traditional Chinese medical texts. The combination of EC and ginger juice helps release and transform the active ingredients, strengthening the medicine's effectiveness and improving its taste and shelf life. However, the lack of quality control standards for Ginger-Eucommiae Cortex (G-EC), processed from EC and ginger, presents challenges for its industrial and clinical use. This study optimized G-EC processing using the CRITIC and Box-Behnken methods. Metabolomics showed 517 chemical changes between raw and processed G-EC, particularly an increase in coniferyl aldehyde (CFA). Explainable artificial intelligence techniques revealed the feasibility of using color to CFA content, providing insights into quality indicators.

Nanostructures for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID‐19: A Review

AbstractViral infections are a significant cause of death globally, resulting in substantial ethical, social, and economic costs. In recent years, the world has experienced the worst epidemic of the current millennium, caused by the Coronavirus 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome. This infection can cause severe complications in various organs, such as the stomach, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Antimicrobial drugs or vaccines can be a practical approach to combating these pathogens. However, there are drug‐resistant or emerging infections that do not have effective drugs or vaccines. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new approaches for early diagnosis, prevention, and effective therapies. So, nanomaterials are widely considered due to their unique properties. This review employs a practical approach to elucidate the role of nanostructures against COVID‐19. Also, the effects and benefits of various types of nanostructures are discussed that have been used to diagnose, prevent, and treat COVID‐19 in recent years. Furthermore, by evaluating different nanostructures, the utilization of biocompatible nanoparticles consisting of selenium and chitosan derivatives is suggested as a promising candidate for industrial use in the fight against COVID‐19. Ultimately, this study can offer insight into the potential applications of nanomaterials in combating emerging microbial infections.

Extraction and Partial Purification of Glucoamylase from Rhizopus oryzae by Solid State Fermentation using Agro-Industrial Residues

Background: Filamentous fungi are used to produce many industrial enzymes because these fungi have a great ability to produce such enzymes, especially when using solid substrates that are usually low in cost. The widespread use of this enzyme has made it very important to work on improving its production to achieve the maximum possible benefit.Methods: Five fungal isolates were obtained from soil and decaying fruits and vegetables. All isolates were identified as Rhizopus spp. and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates escorted by starch 1%. The appearance of clearance zones around the fungal colonies represents the ability of fungi to produce Glucoamylase. Different solid substrates, nitrogen sources, and temperatures were used to improve enzyme production.Results: Wheat bran gave the highest enzyme production with specific activity 6.25 U/mg, and yeast extract was the potent inducer for enzyme production with specific activity 9.28 U/mg. The optimal temperature for enzyme production was 30°C with specific activity10.27U/mg. Maximum specific activity 18.40U/mg was recorded at 55% saturation with ammonium sulfate precipitation. The result showed increased specific activity 24.84U/mg with dialysis. Partial purification of the enzyme revealed that pH5 was optimum for enzyme-specific activity 9.2U/ml; higher enzyme-specific activity was found with MnSO4 (11.83U/ml) as the best enzyme inducer.Conclusion: This investigation attempted to examine R. oryzae as an effective maker of GA. Innovative work into the nearby creation of GA for industrial use utilizing local resources has demonstrated financial effectiveness. It requires improvement into consistency as needed by worldwide associations dealing with industrial enzymes. Keywords: Glucoamylase; Production; Partial purification; Rhizopus oryzae; Solid state fermentation