Use Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Melting and solidification analysis of paraffin phase change material in a circular space, molecular dynamics simulation

The increasing use of renewable energy sources has led to more studies in the field of eliminating the weaknesses of these sources. The use of energy storage systems is one of these things that increase the sustainability of renewable resources and reduce the share of fossil fuel resources in daily energy consumption. One of the most important things in heat storage systems is the use of suitable phase change materials (PCM). In this research, the behavior of paraffin, as a well-known PCM, is investigated on a molecular scale. For this purpose, an annular space has been selected as a nanochannel and the behavior of this material inside it has been investigated in different states. First, the thermal performance of this PCM is investigated. Then, the effect of its temperature on index parameters such as viscosity, heat flux, thermal conductivity, charge time, discharge time, and phase change time are evaluated. The research results show that increasing initial temperature (from 300 K to 350 K) improves the performance of PCM (the duration of charging and discharging are increased from 1.78 and 2.15 ns to 1.41 and 2.24 ns, respectively.). In addition, increasing the speed of the material also reduces the charging and discharging time to 1.65 and 2.09 ns, respectively. Increasing the diameter ratios also changes the indicator times to 2.18 and 2.03 ns, respectively.

Constructing N, Se co-doped carbon nanofibers encapsulated with hollow FeSe2 nanospheres as electrodes for energy storage

Iron selenide (FeSe2), a p-type narrow band gap (1.0 eV) semiconductor, has been considered as a potential electrode material for electrochemical energy storage owing to its many benefits, including quick electron transfer, excellent electrical conductivity and exceptional theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the volumetric expansion, agglomeration, low ion-diffusion capacity and other inadequacies in the process of discharging and charging. Therefore, FeSe2 is far short of high initial coulomb efficiency, long-cycle stability, and excellent rate performance. The greatest obstacle to the practical use of energy storage systems is these drawbacks. Herein, the electrospinning and a thermally-induced selenization route are adopted to encapsulate the FeSe2 hollow nanospheres into the intertwined Se, N co-doped carbon nanofibers (Se, N-FeSe2CNFs). Density functional theory calculation delivers that Se, N-FeSe2CNFs nanocomposite presents extremely low bandgap and high density of states at the Femi level, demonstrating significantly increased conductivity. When assembling into the all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors (ASSSCs), the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs ASSSCs provide a remarkable specific capacity of 330.2 F g−1 and maintain 92.0% after 5000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Meanwhile, the resistance of charge transfer decreases from 0.73 Ω (FeSe2) to 0.28 Ω (Se, N-FeSe2CNFs). Moreover, the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs ASSSCs deliver 128.6 Wh kg−1 (energy density) at about 800 W kg−1 (power density). Additionally, the Se, N-FeSe2CNFs anodes also have outstanding reversible capacity (549.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and stability of long-circulation (481.3 mAh g−1 after 100 circles and 480.9 mAh g−1 after 200 circles at 0.1 A g−1) for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The superb property of energy storage can be due to the encapsulated structure that can maintain the integrity of structures for electrodes during electrochemical reactions and the Se, N heteroatoms doped CNFs that can conducive to ions/charges transport and storage. The designed encapsulated structure and synthesis approach have broad application prospects in electrochemical energy storage.

Decoration of sea-urchin-like NiCoP coated with WSe2@ZnS as an advanced electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors

The manufacture of creative, efficient, and effective electrodes for use in energy storage systems is an ideal solution to the energy crisis. As a superior electrode for use in energy storage applications, we have synthesized Nickel cobalt phosphate (NiCoP) that has been covered with WSe2@ZnS using the hydrothermal approach described in our current work. The targeted hybrid supercapacitor electrode consists of NiCoP/WSe2@ZnS and has a high specific capacity of approximately 2,416 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1. Moreover, it has shown excellent cycling stability, retaining 96% of its capacity after 5000 cycles. NiCoP/WSe2@ZnS is employed as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) is used as the negative electrode in the asymmetric supercapacitor. This permits the device to have a capacitance of 178 Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5 mAg−1. The manufactured asymmetric supercapacitor has a power density of 1064 Wkg−1 and a maximum energy storage capacity of 46.4 Whkg−1. Because of its outstanding electrochemical properties, metal phosphate will soon be recognized as a novel and attractive active material with potentially useful in energy storage applications.

Power pool‐based supervisory coordinate control strategy for DC microgrids

SummaryStandalone DC microgrids are progressively becoming explored in the modern power system. Proper voltage regulation and effective power distribution among sources are the main challenges for DC microgrid operation. A supervisory coordinated control strategy for proportionate power‐sharing and enhanced voltage regulation is presented in this paper to overcome these challenges. The formation of multiple power pools on the basis of available power from each renewable energy source (RES) is a crucial element of this approach. It modifies the power sharing between power pools and individual sources based on the amount of power available in the sources. In addition, for effective power management, it coordinates the operation of all power pools with all RESs. Also, by reducing the charging and discharging cycle of energy storage systems (ESSs), it is possible to make effective use of ESSs. The proposed control adapts to intermittent RESs and changes in the microgrid network. The proposed method's capabilities are validated by experimental results.

Innovative Materials for Batteries

In the struggle for the reduction of carbon emission, the use of energy storage systems is becoming more and more widespread, and the wider applications require a continuous upgrading of the batteries’ performances [...]

Hybridization of graphene into NiCo2S4 hybrid composites as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors

NiCo2S4 is one of the most promising bimetallic sulfides for use in energy-storage systems, but more studies are needed to endow NiCo2S4 (NCS) with a high electrochemical reaction capability and reversibility. In this work, we present rationally materials design of an optimal NiCo2S4 nanoparticle in a graphene (G) matrix as a NiCo2S4/graphene nanocomposite (NCSG). A uniform composite with NiCo2S4 nanoparticles anchored on graphene sheets is fabricated through an innovative one-step hydrothermal method. The XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, HRTEM and EDS analyses are performed for characterizing the morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared NiCo2S4/graphene composite. Furthermore, we report the improvements in the materials technology, demonstrating the NiCo2S4/graphene (NCSG) nanocomposite electrode with an excellent specific capacitance of 1500 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1, high capacitance retention of 85.6 %, and long cycle life of 6500 cycles. The practical application is showcased in an asymmetric supercapacitor with a high active-material loading. Tremendously, the produced NiCo2S4/AC asymmetric supercapacitor has a high energy density of 43.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 920 W kg−1.

Integrating scenario-based stochastic-model predictive control and load forecasting for energy management of grid-connected hybrid energy storage systems

In the context of renewable energy systems, microgrids (MG) are a solution to enhance the reliability of power systems. In the last few years, there has been a growing use of energy storage systems (ESSs), such as hydrogen and battery storage systems, because of their environmentally-friendly nature as power converter devices. However, their short lifespan represents a major challenge to their commercialization on a large scale. To address this issue, the control strategy proposed in this paper includes cost functions that consider the degradation of both hydrogen devices and batteries. Moreover, the proposed controller uses scenarios to reflect the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources (RESs) and load demand. The objective of this paper is to integrate a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy for an economical/environmental MG coupled with hydrogen and battery ESSs, which interacts with the main grid and external consumers. The system's participation in the electricity market is also managed. Numerical analyses are conducted using RESs profiles, and spot prices of solar panels and wind farms in Abu Dhabi, UAE, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in the presence of uncertainties. Based on the results, the developed control has been proven to effectively manage the integrated system by meeting overall constraints and energy demands, while also reducing the operational cost of hydrogen devices and extending battery lifetime.

Evaluation of the limiting conditions for operation of a large electrochemical energy storage system

In the last decade, a considerable role has been given to the development of renewable energy sources (Gielen et al., 2019) [1]. However, the unsteadiness of the wind load and insolation is a significant constraint for the transition to non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES) - wind turbines and solar panels (Barra et al., 2021) [2]. The use of energy storage systems (ESS) is a necessary factor in the energy transition (Ademulegun et al., 2021) [7]. However, the electrical energy transfer from typical electrochemical energy storage devices to the consumer is accompanied with the dissipation of part of this energy as heat (Henke et al., 2020) [26]. For this reason, it is advisable to assess the overheating of such storage devices, which may lead to a significant decrease in capacitive and resource characteristics (Collath et al., 2022) [43], and in some cases even to ignition and explosions (Murarka et al., 2022) [44]. The article defines the limiting conditions for the operation of electrochemical energy storage devices in a typical autonomous local energy system.

태양광 연계 에너지저장장치 내부 환경 특성 분석

This paper analyzed internal environmental impact of energy storage device facilities connected to the photovoltaic power generation system. The use of energy storage system is increasing for demanding in new renewable energy (photovoltaic power, wind power, etc.) and adjusting frequency regulation(FR) in system operation.BRSince fires are concentrated in energy storage systems for connection with renewable energy, it is necessary to find the cause of the fire through analysis of the on-site installation environment and operation. This paper analyzes the internal environmental characteristics of energy storage systems connected to photovoltaic power generation and proposes a safety plan.

Investigation on the structural and ion transport properties of magnesium salt doped HPMC-PVA based polymer blend for energy storage applications

The effects of Mg (NO3)2. 6H2O salt on an eco-friendly biopolymer blend matrix comprising hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is presented in this work which is prepared using the solution casting method. Structural, chemical composition (functional moieties), morphological, and thermal features were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR spectrum and XRD pattern confirmed that the magnesium nitrate salt was dissolved, and complexation was observed through a coordination bond and a hydrogen bond with -OH and -CH groups in the host polymer blend. The glass transition temperature (Tg) values of HPMC:PVA composites are greater than those of the pure blend, demonstrating transient cross-linking. For P0, P2, and P3 samples, the pore diameter and % porosity is calculated, and the morphology of the P4 sample is non-porous and shows ionic conductivity of P4 = 3.25 × 10−4 S/cm at 27 °C. Based on the Nyquist plot fitting and FTIR deconvolution methods, it is used to determine the transport characteristics and noticed that the carrier concentration affects the ionic conductivity. The highest conducting electrolyte has been integrated into a primary battery to demonstrate its potential use in energy storage systems.

Flywheel energy storage controlled by model predictive control to achieve smooth short-term high-frequency wind power

The use of energy storage systems to improve the fluctuation of wind power generation has garnered significant in the development of wind power. However, the fluctuation of the signals in the high-frequency part of the wind turbine output is particularly drastic and short in duration. As a kind of physical energy storage device, the flywheel energy storage device has a fast response speed but higher requirements on the control system. In order to improve the control effect of the flywheel energy storage device, the model predictive control algorithm is improved in this paper. First, the high-frequency components of the wind farm output power data are extracted by the wavelet packet decomposition algorithm, and the high-frequency components are optimized by mathematical interpolation as the data basis. Secondly, a mathematical model of the flywheel energy storage system applied in the model predictive control algorithm is proposed, and the model predictive control algorithm is used to configure the flywheel energy storage device to achieve a smooth output power of the wind farm. Finally, the simulation is performed in MATLAB and the experimental parameters are adjusted. The experimental results show that the configuration of the flywheel energy storage system based on the model predictive control algorithm can effectively smooth the fluctuation of the high-frequency component of the output power data of the wind farm. The experimental results take the wind power data of different time periods for energy storage configuration, and the comparison verifies the reliability of the system designed in this paper.

Power Quality Concerns due to Power System Improvements with Renewable Energy Sources and its Remedies

Power quality issues are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid changes in energy network infrastructure caused by technological advancements in distributed generation. Distributed generation involves the use of small-scale, decentralized power sources that can be located close to the end-users, and can include solar panels, wind turbines, and fuel cells. While distributed generation can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency, it can also create new challenges for the power grid, particularly in terms of power quality. To address these power quality issues, numerous solutions are available at present. One approach is to use advanced control systems that can monitor and manage the voltage and frequency of the power grid in real-time. This can involve using smart inverters that can adjust the power output of distributed generation sources to maintain a stable voltage supply. Other solutions involve the use of energy storage systems, such as batteries or flywheels, which can help to smooth out fluctuations in power output from distributed generation sources. Another approach is to improve the design and operation of the power grid itself. This can involve the use of new transmission and distribution techniques, such as the deployment of microgrids or the integration of energy storage systems into the power grid. Additionally, advances in power electronics and communication technologies can be used to improve the reliability and the efficiency of the power grid.

Levelised cost of storage comparison of energy storage systems for use in primary response application

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources brings about fluctuations in both voltage and frequency on the power network. Energy storage systems have been utilised to mitigate these disturbances hence ensuring system flexibility and stability. Amongst others, a novel linear electric machine-based gravity energy storage system (LEM-GESS) has recently been proposed. This paper presents an economic analysis of the LEM-GESS and existing energy storage systems used in primary response. A 10MWh storage capacity is analysed for all systems. The levelised cost of storage (LCOS) method has been used to evaluate the cost of stored electrical energy. The LCOS of the LEM-GESS was compared to that of the flywheel, lead–acid battery, lithium-ion battery and vanadium-redox flow battery. The results show that the LEM-GESS has great potential as a cost-competitive technology for primary response grid support, with several distinct advantages. The LEM-GESS is about 26% more cost-effective than the currently competitive flywheel energy storage technology. Further, a sensitivity analysis highlights that the LCOS of the LEM-GESS is sensitive to capital expenditure, efficiency, discount rate and discharge duration.

Improving the design of autonomous lighting complexes

The general world trends in the creation and operation of modern autonomous lighting complexes for various purposes are considered, for which the main features of structural and design solutions are determined. The article analyses the experience of construction and operation of autonomous lighting complexes in Ukraine and calculates the main indicators of their efficiency. According to the results of the analysis, the main problems of operation of the investigated autonomous lighting complexes are identified and requirements for the technical characteristics and design of such complexes are formulated, depending on the purpose and specific climatic conditions of the territory where they are located. Based on the results obtained, the necessity of improving their design with the use of modern equipment and advanced control systems is substantiated. An improved design of autonomous lighting complexes is proposed for their operation under conditions of high wind loads and significant probabilities of ice and frost deposits formation, which involves the use of renewable energy sources and supports with increased mechanical strength. A comparison of different energy sources is made to ensure optimal electricity generation depending on the operating conditions and to meet the requirements for the duration of power supply to the local load. For the purpose of reliable and high-quality operation of the studied lighting complexes, the use of energy storage systems of various types and determination of their optimal capacity are substantiated. The expediency of using the towers made of composite materials to ensure an increased safety margin when operating an autonomous lighting complex in difficult climatic conditions is substantiated. The research of technical and economic parameters of the developed autonomous lighting complex in different operating conditions is carried out. The effectiveness of implementation and operation of the developed autonomous lighting complex in comparison with analogues is proved.

Combined third-party ownership and aggregation business model for the adoption of rooftop solar PV–battery systems: Implications from the case of Miyakojima Island, Japan

Solar photovoltaics with behind-the-meter energy storage systems are gaining recognition as net energy billing replaces feed-in tariffs because they can unlock demand-side flexibility, keep grid stability, and enhance the resilience of end users. However, incumbent grid companies tend to prioritize grid stability and reliability and disregard resilience, which decreases end users’ perceived benefits, intention, and adoption of the systems. The combined third-party ownership–aggregation business model could drive adoption because it can enhance grid stability and reliability, and resilience at the same time. This study explores how the model works to increase the intention and adoption, and what policies and regulations are required to enable the model to mitigate the conflict of interest taking Miyakojima Island in Japan as a case study. The study finds that the model can increase adoption by reducing perceived risks. Policy and regulations, and resistance and inert of incumbent grid companies block the model from effectively working to change the benefit-sharing. Science-based regulations on the use of energy storage systems during power outages, stringent policy implementations of updated renewable energy targets and the 2050 carbon neutrality, and detailed time-of-use pricing can change the benefit-sharing in favor of end users and increase adoption.

The energy storage mathematical models for simulation and comprehensive analysis of power system dynamics: A review. Part II

With the development of electric power systems, especially with the predominance of renewable energy sources, the use of energy storage systems becomes relevant. As the capacity of the applied storage systems and the share of their use in electric power systems increase, they begin to have a significant impact on their dynamic properties. Accordingly, when solving the issues of design and operation of power systems with energy storage systems, it becomes necessary to take into account their properties. For this purpose, depending on the type of energy storage, different mathematical models have been developed, with varying degrees of detail. At that, for a number of researches it is necessary to apply detailed mathematical models, but simplified models are also widespread. In article approaches in simplification of detailed models of energy storage systems with their mathematical description are described, the area of their application is considered. The authors also give some limitations and disadvantages associated with the use of simplified models. The article is a review and can help in choosing a mathematical model of the energy storage system to solve the necessary problems in the mathematical modeling of storages in electric power systems.

Black-start capability of PV power plants through a grid-forming control based on reactive power synchronization

Power system restoration is a critical process for any power system. As synchronous generators are being replaced by power electronic converters used in renewable energy generation, the contribution of renewable energy power plants to power system restoration (PSR) after a black-out is becoming more relevant, the so-called black start capability. Existing solutions for providing black start capability to photovoltaic (PV) power plants rely on the use of energy storage systems (ESS) in a hybrid PV plant. In contrast, this paper proposes a solution for the contribution of PV power plants to the PSR that allows a completely autonomous black start process. Reactive power synchronization is used for controlling the PV inverters as virtual synchronous generators (VSG), providing grid-forming control and ensuring synchronism. During the black start process, the PV power is regulated to match the demand using a decentralized solution to share the load between multiple PV inverters. The solution has been validated to handle the most critical situations during the black start process such as the variation on the power source, i.e. irradiance, or on the supplied load and the connection to the main grid.

A Review of Modeling, Management, and Applications of Grid-Connected Li-Ion Battery Storage Systems

The intermittency of renewable energy sources makes the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) indispensable in modern power grids for supply-demand balancing and reliability enhancement. Besides pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations, energy storage deployment worldwide is still quite low. However, the status quo might rapidly change as the energy storage technologies are growing and facilitating market regulations are being ratified. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs), Li-ion batteries in particular, possess attractive properties and are taking over other types of storage technologies. Thus, in this article, we review and evaluate the current state of the art in managing grid-connected Li-ion BESSs and their participation in electricity markets. The review mainly includes battery modeling, the architecture of battery management systems (BMSs), the incorporation of BESSs for electricity market services, global utility-scale battery storage facilities, and challenges in implementing and managing grid-connected BESSs.

Simulation of a Hybrid Solar Power Plant with a Hydrogen Generator in MATLAB/Simulink Environment

Ensuring reliable electricity supply to consumers in isolated and distributed energy systems can be achieved through grid connection, the use of energy storage systems for generation, or creating conditions for consumption control, including the installation of energy storage for consumers. This article explores various methods to enhance the reliability of electricity supply to consumers from power plants based on renewable energy sources (RES). The paper presents a mathematical model and optimization algorithm for the operation of a hybrid energy complex, implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The model takes into account the influence of various factors on its operational modes and has been tested through a series of calculations, confirming its efficiency and adequacy. The proposed methods and results can be applied in designing energy supply systems for remote and inaccessible re- gions, as well as in distributed energy system nodes. The paper also discusses the use of a hydrogen generator as an alternative energy source and provides insights into the properties of hydrogen, methods of production, prospects, and challenges of hydrogen energy. It offers an overview of the most common methods of hydrogen and other substance extraction, with a primary focus on water electrolysis. The simulation model also considers the performance of the hydrogen generator, a vital component of the hybrid energy supply system. The hydrogen generator produces hydrogen from water through electrolysis, which can be optimized based on input energy and water supply. The energy storage system, including battery banks, is also modeled to monitor energy storage and delivery processes during periods of high and low demand. The conclusions of this article encompass a mathematical model and optimization algorithm for the operational modes of a hybrid power plant based on renewable energy sources with a hydrogen generator and an energy storage system. The proposed methods and results can be valuable in designing energy supply systems for consumers in remote and distributed energy systems.

Vanadium dioxide sulphur-doped reduced graphene oxide composite as novel electrode material for electrochemical capacitor

In this study, vanadium dioxide (VO2) combined with sulphur-doped reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) as a composite material is reported. Vanadium dioxide sulphur-doped reduced graphene oxide (VO2@S-rGO) composite was successfully synthesized via a rapid solvothermal technique by varying the S-rGO concentration on VO2. The structural, morphological, and textural properties revealed the successful integration of S into the rGO matrix, leading to a good interaction between S-rGO and VO2 in the composite materials. The optimized composite (VO2@S-rGO-1) presented better electrochemical performance and exhibits a specific capacitance of 204.2 F g−1 in 0.5 M K2SO4 electrolyte at a specific current of 0.5 A g−1 within a large stable potential window of 0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl. VO2@S-rGO-1 and cocoa-derived activated carbon (Cocoa-AC) were used as positive and negative electrodes, respectively, to fabricate an asymmetric supercapacitor device (VO2@S-rGO-1//Cocoa-AC). The device displayed excellent specific energy of 32.6 W h kg−1 with a corresponding specific power of 426.0 W kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in an operating cell voltage of 1.7 V. The stability test exhibited an excellent columbic efficiency of 99.9 % and capacitance retention of 75 % up to 10,000 galvanostatic charge/discharge at 10 A g−1. Overall, VO2@S-rGO-1//Cocoa-AC asymmetric device demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties and is thus a promising candidate for wide use in energy storage systems.