Usage Of Letters Research Articles

Jerome's Corpus of Letters and Network Analysis

In recent decades, network analysis has gained significant popularity as a methodological approach among scholars. This paper focuses on the letter collection of Jerome of Stridon (ca. 347‑420 AD) and employs network theory and specialized software for network analysis. The objective is twofold: to uncover statistical insights and to provide interpretations of different facets, including the actors’ roles, the most influential figures within the network, and the patterns of letter usage. Additionally, the paper presents visual representations of the network.

Analisis Pola Ejaan Dalam Teks Pidato Mahasiswa

This study aims to analyze spelling patterns in the form of spelling errors in student speech texts. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The source of data in this research is the speech texts of students of the Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Education Semester 5, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Gorontalo State University in the 2022/2023 academic year. The data in this study are sentences that contain spelling mistakes in accordance with EYD in the form of letter usage, word writing, punctuation usage, and writing of absorbed elements. The number of speech texts in the research is 40 speech texts. The data collection techniques used in this research are documentation, reading technique, and note-taking technique. The data analysis technique in this research goes through several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, data inference and verification, and final conclusion. The results of this study show that there are three forms of spelling errors in speech texts written by students, namely the use of letters, word writing, and the use of punctuation marks. The errors in the use of letters include errors in the use of capital letters as many as 20 errors consisting of errors in writing titles, geographic names, and greetings. Meanwhile, there were 5 italicization errors consisting of foreign language writing errors. Word writing errors in the form of preposition writing errors consist of 10 errors. Punctuation errors include 5 period errors and 27 comma errors.

Analisis Pola Ejaan Dalam Teks Pidato Mahasiswa

This study aims to analyze spelling patterns in the form of spelling errors in student speech texts. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The source of data in this research is the speech texts of students of the Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Education Semester 5, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Gorontalo State University in the 2022/2023 academic year. The data in this study are sentences that contain spelling mistakes in accordance with EYD in the form of letter usage, word writing, punctuation usage, and writing of absorbed elements. The number of speech texts in the research is 40 speech texts. The data collection techniques used in this research are documentation, reading technique, and note-taking technique. The data analysis technique in this research goes through several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, data inference and verification, and final conclusion. The results of this study show that there are three forms of spelling errors in speech texts written by students, namely the use of letters, word writing, and the use of punctuation marks. The errors in the use of letters include errors in the use of capital letters as many as 20 errors consisting of errors in writing titles, geographic names, and greetings. Meanwhile, there were 5 italicization errors consisting of foreign language writing errors. Word writing errors in the form of preposition writing errors consist of 10 errors. Punctuation errors include 5 period errors and 27 comma errors.

The Uppercase Rule as a Peripheral Zone of Russian Orthography

The article analyzes orthographical rules of the Russian language in a taxonomical aspect and views them as a system organized according to the principle of a “core” and “periphery”. The article substantiates the point of view that some rules belong to the periphery zone of Russian orthography. The authors define the criteria that place the uppercase rule in the peripheral zone. Among those criteria, the main ones are the following: the uppercase letter usage rules are not based on the three main principles of the Russian orthography, the system of rules rests on artificial bases and possesses a high degree of variability.It is also important that a writer can take advantage of the rules common in different periods to fulfill their objectives. The shift of the capital letter use rules to the peripheral zone poses two important challenges to spellers. First, there is a need to develop a linguistic basis for this rule. Secondly, it is necessary to identify the “core” and “periphery” within the rule and rework the current norms of Russian spelling in this area on the basis of new approaches.

ترجمہ و تفسیرِ قرآن میں عربی اسالیب کی چند بڑی دشواریاں اور ان کا حل

To gain benefit of the exegeses in Arabic language which makes incumbent for the reader to learnt Arabic at high level to understand the Qur’an and other Arabic text. Therefore, in sub-continent, the students of religious institutions read the morphology from different Arabic books like Shāfia by ibn al-Ḥājib, Sharḥ al Jāmī, Hidāyat al-Naḥav, al-Kāfia etc. The matter is quite different now a days espcecially for Qur’anic understanding even among religious scholars. In this article, some difficulties are explored which are faced during the translation of the Holy Qur’an into different languages such as Urdu, English and Pashto that needs to resolve. In Qur’anic verses, the usage of letters and prepositions make difficulties to understand its meaning for non-Arabic people. Few traditional scholars has already mentioned theses difficulties in his work like Shah Walīullah Dehlvī. The best examples are English translation by Arbetrry and Urdu translation by Mufti Taqi Usmani may adopte for Pshto readers.
 

Spelling writing error analysis in nonfiction essay of elementary students

Spelling writing error often occurs in an essay. The spelling error is found in nonfiction essays of the V grade students. This research purpose is to describe the error in spelling writing in nonfiction essays of V grade students in SD Negeri 1 Kadipiro, Kasihan Bantul. The research is a content analysis research using a qualitative approach. The data source of this research is Indonesian nonfiction essays. Data collecting technique used was reading and by note-taking. The instrument of the research is the mechanical analysis sheet. Validity used in this research is semantic validity. Reliability of this research is stability and reproducibility. Analysis unit in this research covers letters usage, writings words, use of punctuation, and uptake words writings element. The data analysis technique used consists of data collection, sample determination, recording/noting, reduction, and drawing a conclusion. The research finding shows that there are writing errors in student’s nonfiction essay, such as letter usage (54,47%), word writing errors (25%), error in using punctuation (18,16%), and error in writing uptake words (2,37%). Factors that cause errors in writing include limited time in learning to write, lack of mastery in spelling rules, and lack of accuracy in writing.

KESALAHAN BERBAHASA DALAM KARANGAN DESKRIPSI SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The aim of this research was to describe the Speak Errors in Desciptive Essay of Fifth Grade Students of Elementary School. The data of this research was Desciptive Essay of Fifth Grade Students SDN Pengangsalan II Kalitengah Lamongan. To collect the data, this research used three techniques, namely : documentation technique, refer technique, and noted technique. The result of this research there are some errors, which include : spelling errors, namely : capital letter usage errors, punctuation usage errors, it consists of dot usage errors and comma usage errors, repetition words writing errors, preposition writing errors, conjunction usage errors, and adverb of cause writing errors. Besides that, there are diction errors namely : synonim words usage error, conjunctive pairs usage error, and task word usage error. There are some sentence structure errors, namely : carelessness of words usage, incoherence, and indiscretion of words usage.

Kesalahan Berbahasa dalam Majalah Pandawa IAIN Surakarta Edisi 2018 pada Tataran Ejaan dan Sintaksis

Language is a tool to express an opinion or statement that will be conveyed to others. There are two types in language media, namely oral language and written language. One work that uses written language as a communication medium is a magazine. To write a magazine, you must use a language structure that is good and right or in accordance with the rules of language. But often times in a magazine there are still many mistakes, for example, in the 2018 edition of Pandawa magazine, there are errors in language spelling and at the syntactic level. Types of language errors at the spelling level include errors in letter usage, word writing, use of punctuation, and combination spelling. Types of language errors at the syntactic level include, discourse, sentences, clauses, and phrases. This study aims to describe language errors, especially at the spelling level and at the syntactic level. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative research, which describes the object of language errors in the 2018 edition of the Pandawa IAIN magazine. The techniques of data collection and data analysis are (1) collecting language errors, (2) identifying errors based on linguistic level (syntax, phonology, morphology, and spelling), (3) ranking errors, i.e. sorting errors based on the number of errors, (4) explaining conditions, explaining what is wrong, the cause of errors, and how to correct errors, (5) predicting linguistic level that is prone to errors, (6) correcting errors, namely correcting errors, finding the right way to reduce or eliminate these errors. The results of this study, namely errors in the spelling level in the Pandawa IAIN Surakarta magazine, there are capital letters writing errors, italics, punctuation marks, and hyphens; errors at the syntactic level in the Pandawa IAIN Surakarta magazine, there are mistakes in phrases, and sentences.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN EJAAN DALAM KARANGAN NARASI PADA SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR KECAMATAN SUMEDANG SELATAN

This study aims to uncover spelling errors (letter use errors, word writing, and punctuation use) of fifth grade students ofelementary schools in South Sumedang District, Sumedang Regency. To achieve this goal qualitative descriptive research iscarried out with steps: collecting data on students' language errors and conducting language error analysis. The researchsubjects were fifth grade students of Margacinta Elementary School, Manangga Elementary School, and Pasanggrahan IElementary School, South Sumedang District. The results of the study showed that there were errors in language in students'narrative essays which included spelling errors (letter usage errors, word writing, and punctuation errors). Spelling errors thatoften appear are errors in capital letters, incorrect writing of prepositions, errors in the use of punctuation, errors in writingwords that are not in accordance with the rules of the correct language, and errors in writing of particles. The largest number ofmisspellings is Manangga Elementary School with a number of spelling errors of 52 (43.33%) and the smallest number ofmisspellings, namely Margacinta Elementary School with 27 (22.5%) errors.

Jenis Penelitian Tafsir Di Indonesia


 
 
 Toni John as quoted by Federspiel in the introduction of the Popular Indonesian Literature The Qur’an book states that Indonesian Islamic Thought since the 16th century was very great and produced many articles about Traditional Islamic Sciences. Hamzah Fansuri, Ar-Raniri and Syamsudin from Pasai were important scientists at that time, the latest works written by Ar-Raniri had expanded beyond Sout- heast Asia. This scientific culture was then followed by his students and generations after him to this day. In terms of its writing method, the interpretation of the Koran written by Indonesian Muslim intellectuals varies. Diversity can be seen in terms of language, letter usage, langua- ge style and writing method. The variety of languages used is Dutch, Arabic, Javanese, Malay-Jawi and Indonesian. The diversity of letters is seen from the use of Malay and Latin Arabic letters. In terms of met- hods, some use the tahliliy (analytical) method, maudhu’i (thematic) or a combination of both.
 This article discusses the study of various types of interpretive research in Indonesia that do not yet fully have connections on many sides. The author views that the type of interpretation in Indonesia can be divided into two forms of classification. First, in terms of writing interpreta- tions which are classified into two things, namely using scientific and non-scientific writing standards. Second, in terms of interpretation re- search, which is divided into three research models, namely: Descripti- ve, explorative and developmental.
 
 

Difficulties of developing secondary school students’ spelling skills

The paper presents theoretical approaches to secondary school students spelling rule acquisition. It defines the main terms: spelling, skill, spelling skill, spelling activities, spelling task, spelling observation and control skill, dysgraphia, dysorthography. The author describes types of spelling skills developed at school: finding parts of words spelt according to the spelling rules, spelling words according to the rules, graphic marking of difficult spelling, finding and correcting spelling mistakes. The paper reveals conditions and criteria of successful school students spelling skills development: high scientific level of teaching spelling, correlation of spelling skills and speech development, knowledge of spelling rules and the scheme of their application, a thoroughly developed system of exercises to practice the rules. The author focuses on difficulties of using these rules in writing: difficulties of spelling rules acquisition caused by spelling rules variety, poor formedness of cognition, low motivation level, inability to process information and difficulties in applying spelling rules related to spelling task setting and its solution. The author describes mistakes caused by poor spelling rules acquisition such as mistakes in words and their significant parts, mistakes in cursive, separate and hyphenate word spelling, mistakes in capital and small letter usage, mistakes in word break. Differential diagnostics of specific spelling mistakes is presented. The types of dysorthography and their characteristics are defined. The paper lists the principles of Russian spelling the breach of which results in mistakes.

한국어 역사 소설에서 공간적 배경 인식 기법

Abstract Submitted：February 1, 2016 1 st Revision：March 6, 2016 Accepted：March 10, 2016*본 연구는 문화체육관광부 및 한국콘텐츠진흥원의 2015년도 문화 콘텐츠산업기술지원사업(자유공모)의 연구결과로 수행되었음.** 단국대학교 대학원 컴퓨터학과 석사과정*** 단국대학교 응용컴퓨터공학과 교수, 교신저자Background in a novel is most important elements with character s and events, and means time, place and situation that characters appeared. Among the background, spatial backgro und can help conveys topic of a novel. So, it may be helpful for choosing a novel that readers want to read. In t his paper, we are targeting Korean historical novels. In case of English text, It can be recognize spatial background easily because it use upper and lower case and words used with the spatial information such as Bank, University and City. But, in case Korean text, it is difficult to recognize that spatial background because there is few information about usage of letter. In the previous studies, they use machine learning or dictionaries and rules to recognize about s patial information in text such as news and text messages. In this paper, we build a nation dictionaries that re fer to information such as 'Korean history' and 'Google maps.' We Also propose a method for recognizing spatial backgro und based on patterns of postposition in Korean sentences comparing to previous works. We are grasp using of po stposition with spatial background because Korean characteristics. And we propose a method based on result of mor pheme analyze and frequency in a novel text for raising accuracy about recognizing spatial background. The reco gnized spatial background can help readers to grasp the atmosphere of a novel and to understand the events and atmo sphere through recognition of the spatial background of the scene that characters appeared.

Twisting the Keyword Length from a Vigenère Cipher

Researchers give an alternate method to the standard Friedman and Kasiski techniques for determining the length of a keyword in Vigenère-type ciphers using a comparison twist on the sorted frequency vectors of the letter usage in a message.

Examining the Issues of Conventional and Islamic Trust Receipt in Banks

One of the conventional trade finance facilities is trust receipt. This facility is known as Murabahah Trust Receipt-i (TR-i) in Malaysian Islamic banks. The objective of this paper is to examine the nature of both conventional and Islamic trust receipt in terms of the similarities and differences. The second objective is to ascertain the application of the trust receipt in Murabahah TR-i. Lastly, to determine whether, the use of letter of hypothecation both in conventional and Murabahah TR-i conforms to Shariah requirements. The qualitative method is adopted, where the information on the practices of eleven Islamic banks in Malaysia is gained through semi-structured interviews conducted with the bankers who are directly involved with Murabahah TR-i. Apparently, this paper discovered that the nature of conventional and Islamic trust receipt is totally different. Thus, it is not appropriate for Islamic banks to use the term trust receipt for their Murabahah TR-i facility. Additionally, it is found that the usage of letter of hypothecation in Murabahah TR-i facility is not required in Murabahah (mark-up) contract. Eventually, Bank Negara Malaysia’s role is very crucial in determining the appropriateness of using the trust receipt facility in Islamic banks and the letter of hypothecation in Murabahah TR-i for Islamic banks.

Improving Algebra Preparation: Implications From Research on Student Misconceptions and Difficulties

Through historical and contemporary research, educators have identified widespread misconceptions and difficulties faced by students in learning algebra. Many of these universal issues stem from content addressed long before students take their first algebra course. Yet elementary and middle school teachers may not understand how the subtleties of the arithmetic content they teach can dramatically, and sometimes negatively, impact their students' ability to transition to algebra. The purpose of this article is to bring awareness of some common algebra misconceptions, and suggestions on how they can be averted, to those who are teaching students the early mathematical concepts they will build upon when learning formal algebra. Published literature discussing misconceptions will be presented for four prerequisite concepts, related to symbolic representation: bracket usage, equality, operational symbols, and letter usage. Each section will conclude with research‐based practical applications and suggestions for preventing such misconceptions. The literature discussed in this article makes a case for elementary and middle school teachers to have a deeper and more flexible understanding of the mathematics they teach, so they can recognize how the structure of algebra can and should be exposed while teaching arithmetic.

Fitting Ranked English and Spanish Letter Frequency Distribution in US and Mexican Presidential Speeches

The limited range in the abscissa of ranked letter frequency distributions causes multiple functions to fit the observed distribution reasonably well. In order to critically compare various functions, we apply the statistical model selections on ten functions, using the texts of US and Mexican presidential speeches of the last few centuries. Despite minor switching of ranking order of certain letters during the temporal evolution for both datasets, the letter usage is generally stable. The best fitting function, judged by either least-square-error or by AIC/BIC model selection, is the Cocho/Beta function. We also use a novel method to discover clusters of letters by their observed-over-expected frequency ratios.

The Linking of a Counterfeit Document to Individual Sheets of Dry-transfer Lettering through the Transfer of Fluorescent Glue

Counterfeit documents had been produced with the aid of dry-transfer (rub-down) lettering. Sheets of dry-transfer lettering found at the home of the suspect had been much used, and consequently the usage of letters, though consistent with the questioned documents, provided only very weak evidence. Under 366 nm ultraviolet light, fluorescent marks were found around the dry-transfer letters on the counterfeit documents. On one document, the marks around some letters corresponded exactly with the rub-down marks on the carrier films of the appropriate dry-transfer sheets. The pressure-sensitive adhesive surrounding the letters on the undersides of the carrier films had been transferred to the document in register with the rub-down strokes. These observations showed that the relevant characters on the counterfeit document had definitely come from sheets of dry-transfer lettering found at the home of the suspect.