Usage Of Toothpaste Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count Before and After Probiotic Intervention in Multi-bracket Fixed Orthodontic Patient Group-an In-vivo Study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aims to investigate the effect of regular probiotic toothpaste on salivary Streptococcus mutans in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. METHOD: 21 Patients prescribed fixed orthodontic therapy were selected for the study. Unstimulated saliva was collected from each patient in the study at four points of time: 1) T0 - Before bonding stainless-steel multi-brackets. 2) T1 -12 weeks after fixed orthodontic treatment (Colgate TM toothpaste). 3) T2 - 12 weeks after probiotic toothpaste intervention. 4) T3 - 12 weeks after Colgate TM toothpaste usage. At each time point, salivary Streptococcus mutans colonies and salivary pH were noted. RESULTS: The findings showed an increase in the number of salivary Streptococcus mutans count from T0-T1, T1-T2, & T2-T3. There was a decrease in the salivary pH from T0-T3. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of salivary Streptococcus mutans colonies count and pH at all 4 time points. The higher the colony count, the lower the pH. Further, the correlation was strongest at T3, followed by T2, T1, and T0. CONCLUSION: The usage of probiotics had a significant effect neither on Streptococcus mutans nor on pH. Further, probiotics failed to maintain their impact following the stopping of their usage.

The world's experience of introducing prophylactic programs in dentistry

Relevance. The oral health of the global population is fundamentally influenced by the incidence and severity of dental caries and periodontal diseases. To combat these issues, developed nations devise and execute preventive programs, tailoring their efforts to address the DEF (Decayed, Extracted, and Filled teeth) index across various age demographics. This approach signifies a paradigm shift, with governments now prioritizing the support of oral health through the introduction of comprehensive preventive strategies aimed at combating prevalent oral diseases. The efficacy of these programs, however, hinges on the occurrence of dental caries and, by extension, the availability of oral health professionals. This availability, in turn, shapes the landscape of health facilities—whether public or private—determining their ability to cater to community needs for oral health services. Consequently, the capacity to implement preventive measures is gauged against these dynamics. Furthermore, the nature and scope of preventive actions within these programs vary from one country to another, influenced primarily by the allocation of healthcare budgets by respective governments.Materials and methods. Analysis of scientific articles and original research from the PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect for the last 10 years. The search was carried out by keywords: dental prevention programs in the world, prevention of dental health, organization of preventive care in the world. An examination of research articles and original papers was conducted, drawing from databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect over the last decade. The search employed specific key phrases, including "dental prevention programs worldwide", "dental health prevention", and "global organization of preventive dental care".Results. The initial advancement towards the creation and implementation of fluoride prophylaxis programs occurred following the discovery of fluoride's presence in water. A pivotal moment occurred in 1949 at Indiana State University when J.C. Muhler introduced the idea of fluoride toothpaste (specifically sodium fluoride) as a means to combat dental caries in children. Subsequent innovations included the use of silver fluoride for argentation. European countries took a holistic approach, emphasizing oral hygiene, fluoride toothpaste usage, and balanced nutrition. Meanwhile, the US and EU shifted towards a preventive approach within health insurance frameworks. A critical factor influencing the effectiveness of these preventive care programs is the availability of oral health professionals per 10,000 people in the population, alongside social workers advocating for healthy living and oral health. The engagement of more oral health professionals in preventive efforts correlates with a reduction in the incidence and severity of common oral diseases.Conclusion. The six stages of preventive care development and transformation highlight the evolving trends in global dentistry, which are crucial for ensuring the quality of oral health care across different countries. The effectiveness of these programs in individual nations is contingent upon the specific preventive care.

Toothpaste ingestion-evaluating the problem and ensuring safety: systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the ingestion of toothpaste and its sequelae. The study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted across multiple databases, resulting in the inclusion of 18 relevant publications. Eligible studies encompassed various designs and included both children and adults as the study population. Data extraction was carried out systematically, and relevant information on study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were collected. The assessment of bias was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tools showing variations of bias among the included studies. The overall risk of systemic toxicity was found to be low, and no severe or life-threatening events were reported in the included studies. Furthermore, some toothpaste formulations containing higher concentrations of fluoride were associated with an increased risk of dental fluorosis. These findings have several implications for practice and policy. Healthcare providers and dental professionals should emphasize the importance of promoting safe toothpaste use, especially in vulnerable populations such as young children who are more prone to accidental ingestion. Public health campaigns and educational initiatives should aim to raise awareness about appropriate toothpaste usage and the potential risks. In addition, toothpaste manufacturers and regulatory bodies should consider revising guidelines and regulations to ensure the safety of oral care products, including the appropriate concentration of active ingredients. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of toothpaste ingestion, exploring potential interactions between different active ingredients, and evaluating the efficacy of current preventive measures.

ACTIVE ROLE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TOOTHPASTE FOR TREATING DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND MAINTAINING THEIR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Background: Prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in individuals is increasing globally due to the intake of erosive acidic food beverages and improper brushing protocols in turn adversely affecting the tooth surfaces. Toothpastes containing various potassium salts are very effective in treating the dentine sensitivity when used properly for some time. Herein, we have investigated the association between the dentine sensitivity and 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste usage for a period of one month. Methods: For this interventional study, one hundred and forty participants with dentine sensitivity were analysed before and after using 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scoring tool was employed where sensitivity to Air among the participants was calculated by VAS-Air scoring and sensitivity to cold was tested by VAS-Cold scoring. Paired t-test was incorporated for performing the statistical analysis through the IBM SPSS-22. Results: There was a strong association between the dentine sensitivity and usage of 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste. After using the 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste for one month, the calculated VAS-Air scoring and VAS-Cold scoring reduced significantly against both the air and cold stimuli which was found to be 2.67±1.12 and 1.86±0.83 (p=0.001). Conclusions: The 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste was potent enough to reduce the dentine hypersensitivity in the participants against both the thermal and air stimuli. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):39–42

Investigating toothbrushing behavior and its aerosol emissions from using electric toothbrushes

Respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) are generally spread through person-to-person contact. The human oral cavity, in particular, is a significant source of particles that can cause RIDs. Electric toothbrushes, popular for oral cleaning in recent years, work via high-frequency vibration, which can theoretically spread droplets or small-size aerosols containing viruses. However, the particle emission rates and the potential to spread RIDs using electric toothbrushes are still unclear. In this paper, we investigated the particle emissions from using electric toothbrushes by designing a three-step approach, i.e., a preference survey on toothpaste and toothbrush selections, a behavior test on toothpaste usage, and a standardized particle emission test. The results showed that, first, the toothpaste would be rapidly decomposed into foams, and the emission rates quickly increased to a peak within approximately 10s. Then, the particle emissions decreased slightly and entered a steady phase until the 2-min brushing period stopped. Second, more than half of the detected particles were PM1, and almost all were PM5, which can be considered aerosols, and the emissions can reach up to 5433 counts/s. Third, the emissions heavily depended on toothbrush and toothpaste selections, the brushing post, i.e., the teeth. This study suggests that using electric toothbrushes can pose risks of spreading RIDs in enclosed indoor environments such as private homes or, more significantly, public washrooms in school dormitories, airports, train stations, etc. Limited usage of electric toothbrushes and better designs of public washrooms in the context of a global pandemic may be advised.

Assessment of Young Mothers' Oral Hygiene Practices during Pregnancy and Their Knowledge of Children's Oral Health in Northern Greece.

The aim of the study was to assess maternal knowledge about oral health practices for children along with oral hygiene perceptions of mothers during pregnancy in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 newly delivered mothers who were admitted to the obstetrician/gynecological (OB/GYN) University Clinic in Thessaloniki, Greece, to give birth. A three-part, self-reported, 40-item questionnaire was designed, collecting socioeconomic data, perceptions, and practices regarding maternal oral hygiene during pregnancy and their knowledge in relation to children's oral health. Collected data were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed with SPSS (Version 24.0), and p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. The sample consisted of mainly Greek, married, university alumni mothers less than 35 years of age. Self-reports of oral hygiene practices during gestation were sufficient but an inadequate level of regular dental visits was recorded. Poor knowledge was equally noted, regarding children's oral health, in the domains of fluoride toothpaste usage, the age of the first dental visit, supervised toothbrushing, nighttime breastfeeding, potential hazards of pacifier use, and thumb sucking. All factors were significantly associated with the mothers' education level (p < 0.05). Newly-delivered mothers presented with a lack of knowledge regarding mother/caregiver-related risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC), the timing of establishing a dental home, and misconceptions about the safety of dental visits during pregnancy. Healthcare professionals interacting with pregnant women or young mothers are a vital element to bridge the existing gap in knowledge and assist those socially and educationally deprived.

Oral Care and Maintenance Habits Among Pharmacy Students

Objective. This study aimed to identify and evaluate oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge of oral dental health among a group of pharmacy students.Methods. An e-questionnaire on oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge was completed by students in a university pharmacy.Results. A total of 484 students with a mean (SD) age of 21.4 (1.6) years participated. Of all participants, 9.3% were not regularly brushing their teeth. The percentage of regular fluoridated toothpaste usage was 44.8%. Three in 5 (64.5%) participants had visited a dentist for a complaint. When answering questions on the possible effects of dental plaque accumulation on teeth, the causative factors for dental decay and signs of periodontal disease, the percentages of students who indicated they "did not know" were 16.3%, 4.8%, and 43.2%, respectively. Among participants, 38.7% were unaware of the cariogenic or erosive effects of pediatric syrups or suspensions. Of all the pharmacy students, 32% stated they have been consulted about some issue related to oral health.Conclusion. The oral care habits, awareness, and oral health knowledge of pharmacy students in one program needs to be improved. Improvement of these measures is a multi-layered issue, not limited only to the quality of life but also to increased awareness associated with public health-related issues related to dental care.

Attitude, Practice, and Knowledge Regarding Fluoridated Toothpaste, Brushing, and Rinse Usage Among Residents of Jeddah City in Saudi Arabia

To evaluate and compare the attitude, practice, and knowledge of individuals who use fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. A digital questionnaire composed of 43 questions were formulated. The questionnaire was divided into five sections: eligibility questions, demographic data, attitude, practice, and knowledge. Content and face validation were done, and convenience sampling was used. The inclusion criteria were any citizen and resident who lives in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Fischer's tests were conducted to compare fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste users (α=0.05). A total of 473 completed participants' responses were collected. Attitude: 41.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users reported that it was "very important" to rinse to remove the toothpaste compared to non-fluoridated toothpaste users (58.3%) (P-value<0.001). Healthy teeth were the most important to fluoridated toothpaste users (69.1%) (P <0.001). Practice: 28.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users have been using non-fluoridated toothpaste for >1 year, and 35.7% of them <2 years. 73.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users used whitening toothpaste. Significantly higher non-fluoridated toothpaste users (29%) used organic toothpaste (P<0.001). 57% of fluoridated toothpaste users believed that a good diet, tooth brushing, and fluoridated toothpaste are important to prevent caries, and the fluoride would strengthen the teeth (P<0.001). Approximately 60% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users did not know the proper age to start using fluoridated toothpaste (P<0.001). Also, 47.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users avoid using fluoride because it is toxic. Significantly higher number of Jeddah residents that used fluoridated toothpaste had a better attitude and knowledge than non-fluoridated toothpaste users. Nonetheless, most residents had similar oral hygiene practices. It is suggested to execute educational campaigns to explain the importance of fluoridated toothpaste to the population. Also, individuals should take caution from the source of obtaining their dental information and consult their dentist.

The Comparison of Antimicrobial Effect of New Herbal with Standard Toothpaste with Their Influence on Gingival Health Indexes: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis are considered the most common oral and dental health problems in different parts of the world. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity, plaque index, and gingival index determination of herbal toothpaste compared with standard toothpaste. Methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial on 60 participants of 18 - 28 years and a minimum of 24 healthy teeth at Birjand Dental School that were randomly divided into two groups, herbal and standard toothpaste (n = 30 each group); only participants were blind. All subjects brushed their teeth for 3 minutes 2 times a day for seven months. The plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) for each participant also, saliva samples were taken from the subjects for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp., colony count at the onset of the study, and 3, 5, and 7 months after toothpaste usage. Results: This study was conducted on 60 patients in two study groups. No significant statistical difference was observed between age and gender in the two studied groups. Our study showed that the mean number of S. mutans in the two groups was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05), but the mean number of Lactobacillus spp. in the group of herbal toothpaste at three months (P = 0.02) and seven months (P = 0.002) was significantly less than standard toothpaste. Also, the mean PI and the GI indices in the herbal toothpaste group after use for five months (P = 0.02) (P = 0.03) and seven months (P &lt; 0.001) (P = 0.03), respectively, were significantly lower than standard toothpaste. Conclusions: Throughout the 7-month trial, herbal toothpaste showed higher antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus spp. than standard toothpaste, effectively reducing dental plaque and gingivitis. Furthermore, no undesirable reactions to toothpaste were reported during the trial. Therefore, it was concluded that possibly novel herbal toothpaste could be an alternative for controlling dental plaque and gingivitis. Further studies are needed.

Prediction model for early childhood caries risk based on behavioral determinants using a machine learning algorithm

BackgroundAn easily accessible caries risk prediction model (CRPM) based on nonbiological predictors is lacking. Developing a CRPM for community screening is essential for children's dental health promotion by a public health approach. ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a caries risk prediction model (CRPM) for children using a machine learning algorithm based on dental care behavioral factors and other nonbiological factors using a 3-month multicenter cohort. MethodsChildren aged 12 months to 60 months were recruited at three primary care settings and three kindergartens in Chengdu, China. Dental examination was conducted for all enrolled children by calibrated pediatric dentists at baseline and three months later. All parents of the enrolled children were asked to complete a questionnaire with dental-related information. Machine learning algorithms, including random forest, logistic regression, and adaptive boosting, were used to develop a prediction model. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, negative predictive value and F-score were reported to estimate the internal validation of the models. ResultsA total of 481 out of 745 children without a history of caries experience at baseline remained for analysis. In the total sample population, 236 (49.1%) children were female, and the mean age was 31.2 months. During the follow-up exams, 66 (13.6%) children had new-onset caries. The child's age, height, weight, family caries status, brush teeth two minutes per time, fluoride toothpaste usage, brushing twice per day, parental monitoring brushing teeth, mother delivery method, brushing child's teeth every day, child number counts, and night feeding frequency in the last month were measured and included in a prediction model. Of the prediction models, the highest area under the curve of RF was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87- 0.94), followed by 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81-0.91) of LR and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76-0.86) of AdaBoost. ConclusionIn this CRPM, new onset of dental caries in three months among children aged < 60 months could be predicted by answering twelve nonbiological questions. A good model performance was shown within the internal validation. Dental home care could be improved by referring the CRPM result before new caries onset.

Aragonite toothpaste for management of dental calculus: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.

ObjectivesAragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to test the efficacy of a cuttlebone‐derived aragonite toothpaste in removing dental calculus.Materials and MethodsEighty‐one patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were blindly and randomly assigned into two study groups. The intervention treatment group (n = 40) received cuttlebone toothpaste (Dr. D‐Tart) and the control group (n = 41) received an off‐the‐shelf commercial toothpaste (Crest). Evaluations were performed before and after scaling and polishing procedures done at 3 months in order to evaluate the toothpaste's ability to remove calculus and to prevent calculus formation. Calculus, stains, plaque, and gingival indices scores, and patient satisfaction surveys were compared at baseline (first visit), 3, and 9 months, using generalized linear models and Wald's χ 2 test.ResultsAt the end of the 3‐month period, the intervention group showed a 30% reduction in total calculus compared to the baseline score (p = .0006) and 45% less total calculus compared to the control group (p = .0001). Six months after scaling, the mean calculus score for Crest users was 42% higher than that for Dr. D‐Tart users (p = .0692). There was a significant improvement in the gingival health of cuttlebone toothpaste users at the observed intervals, and both kinds of toothpaste achieved comparable results in terms of plaque and stains removal.ConclusionsAragonite toothpaste can remove calculus, prevent calculus formation, and improve gingival health. Patients are generally satisfied with the performance of the aragonite toothpaste. Clinical significance: Animal‐derived aragonite toothpaste (Dr. D‐Tart) shows promising efficacy in removing calculus, preventing calculus formation, and for the improvement of gingival health. Clinical trial ID: A08‐M35‐16B.

Efficiency of Miswak as an oral hygiene aid among the madrasa going children of Nuh – A socioeconomically disadvantaged district of India

Introduction: Resources for oral health care remain limited in in rural and backward areas where an inherent need to exists to explore inexpensive cleaning aids at ease. Aim: To assess the efficiency of Miswak stick as an oral hygiene aid among madrasa-going 12–14 years old children, by comparing it with toothbrush and toothpaste in Nuh district of Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised of 540 madrasa-going children. 400 cases were Miswak users, whereas 140 toothbrush and toothpaste users were in the control group. Their oral hygiene status was assessed using the Gingival Index (GI), Oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-S) and Plaque Index (PI). Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index was used to measure the dental caries incidence. The data were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results showed that Miswak users had significantly less mean GI score and OHI-S index scores (P = 0.001) but no statistically significant difference in PI score as compared to toothbrush and toothpaste users. Second, DMFT score was more in toothbrush and toothpaste users as compared to Miswak users. Conclusion: This study concluded that the oral hygiene status of Miswak users in the madrasa-going children of Nuh district was better than that of toothbrush and toothpaste users.

Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Tooth Pastes with Herbal Formulation, Probiotics and Fluoride Against Oral Pathogens

Background: In recent years, the negative consequences of fluoride toothpaste have come to the attention of consumers, and herbal products have gained popularity as alternatives in the fight against tooth decay. Studies have concentrated on the advantages of herbal essential oils due to their antibacterial properties. Aim: To compare the antibacterial properties of toothpaste with fluoride, probiotics and fluoride against oral pathogens. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial activities of probiotic, fluoridated and herbal toothpastes were assessed at different concentrations. Antimicrobial property was evaluated by determining the zone of inhibition using agar well diffusion method. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After the incubation time the zones of inhibition were measured. Results: It was observed that the sample with probiotics and herbal formulation had higher zones of inhibition than the sample with fluoride. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that usage of toothpaste with probiotics and herbal formulation is more efficient than toothpaste with fluoride

A preliminary experimental study on the user behaviors and aerosol emissions of electric toothbrushes

The oral cavity is a human organ where a high concentration of microorganisms occupies. Evidence has shown that using dental instruments may trigger the release of microbial aerosol indoors. In this paper, the aerosol emissions during the working process of electric toothbrushes were investigated as follows. First, brushing habits, e.g., the favorite brand and flavor of the toothpaste, first tooth/teeth to brush, etc., were determined by 70 questionnaires from university students. Second, typical toothpaste usage per time was determined as 0.3g–0.5g based on a squeezing test by the group. Third, an experimental setup was designed to simulate toothbrushing to measure aerosol emissions. Finally, the measured emissions during toothbrushing were compared with other oral activities. The results showed that the peak PM2.5 emission rate can reach up to 5.9 μg/s by using a typical toothpaste dosage. The number of particles emitted if the incisors were brushed first can be 1–2 times higher than if the molars were firstly brushed. The magnitude of aerosol generated from electric toothbrushing was similar to that of coughing and sneezing.

Streptococcus mutans Antibacterial Activity of 0.1% Lysozyme Tooth Paste as an Alternative for Children Below 3 Years Old in Preventing Early Childhood Caries (ECC) (Experimental Laboratory Study)

One of many possible ways of preventing Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is by removing tooth debris. Fluoride tooth paste usage by children under 3 years old must follow recommended quantity, because of its possibility of being ingested which then might cause fluorosis. Lysozyme as an active element in a toothpaste is able to mediate bacterial aggregation and inhibit bacterial adhesion and also activate bacterial autolysin by destructing bacterial cell wall. This study aimed to compared Streptococcus mutans antimicrobial activity of non-fluoride lysozyme toothpaste of various concentration such as 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 %. This was an experimental research with post test only design. The tested tooth paste was lysozyme-contained with 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% concentrations. Children tooth paste containing fluoride, enzyme tooth paste and 0.2% chlorhexidine became the positive control. Test of S. mutans antibacterial activity used 3 methods: disc diffusion, well, and microtiter plate method. Analytical test used Anova one way with Bonferoni post hoc and p&lt;0.05 significant level. The results showed that all concentrations of lysozyme tooth paste had inhibitory effect on the growth of S. mutans (p&lt;0.05). The highest mean of S. mutans antibacterial activity in lysozyme tooth paste were on 0.1 and 0.2% concentrations. Conclusion stated that 0.1% concentration of lysozyme tooth paste can be used as an alternative tooth paste for children under 3 years old&#x0D;

Epidemiology and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Timergara city of Pakistan: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveH. pylori infection remains a major public health challenge. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection among the local population of the Timergara city in Lower Dir District of Pakistan and investigating the common risk factors associated with disease development. Methods: Between September 2016 to January 2017, 520 individuals have involved in this study. A venous blood sample along with questionnaire data was collected from each participant and H. pylori infection investigated using Indirect Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. Results: Out of 520 persons studied, 115 (22.1%) were positive and 405 (77.9%) were negative. The majority of infected individuals were males 79 (29.4%) compared to females 34 (14.3%), P value˂0.000. The probability of H. pylori infection was more among smokers 32 (33%), snuff addictive 29 (35.8%), and regular soft drinks takers 57 (43.5%). Furthermore, the logistic regression revealed that the odds of developing H. pylori infection were significantly higher in males (AOR:2.1, 95%CI:1.0–4.7), smokers (AOR:1.7, 95%CI:0.4–2.1), snuff addiction (AOR:5.5, 95%CI:1.2–24.1), no regular toothpaste users (AOR:16.1, 95%CI:8.7–29.8), and regularly soft drinks takers (AOR:4.5, 95%CI:1.7–12.0). Likewise, it was greater in no formal (AOR:3.3, 95%CI:3.7–2.9), primary school (AOR:1.7,95%CI:0.0–0.0), and secondary school (AOR:5.5,95%:2.3–13.2) educated persons compared to individuals of University education level. Conclusions: Our study has highlighted the epidemiology and risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in Timergara city and revealed the need for further studies to a better understanding of the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, which is helpful in diagnosis and prevention of disease.

Effect of Triclosan and Sodium Monofluorophosphate on Plaque Reduction

Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the clinical efficacy between two ingredient Triclosan and sodium monofluorophosphate on plaque accumulation.&#x0D; Material and Methodology: This cross section study was carried out in school (Govt Girls High School Kotri). Total 100 school children were selected, between age ranges 13–16 years, which were divided in to two groups (group A &amp; B) according to dentifrice given.&#x0D; Group A: Toothpaste containing the active ingredient 0.3% Triclosan.&#x0D; Group B: Toothpaste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate. &#x0D; All patients were examined clinically for assessment using the Plaque index (PI) at follow up periods every week. Plaque was evaluated by using the silness-loe index. Oral examination for dental plaque assessment was carried out at the start of the study and the children were follow up to 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 version and one-way ANOVA test.&#x0D; Result: Triclosan toothpaste users experienced significant reduction in plaque accumulation as compared to the sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste users.&#x0D; Conclusion: At 3-weeks, Triclosan provided statistically significantly greater reductions than sodium monofluorophosphate in plaque reduction.

Enamel and Dentin Caries Risk Factors of Adolescents in the Context of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): A Longitudinal Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for enamel and dentin caries in adolescents.Method: This 1-year longitudinal study was conducted in 2018 and 2019; 13- to 14-year-old adolescents were recruited. The merged International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used to identify caries. The relationships between the caries increment and variables were analyzed with a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model.Results: A total of 1,016 participants completed the assessment. The ZINB analysis found that individuals with caries at baseline were more likely to develop new dentin caries. Females, or individuals who had a high cariostat score had an increased likelihood of having a high ΔD4-6MFT score. Among the caries-free adolescents at baseline, females, or individuals who consumed snacks once or more than once a day were more likely to develop caries. Individuals from one-child families, who used fluoride toothpaste, and who had a high saliva buffering capability (pH≥4.25) had an increased likelihood of a low ΔD1-6MFT score.Conclusion: The results suggest that there are some specific risk factors of initiating of enamel caries in adolescents, including the frequency of snack consumption, sex, saliva buffering capability, fluoride toothpaste usage and belonging to a one-child family. In all adolescents, most of whom have enamel caries, the dentin caries risk factors were past caries experience, cariostat score and sex.

Parental perspectives on early childhood caries: A qualitative study.

Early childhood caries (ECC) affects about 621 million children worldwide, causing chronic pain, infections, sleeping disorders, and tooth extraction. To determine perspectives of parents and caregivers of preschoolers regarding ECC. Three focus groups were conducted with attendees of the Clinics of Paediatric Dentistry from the Bauru School of Dentistry. The meetings were video- and audio-recorded, and the contents were transcribed verbatim. Then, textual passages were examined and coded using the software NVivo 12 Plus. The participants associated the presence of dental caries lesions with negative consequences for children, such as problems for permanent dentition, discrimination, and psychological damages. Although regular oral hygiene and healthy diet were recognized as important factors for the prevention of ECC, specific doubts about feeding, toothpaste usage, oral hygiene, and dental eruption were detected among parents. Additionally, they declared that their children brush teeth alone, intake fermentable carbohydrates frequently, and sleep during breastfeeding without dental plaque removal, because uncooperativeness, permissiveness, and convenience. Based on these results, parents and caregivers understand the unfavourable effects of ECC on children's quality of life; however, their attitudes against the disease seemed to be inaccurate, influenced by their daily routines, doubts, and beliefs.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIWAK TOOTHPASTE ON PLAQUE ACCUMULATION IN FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES USERS’

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the ability of toothpaste containing Salvadora persica (Siwak) to reduce the accumulation of dirt in the oral cavity compared to ordinary toothpaste users in fixed orthodontic users.&#x0D; Methods: It was conducted on 40 subjects, divided into two groups of A and B. Group A uses Siwak, while Group B uses ordinary toothpaste. The research subjects were students that utilized fixed appliances for at least 6 months and without periodontal disease. Data were obtained by measuring the plaque level before and after using the toothpaste.&#x0D; Results: A significant relationship between the use of Siwak and ordinary toothpaste by reducing its accumulation in patients using fixed orthodontic appliances and a Chi-square statistical test value of 0.018.&#x0D; Conclusion: The use of Siwak is more effective in reducing plaque accumulation in fixed orthodontic appliance users compared to ordinary toothpaste.