Use In Fish Feed Research Articles

Selenized non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their potential use in fish feed.

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element, essential for growth and other biological functions in fish. Its significance lies in its role as a fundamental component of selenoproteins, which are crucial for optimal functioning of the organism. The inclusion of Se in the diets of farmed animals, including fish, has proved invaluable in mitigating the challenges arising from elemental deficiencies experienced in captivity conditions due to limitations in the content of fishmeal. Supplementing diets with Se enhances physiological responses, particularly mitigates the effects of the continuous presence of environmental stress factors. Organic Se has been shown to have higher absorption rates and a greater impact on bioavailability and overall health than inorganic forms. A characteristic feature of yeasts is their rapid proliferation and growth, marked by efficient mineral assimilation. Most of the selenized yeasts currently available in the market, and used predominantly in animal production and aquaculture, are based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which contains selenomethionine (Se-Met). The object of this review is to highlight the importance of selenized yeasts. In addition, it presents metabolic and productive aspects of other yeast genera that are important potential sources of organic selenium. Some yeast strains discussed produce metabolites of interest such as lipids, pigments, and amino acids, which could have applications in aquaculture and further enrich their usefulness.

Penyuluhan penggunaan pakan berwawasan lingkungan kepada pembudidaya keramba jaring apung di Danau Laut Tawar Aceh Tengah (Counseling on the use of environmentally conscious feeding to floating net cage farmers in the Lake Laut Tawar Aceh Tengah)

Cultivating Floating Net Cages on Lake Laut Tawar has become an activity supporting the people's economy. The profits obtained by cultivators range from IDR 2.5 – 7 million per maintenance period. However, on the other hand, this activity can reduce the carrying capacity of the waters of Lake Laut Tawar due to waste pollution originating from leftover feed. One of the impacts is the mass death of fish in the floating net cages. The core problem of this problem is the lack of knowledge of Floating net cage cultivators and workers regarding feed management and water pollution. This problem can be solved by increasing the knowledge of Floating net cage farmers and workers in Lake Laut Tawar. The method used in this activity was counseling on using environmentally friendly feed in the Floating Net Cage system for fish farming in Lake Laut Tawar, Central Aceh. The aim and output targetted of this community service activity were to increase the application of science and technology in the community, in the form of improving the management of the use of fish feed d in floating net cages system. Evaluation of the level of success and satisfaction of participants was carried out using a questionnaire. Based on an analysis of the level of satisfaction and success, 80-90% of farmers are very satisfied with this community service activity. The benefits of this activity provide knowledge and positive motivation for partners in tilapia culture in floating net cages by increasing production as well as protecting the environment from pollution.

Profitability of Using Five Different Commercial Tilapia Starter Feeds on the Ghanaian Market in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Fingerlings Production

Choice and use of fish feed should not only depend on good fish growth but also, on higher returns on investment. Growth performance and cost-effectiveness of five tilapia starter feeds (Aller Aqua, ARDECFeed, Koudijs, Naam Papa and Raanan) to produce Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were investigated. The feeds, with crude protein (CP) contents ranging from 42.0 to 60.0%, were randomly coded A, B, C, D and E. The study was conducted in fifteen fine mesh net hapas, each of dimensions 5.0x2.0x1.2 m, installed in three 0.2-hectare earthen ponds with each containing a replicate of each feed type. Nile tilapia fry, ranging from 0.05 to 0.08 g with an initial mean weight of 0.06±0.01 g were stocked at 500 fry hapa-1 and they were fed at 20.0% of their biomass; three times daily. The feeding rate was reduced to 10% when the fry attained mean weights ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 g and finally to 5.0% when they were greater than 5.0 g. The feeding trial lasted for nine weeks (63 days). Fry final mean weight ranged from 17.34±9.12 to 23.62±14.39 g, with B being significantly higher (Tukey`s HSDT, P<0.05) whilst there were no significant differences (ANOVA, P>0.05) among A, C, D and E. The profit indices ranged from 4.13±0.55 to 14.63±0.38, with D being the highest and B, the least. Hence, tilapia hatchery operators should opt for feeds that give higher profit indices, lower production and incidence costs for fingerlings production.

Life Cycle Assessment of Black Soldier Fly, Yellow Mealworm and Soybean Protein for Use in Fish Feed

As the consumption of fish in the human diet increases, a larger amount of production is needed. The growing demand for fish also has an impact on fish feed, its production efficiency and the sustainability of using raw materials. To evaluate the sustainability of raw materials and the impact on the environment, three protein alternatives are compared – black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and soybean. Each alternative has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of black soldier fly and yellow mealworm are a valuable source of protein, sustainable growth (as feed can be used for food waste) and no need for arable land. Disadvantages of black soldier fly and yellow mealworm are price, an unbalanced diet can negatively affect growth, and nutritional value effect on the fish vary depending on fly or mealworm species. The advantages of soybeans are price, availability and high protein content, but the disadvantages are a lack of essential amino acids that affect the quality of fish and poor palatability. An LCA study has been carried out for the black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and soybean protein. From PEFCR most relevant impact categories are climate change, particulate matter, acidification, land use, eutrophication terrestrial and water use. The total single score value for black soldier fly protein is 1.43E+01 μPt, for yellow mealworm protein is 3.89E+02 μPt and for soybean protein is 9.72E+01 μPt. Large impact is from electricity consumption, used components for feed. Sensitivity analysis was performed for black soldier fly protein and yellow mealworm protein production, where feed composition was changed. In sensitivity analysis environmental impact is less from the new feed structure. The reason might be that the new feed structure has used food waste and wheat as feed ingredients.

Full replacement of fish oil with algae oil in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) – Debottlenecking omega 3

The global goal of developing sustainable aquafeed has faced increased complexity in sourcing raw materials. The limited availability of fish oil (FO) is a well-known bottleneck for the aquaculture industry and pairing it with EFSA (EFSA CONTAM, 2018) reduced tolerable weekly intake of marine contaminants [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCB)] creates another challenge for wild caught FO and its use in fish feed. In recent years, commercial algal alternatives have increasingly become available. Not only would omega-3 sources from algae reduce the reliance on FO; it would allow for restoration of the long chain omega-3 levels in farmed salmon. To this end, a study was conducted to establish knowledge on full replacement of FO by algae oil (Schizochytrium sp.) in Atlantic salmon with the aim of reducing contaminants levels in the fillet and maintaining the level of omega-3 fatty acid (FA), growth performance, health, and final product quality. Atlantic salmon (531 g) were distributed into twelve 5 × 5 × 5 m sea cages and fed one of four diets for 369 days: a control diet (Control) containing FO + rapeseed oil (VO1); a diet where AlgaPrime (AP) replaced 50% of the sum of EPA + DHA from FO (50AP + VO1); a diet where AP replaced 100% of the sum of EPA + DHA from FO (100AP + VO1), and a diet the same as the previous but using linseed instead of rapeseed oil (VO2; 100AP + VO2). All diets were balanced for key micronutrients. At the end of the trial, zootechnical parameters were obtained, health and welfare assessed, and final fillet quality analysed for contaminants and fillet quality post slaughter. Full replacement of FO significantly reduced the levels of PCDD/F and DLPCB in the fillet of 4 kg salmon by 70% and 79% respectively for 100AP + VO1 and 40% and 43% respectively for 100AP + VO2 fed fish. Fish gained an average of 3.7 kg across treatments (average final weight 4235.8 g ± 191.8); almost an 8-fold increase for all treatments. No significant differences were found among diets for performance, feed intake, gut health, histology, welfare, pigmentation, or fillet quality. This study demonstrates that AlgaPrime can be used to fully replace FO in Atlantic salmon grower feed without negative effects, achieving an important impact on food safety and sustainability for aquafeed producers and salmon consumers.

Protein Alternatives for Use in Fish Feed – Life Cycle Assessment of Black Soldier Fly, Yellow Mealworm and Soybean Protein

Abstract More production is needed as fish consumption increases. The increasing demand for fish also has implications for fish feed, the efficiency of its production and sustainability. Three protein alternatives – Black Soldier Fly, Yellow Mealworm, and Soybean – are compared to assess the sustainability of raw materials and their environmental impact. Each alternative has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of Black Soldier fly and Yellow Mealworm are a valuable source of protein, sustainable growth (as the feed can be used in food waste) and no need for arable land. The disadvantages of Black Soldier fly and Yellow Mealworm are cost, unbalanced diets can adversely affect growth, and the nutritional impact on fish varies depending on the species of fly or mealworm. The advantages of soybeans are price, availability, and high protein content, while the disadvantages are the lack of essential amino acids, which affect the quality of the fish, and poor taste. An LCA study has been carried out on the proteins of black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and soybean. The most important impact categories from the PEFCR are climate change, particulate matter, acidification, land use, terrestrial eutrophication, and water use. The total single point value for the Black Soldier fly protein is 1.43E+01 µPt, the Yellow mealworm protein is 3.89E+02 µPt and the Soybean protein is 9.72E+01 µPt. The significant effect is due to the electricity consumption and the ingredients used in the feed. Sensitivity analysis was carried out for Black Soldier fly protein and Yellow Mealworm protein production where feed formulation was varied. In both sensitivity analyses, the lower environmental impact is from the new feed structure, which may be due to the use of food waste and wheat as feed ingredients in the new feed structure.

Produksi Pakan Berbahan Baku Utama Maggot pada Kegiatan Budi Daya Ikan Lele di Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka

One of the main problems in aquaculture is cost of fish feed. Self made feed can reduce cost for buying commercial feed. Maggot is an organism that can be used as an ingredient in making independent feed. The purpose of this activity is to disseminate technology by utilizing maggot as the main raw material in making own fish feed to minimize production costs.This activity was carried out in fish farmers. They are located in Dusun Bukit Dempo, Kelurahan Bukit Ketok, Kecamatan Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka. The method was carried out by disseminating technology in making fish feed based on maggot raw materials using simple applied technology. The use of fish feed from maggot raw materials was be able to catfish harvests and reduced the use of commercial fish feed, thereby minimizing production costs. The results of the economic calculation of the comparison of the use of commercial feed with feed from maggot flour in catfish cultivation resulted in a margin of Rp. 399,000 for a stocking density of 1,000 fish with a survival rate of 80% and a harvest size of 7 fish/kg. Feed from maggot flour can be consumed by cultivated Catfish and increase the weight and normal growth of Catfish.

Effect of Solid-state Fermented Aquafeed on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes and Innate Immunity of Rohu, Labeo rohita

Background: There is a scope of increasing the aquaculture production by use of fish feed produced from non-conventional ingredients and also improvement in the quality of feed by solid-state fermentation. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid-state fermented aquafeed on growth performance, digestive enzymes and innate immunity of rohu, Labeo rohita.Methods: Fish feed containing sesame oil cake and mahua oil cake was fermented through solid-state fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then compared with a non-fermented control feed with the same formula.Result: Solid-state fermentation increased crude protein (CP), decreased crude fibre (CF) and also lowered (p less than 0.05) anti-nutritional factors (ANF) of fish feed. After five months of experimental feeding, weight gain and digestibility of nutrients like dry matter, crude protein and ether extract were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in fish of fermented feed fed group than the control group. Furthermore, non-specific immune parameters such as lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and haemolytic activities and intestinal enzyme activity of fish fed with fermented feed increased significantly (p less than 0.05) compared to fish fed control feed. It is concluded that feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented feed could improve the growth, digestive enzymes activity and immunity of Rohu, Labeo rohita.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves enhances disease resistance in Channa punctata from Vibrio harveyi infection

BackgroundChanna punctata, Indian spotted snakehead, has a great economic value in south and south-east Asia being an important protein source for humans. Fish cultures are affected due to various bacterial and viral infections. Vibrio harveyi is a fish pathogenic bacteria which causes several outbreaks throughout the world and leads to huge mortalities. In this study, leaves of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) were used to investigate its immunostimulatory potential in Channa punctata.ResultsThe immunostimulatory effects of water hyacinth leaves were studied in fish fed with 2.5% and 5% supplementary feed (experimental groups) in comparison to normal feed (control groups). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of E. crassipes methanol extract showed presence of various components which have immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential, and presence of phenol and flavonoids in methanol and ethanol extracts supported its use in fish feed. The healthy acclimatized fish were challenged with V. harveyi weekly. Liver function tests, alkaline phosphatase levels, and immunoglobulin content in the experimental groups were improved with respect to those in the positive control group. The spleen and head kidney were obtained at the final day of experiment, and macrophages were isolated; higher percentage of phagocytosis and phagocytic index indicated enhanced cell-mediated immune response in fish due to supplemented feed.ConclusionPlant-infused feed with leaves of E. crassipes can be recommended as a regular feed supplement to enhance fish immunity and disease resistance against the V. harveyi infection.

EFEKTIFITAS TEPUNG IKAN LOKAL DALAM PENYUSUNAN RANSUM PAKAN IKAN NILA Oreochromis niloticus

Dalam industri perikanan budidaya, pakan memegang peranan yang cukup vital karena lebih dari 50% biaya produksi adalah untuk biaya pengadaan pakan. Pakan yang digunakan tidak hanya harus mengandung kadar nutrisi yang baik, tetapi juga terjangkau secara ekonomis. Semakin baik kualitas pakan, diiringi dengan semakin murah pakan tersebut, maka keberhasilan kegiatan produksi ikan dapat terjamin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan penggunaan tepung ikan lokal sebagai pengganti tepung ikan komersil dalam formulasi pakan ikan nila. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah pemberian ikan dengan pakan buatan yang terbuat dari kombinasi tepung ikan lokal dengan tepung ikan komersial dengan dosis yang berbeda. Perlakuan dalam penelitian adalah A (tepung ikan komersil 30% + tepung ikan lokal 0%), B (tepung ikan komersil 20% + tepung ikan lokal 10%), C (tepung ikan komersil 10% + tepung ikan lokal 20%), dan D (tepung ikan komersil 0% + tepung ikan local 30%). Hasil uji analisis ragam (ANOVA) menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap nilai Survival Rate (SR), namun memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap nilai Spesifik Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Convertion Ration (FCR) dan kadar Glukosa Darah (GD). Nilai SR berturut-turut dari perlakuan A, B, C, dan D adalah 96.7 %, 96.7 %, 96.7 %, dan 100 %. Nilai SGR berturut-turut dari perlakuan A, B, C, dan D adalah 0.15 %/hari, 0.24 %/hari, 0.29 %/hari, 0,35 %/hari. Nilai FCR berturut-turut dari perlakuan A, B, C, dan D adalah 10.25, 7.47, 5.00, dan 4.16. Nilai GD berturut-turut dari perlakuan A, B, C, dan D adalah 217.67 mg/dL, 160.33 mg/dL, 155.00 mg/dL, dan 132.67 mg/dL. Kualitas air selama penelitian masih tergolong dalam kisaran optimum kualitas air pemeliharan ikan nila, yaitu suhu 29.0?31.9 oC, pH 7.0?8.2, DO 4,3?5,9 mg/L, dan amonia 0,0011–0,0293 mg/L. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan penelitian ini adalah, penggunaan pakan ikan dengan menggunakan formulasi bahan baku tepung ikan lokal dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti tepung ikan komersil.

Use of glycerol in fish nutrition: a review

AbstractCrude glycerol and its purified and synthesized forms derived from biodiesel production are non‐toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible and versatile, and can be converted into various chemicals or products for biological use. Among the possible uses, there is its use in fish feeding, due to the chemical and nutritional composition, for being classified as energetic food and has low cost. The possibility of using glycerol in fish diets has been motivated by increasing maize prices, the excessive amount of glycerol produced and its processing costs for other purposes. Glycerol use in fish diet formulations is feasible, provided that certain factors be evaluated, such as digestibility and inclusion levels. In this context, this review discussed the main aspects that must be taken into account regarding glycerol use in fish diets, such as the characteristics and chemical composition of its categories, their fish metabolism pathways and their influence on fish plasma glucose. Crude glycerol or glycerine displays good potential for use in fish feed, as it contains adequate energy concentrations and can replace part of fish feed maize. However, it is evident that assessments concerning specific physiological phases, such as fish in reproductive phases, as well glycerol stability in water, are required.

Qualitative characteristics of blood meal and feather meal in connection with the possibility of its use in fish feed

The article considers the groundlessness of the analysis of free fatty acids in dry animal feed through the example of blood meal and feather meal. The joint use of methods for determining ammonia and total volatile nitrogen to assess the degree of hydrolysis of feather meal used in aquaculture is proposed.

Comparison of β-carotene and Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in mullet (Mugil liza) diets and effects on antioxidant performance and fillet colouration

The addition of pure carotenoids is a common practice in some aquaculture species production since its use in fish feed is known to improve carcass and antioxidant capacity. Spirulina (Arthrospira) cyanobacteria are a rich source of carotenoids that has proven health benefits for fish welfare. In the current experiment, four isonitrogenous (38%) isolipidic (9%) diets were made, including a control diet (free of β-carotene and Spirulina, SP0), β-carotene diet (50 mg kg−1, β0), and two Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) diets with 2% (SP2) and 4% (SP4) of total feed inclusion. The experimental diets were given to juvenile mullets in a controlled recirculation system. The parameters evaluated were growth, colour, total carotene content of muscle, and antioxidant capacity of the liver and muscle. Significant differences were found (p < 0.05) in the final weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio between the SP0 treatment and the β0, SP2, and SP4 treatments. The colorimetric analysis showed that the redness and carotene deposition in muscle of mullet is statistically the same between β0 and SP4. Mullets fed with Spirulina (SP2 and SP4 treatments) had a statistical higher antioxidant capacity against radical peroxyls in liver tissue, showing lower lipid peroxidation (TBARS). In conclusion, Spirulina can be a suitable substitute for pure β-carotene addition in fish diets, improving some of the health benefits from this carotene.

Early life stages of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are sensitive to fish feed containing the anti-parasitic drug diflubenzuron

Increasing use of fish feed containing the chitin synthesis inhibiting anti-parasitic drug diflubenzuron (DFB) in salmon aquaculture has raised concerns over its impact on coastal ecosystems. Larvae of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) were exposed to DFB medicated feed under Control conditions (7.0 °C, pH 8.0) and under Ocean Acidification and Warming conditions (OAW, 9.5 °C and pH 7.6). Two weeks’ exposure to DFB medicated feed caused significantly increased mortality. The effect of OAW and DFB on mortality of shrimp larvae was additive; 10% mortality in Control, 35% in OAW, 66% in DFB and 92% in OAW + DFB. In OAW + DFB feeding and swimming activity were reduced for stage II larvae and none of the surviving larvae developed to stage IV. Two genes involved in feeding (GAPDH and PRLP) and one gene involved in moulting (DD9B) were significantly downregulated in larvae exposed to OAW + DFB relative to the Control. Due to a shorter intermoult period under OAW conditions, the OAW + DFB larvae were exposed throughout two instead of one critical pre-moult period. This may explain the more serious sub-lethal effects for OAW + DFB than DFB larvae. A single day exposure at 4 days after hatching did not affect DFB larvae, but high mortality was observed for OAW + DFB larvae, possibly because they were exposed closer to moulting. High mortality of shrimp larvae exposed to DFB medicated feed, indicates that the use of DFB in salmon aquaculture is a threat to crustacean zooplankton.

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) protein concentrates: production methods and nutritional properties for use in fish feed.

The purpose of this study was to develop and improve protein concentration techniques for two industrial by-products with the potential for use in fish feed. In particular, we chemically characterized crambe meal and sunflower meal and their protein concentrates. Three different protein concentration methods were tested: isoelectric pH (pHi), acid pH and alkaline pH. For crambe and sunflower meals extraction using the pHi method was most efficient in terms of protein yield and crude protein content in the concentrates; this method also increased lysine and methionine content in the concentrates. The water holding capacity of the sunflower protein concentrate was greater than that of the crambe protein concentrate. The crambe protein concentrate had a foam-formation capacity of 15%, which stabilized at 6% after 90 minutes. The protein concentration method also reduced total phenolic content by approximately 50% in the concentrates compared with the meals. Therefore, we conclude that protein concentration using the pHi method is the most efficient technique for crambe and sunflower meals, and the use of this technique can decrease total phenolic compounds while improving meal quality for fish feeding.

Особливості накопичення маси у цьоголіток і дволіток райдужної форелі

Freshwater growing of rainbow trout is one of the main directions of production of fish products in Ukraine. Improving the technology of cultivation of marketable rainbow trout fisheries is an urgent task of fisheries’ science. The aim of research is to explore rainbow trout growth and feed efficiency in the commodity cultivation of the fish in the tank fisheries with using of river water. The recearch was conducted under conditions of farm fisheries "Sloboda-Banyliv" located in Vizhnitsya district of Chernivtsi region. The total basin area – 1100 m 2 . Water supply of tanks is river and ram. Research materials are fingerlings of rainbow trout. The fish were fed of combaned feed produced by Danish company "BioMar". The used methods are common in fish culture. The water temperature and the concentration of dissolved oxygen was measured daily. Catching of rainbow trout in tanks was every ten days with aim to determine fish growth rate and feed efficiency. There were studied peculiarities of accumulation of the mass of fish depending on seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dissolved oxygen. There was established of parameters of the aquatic environment for the most efficient storage mass of rainbow trout and the use of fish feed. Maximum grows rate and feed conversion was in the water with temperature 18 0 C and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water of not less than 8 mg O / liter. There has found that working conditions were favorable for tanks management and commodity production of rainbow trout for eight months. It was recommended to optimize the timing of rearing rainbow trout in this fish farm by shifting cultivation fish beginning of the season one month earlier.

DSM, Evonik form omega-3 joint venture

DSM and Evonik Industries are setting up a joint venture to make omega-3 fatty acids from natural marine algae for use in fish feed and pet food. The venture, called Veramaris, will spend $200 million to build an omega-3 fatty acid facility at an existing Evonik site in the U.S. It will go onstream in 2019. The firms have already made pilot-scale quantities of the oil at DSM’s facility in Kingstree, S.C. The new plant will turn out a “highly concentrated algal oil,” the partners say, using algae production expertise from DSM and industrial-scale fermentation know-how from Evonik. Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fats that include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Initial output from the planned facility will meet about 15% of the farmed salmon industry’s demand for EPA and DHA, the two firms say. Fish use omega-3 for metabolic functions and as a cellular

Environmental assessment of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata) farming from a life cycle perspective: A case study of a Tunisian aquaculture farm

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to assess potential environmental impacts generated by production of 1ton of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) on a sea-cage aquaculture farm in Tunisia. The studied farm produces 2100tons of fish per year. Impact categories included in the current study were acidification, eutrophication, global warming, land occupation, total cumulative energy demand and Net Primary Production Use (NPPuse). In addition, a refinement of “sea use” impact category was proposed to assess impacts of aquaculture on the area of sea required and seabed degradation. Calculations were performed using the software SimaPro® 8.0, and the database ecoinvent 3.0 was used for background data. Uncertainty analysis was performed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Results of this study indicate that seabass rearing has lower mean impact than seabream rearing for all the impact categories considered. However, no significant differences were observed in all the impact categories except the global warming. Fish feed is the main contributor to most of the impacts studied, which is directly related to production of fish meal and oil as feed ingredients and the large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus released into the environment. Management decisions aiming to optimize production and use of fish feed may have a positive impact on the environmental performance of the farm. It is essential to optimize diet formulation and to follow better feeding strategies and farming practices (e.g. stock management, feed distribution, accurate ration calculation) to lower feed-conversion ratios and consequently improve the environmental performance of aquaculture farms. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing decisions for improving environmental sustainability of aquaculture because it performs overall impact assessment and helps identify main areas for improvement.

PENERAPAN CARA BUDIDAYA IKAN YANG BAIK PADA PEMBESARAN UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DI PESISIR DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

This study aims to apply a good fish farming methods and determine factors that influence development the vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the coast of Yogyakarta Special Region. This research also aims to find out an applicable technology of shrimp aquaculture for fish farmers in the coastal area of Special Region of Yogyakarta. The basic method used in this research is descriptive research with research instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The descriptive research aims to provide a picture of a society, a particular group of people or a picture of a symptom. Data collection techniques are conducted by interviews and structured observation to obtain a more detailed picture of a phenomenon. The location of the research is determined by purposive sampling, focusing on Sidorejo, Banaran, Galur, Kulon Progo, Kuwaru and Ngentak, Poncosari, Srandakan, Bantul. The reason for taking 3 areas is because as the center of production of shrimp vaname first and the longest operates in the coastal area ofSpecial Region of Yogyakarta. Respondents were determined by proportionate random sampling from 3 specified areas. This research took place from June 18, 2015, to July 12, 2015. The results showed the application of the good fish farming method on the activity of enlargement of shrimp vaname (L. vannamei) on the coast of Special Region of Yogyakarta covers 10 parameters. These ten parameters include site selection; determination of construction layout and design; selection of cultivation containers; biosecurity; selection of fish seed (shrimp); use of fish feed (shrimp); use of probiotics; use of disinfectants; harvesting method and harvesting equipment. Application of good fish farming method at vaname shrimp (L. vannamei) aquaculture development in the coast of Yogyakarta Special Region averaged at 62.24%. Factors that influence the application of good fish farming in the shrimp aquaculture development activities are the existence of communication and socialization services on the technical methods for the shrimp aquaculture by employees of feed and probiotics companies. Counseling (communication and socialization), verification (recording) and control in the form of certification has not been done by the Department of Marine and Fisheries of Indonesia. The technology of vaname shrimp farming (L. vannamei) applied by farmers in the coast of Yogyakarta Special Region is semi-intensive technology.

Impact of Fish Farming on Phosphorus in Reservoir Sediments.

Fish farming has seriously influenced the aquatic environment in Sancha reservoir in SW China since 1985 and has been strongly restricted since 2005. Thus, phosphorus speciation in a sediment core dated between 1945 and 2010 at cm-resolution and in surface sediments from Sancha reservoir may allow us track how fish farming impacts phosphorus dynamics in lake sediments. Fish farming shifts the major binding forms of phosphorus in sediments from organic to residual phosphorus, which mostly originated from fish feed. Sorption to metal oxides and association with organic matters are important mechanisms for phosphorus immobilisation with low fish farming activities, whereas calcium-bound phosphorous had an essential contribution to sediment phosphorus increases under intensive fish framing. Notwithstanding the shifting, the aforementioned phosphorus fractions are usually inert in the lake environment, therefore changing phosphorus mobility little. The use of fish feed and water-purification reagents, the most important additives for fish farming, introduce not only phosphorus but also large amounts of sand-sized minerals such as quartz into the lake, to which phosphorus weakly sorbs. The sand-sized minerals as additional sorbents increase the pool of easily mobilisable phosphorus in sediments, which will slow down the recovery of reservoir water due to its rapid re-mobilisation.