Label Usage Research Articles

Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib in Crohn’s Disease and IBD-U: A Multicenter Study From the TROPIC Consortium

The safety and efficacy of tofacitinib in Crohn's disease (CD) has been studied in 2 phase II trials in patients with moderate-to-severe CD with no new safety signals observed, but no significant difference from placebo in the primary efficacy endpoint of clinical response.1-3 However, post hoc analyses and smaller studies have observed clinical and biologic response to tofacitinib in patients with CD.2,4,5 There is a paucity of real-world effectiveness and safety data for tofacitinib in non-Food and Drug Administration label usage in patients with CD and patients with inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified (IBD-U).

Consumers' understanding of nutrition labels for ultra‐processed food products

Nutrition labels are public health tools that provide information about nutritional content of ingredients present in the food products. The labels assist consumers to differentiate between alternatives and make informed choices regarding food products. This study is conducted in New Delhi, India to assess the consumer usage, understanding, and influence of nutrition labels while purchasing ultra‐processed food products. Mall intercept survey was carried out to collect the data from consumers with the help of a structured questionnaire. A total of 303 valid responses were collected and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Chi‐square test, and Fisher exact test. Findings of the study revealed that most of the consumers do read nutrition labels during purchase of ultra‐processed food products but its usage frequency is not up to the mark. Only about one third of the consumers read nutrition labels “always,” whereas female consumers uses nutrition label more frequently than the male consumers. The most common reason for reading nutrition labels was to “eat healthy food” and “for dietary purpose”, while lack of time, lack of interest, and difficult terminology were the most common reasons for not reading nutrition labels at the time of purchase of ultra‐processed food. It was also found in this study that those respondents who read nutrition labels regularly during purchasing, their buying decision gets influenced positively through nutrition label information. This study also indicates that there is a need to promote the benefits of reading nutrition labels among consumers of developing countries to facilitate healthy eating habits.

Nutrition Labeling Usage Influences Blood Markers in Body-Size Self-Conscious Individuals: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013-2018.

This study analyzed the effects of nutrition labeling and examined whether nutrition labeling usage influences the levels of blood markers, such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) in body-size self-conscious individuals. The dependent variables were HDL-C and TG; the independent variables were the respondents’ awareness of nutrition labeling use, sociodemographic factors, perceived health status, stress, lifestyle, frequency of eating out, family history of hyperlipidemia, survey year, body mass index, total energy intake, and cholesterol levels. Body-size perception was assessed by matching body mass index with subjective body-shape recognition using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018). Differences were observed in HDL-C and TG levels according to nutrition labeling usage and body-image perception. The group that recognized body image correctly showed high HDL-C and low TG levels when they actively used nutrition labeling, whereas the group that recognized body image incorrectly showed no significant changes in HDL-C and TG levels even when actively using nutrition labeling. The standard nutritional information, which does not consider individual body-size perceptions, has a restrictive effect. Policies should be developed towards tailored intervention strategies considering individual body-size perception.

P90 Consumer Use of Food Labels Increases as “Clean Label” Trend Continues

<h3>Background</h3> The "clean label" trend has driven the food industry towards the production of new food products increasingly marketed to consumers looking for wholesome, nutritious, and minimally processed foods. While the number of "clean labels" continue to grow, the term has not been clearly defined and food manufacturers use a range of food labeling strategies to communicate that their products are "natural" and "free-from" industrial ingredients. <h3>Objective</h3> To better understand trends in "clean label" use and resultant food purchasing behaviors, this study examines consumer use of food labels to identify whether food label usage has increased in recent years, and which parts of the food label are used most often when evaluating packaged foods. <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> Computer-aided telephone interviews were collected annually over 3 years (2017-2019) in a random, representative sample of Vermont residents (n = 1847). <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Respondents were asked about their use of nutrition facts panels, ingredient lists, front of package claims (natural, low sodium), and labels related to food production practices (organic, non-GMO) when evaluating food products. The Mantel-Haenszel test of linear trends (<i>P</i> < .01) was used to determine whether use of each category of food label changed over time. <h3>Results</h3> The use of all 4 label categories significantly increased from 2017 to 2019, while the proportion of respondents stating that they did not read food labels decreased. Reading of ingredient lists (86%) and nutrition panels (85%) were more frequently reported compared to front of package (74%) and production practice (72%) label claims. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Food label usage is increasing in general, and consumers are increasingly reading both front of package claims (organic, natural, low sodium) and back of package information (ingredients, nutrition facts panel). As consumer demand for "clean label" products increases, more research is needed to better understand the health impacts of such products and the best methods for labeling them.

Student Knowledge in Reading Nutrient Label Information and Types of Packaging Food Consumed by Nursing Students

Nutrient labels provided information regarding food production and lead to healthy eating. Prior health and nutrient literacy skills could support effective food label usage. Nurses needed to have good literacy skills during the education process. This study aimed to identify knowledge in reading the nutrient label and packaged food consumption in nursing students. This study used a quantitative descriptive research design. The sample was recruited from all students at the Faculty of Nursing with 42% of the response rate obtained (n= 229). Data were collected using a nutrient label questionnaire (20 items) and FFQ (83 items). Data were analyzed using a univariate method. The result showed that 55.5% of nursing students had good knowledge of reading nutrient labels. There were 5 types of processed food that most consumed by nursing students consisting of yogurt (59.8%), pudding (50.2%), chocolate bar (55.9%), cake (54.6%), and processed meatballs (54.1%). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the nutrient label knowledge of nursing students was good enough, but there needed to be an even distribution of nutrients label knowledge across the entire student stage. This can be achieved by taking several actions to increase health literacy, for instance, nutrient label booklet and nutrient label cards.

A priority-based queuing model approach using destination parameters forreal-time applications on IPv6 networks

In the early days of the Internet architecture, the most important aim is to transmit data over packet switched networks. The traditional Internet architecture used in these networks lacks quality of service. However, today, as realtime applications increase, it is needed. There are approaches to improving the quality of service using the flow label field in the Internet Protocol version 6 header. In this study, a novel algorithm that uses destination network parameters to reduce queuing and end-to-end delay is created. A round-robin-based time-aware priority queue new model is used within this algorithm. Data packets using this proposed queue are prioritized with metric values of the destination network. In order to provide end-to-end service quality, the prioritization value is used by placing it in the flow label field. For this purpose, a new approach to the use of this field is proposed. Delay, one of the most important factors affecting quality of service, is reduced with the proposed algorithm and flow label usage approach. As a result, the reduction in delay times between 22 and 39 ms resulted in various improvement rates between 16.79% and 35.13%.

Off Label Usage of SAPIEN Valve for Surgical Mitral Valve-in-valve in a Very High Risk Redo Triple Valve Replacement

Off Label Usage of SAPIEN Valve for Surgical Mitral Valve-in-valve in a Very High Risk Redo Triple Valve Replacement

Weakly Supervised Deep Learning for Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery

Accurate automated segmentation of remote sensing data could benefit applications from land cover mapping and agricultural monitoring to urban development surveyal and disaster damage assessment. While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art accuracy when segmenting natural images with huge labeled datasets, their successful translation to remote sensing tasks has been limited by low quantities of ground truth labels, especially fully segmented ones, in the remote sensing domain. In this work, we perform cropland segmentation using two types of labels commonly found in remote sensing datasets that can be considered sources of “weak supervision”: (1) labels comprised of single geotagged points and (2) image-level labels. We demonstrate that (1) a U-Net trained on a single labeled pixel per image and (2) a U-Net image classifier transferred to segmentation can outperform pixel-level algorithms such as logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest. While the high performance of neural networks is well-established for large datasets, our experiments indicate that U-Nets trained on weak labels outperform baseline methods with as few as 100 labels. Neural networks, therefore, can combine superior classification performance with efficient label usage, and allow pixel-level labels to be obtained from image labels.

The Emerging Science of Content Labeling: Contextualizing Social Media Content Moderation

There is a toolbox of content moderation options available to online platforms such as labeling, algorithmic sorting, and removal. A content label is a visual and/or textual attachment to a piece of user-generated content intended to contextualize that content for the viewer. Examples of content labels are fact-checks or additional information. At their essence, content labels are simply information about information. If a social media platform decides to label a piece of content, how does the current body of social science inform the labeling practice? Academic research into content labeling is nascent, but growing quickly; researchers have already made strides toward understanding labeling best practices to deal with issues such as misinformation, conspiracy theories, and misleading content that may affect everything from voting to personal health. We set aside normative or ethical questions of labeling practice, and instead focus on surfacing the literature that can inform and contextualize labeling effects and consequences. This review of a kind of “emerging science” summarizes the labeling literature to date, highlights gaps for future research, and discusses important considerations for social media platforms. Specifically, this paper discusses the particulars of content labels, their presentation, and the effects of various label formats and characteristics. The current literature can help guide the usage and improvement of content labels on social media platforms and inform public debate and policy over platform moderation.

Associations of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Food Label on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) Risk amongst University Students in Selangor, Malaysia.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) deaths were on the rise in developing countries. In Malaysia, the accelerating economic transition has been accompanied by high prevalence of CVD risk factors which accounts for 35% of total deaths in 2016. This increasing trend involving not only the elderly but also the young adults. Food label reading is reported to be the key to help individual adopt healthy food choice and dietary habits. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the associations of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of food label on CVD risk amongst university students. A cross sectional study was conducted on 389 university students aged 19 to 35 y old in Selangor. Information on socio-demographic profile, nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice of food label were collected using self-administrated questionnaires. Anthropometric data of participants were measured using standardize methodology and blood pressure was measured using Omron blood pressure monitor. The data were tested using Chi-Square test. Average age of the respondents were 23 y. Majority of the respondents had no CVD risk (41%) while (59%) had increased CVD risks. There was a significant association between CVD risk factors (BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with knowledge and attitude of using food label (p<0.05). The practice of food label usage showed no significant association (p>0.05) with all CVD risk factors. Considering the importance of understanding and usage of food label in the management of chronic diseases, these findings provide useful information to incorporate nutrition education on food labelling in preventing CVD risks.

RhBMP2 alone does not induce macrophage polarization towards an increased inflammatory response

Once thought to have revolutionized therapeutic intervention in surgery, Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 (rhBMP2) is now in its second decade of sustained controversy over the side effects associated with its use. Side effects associated with clinical use of rhBMP2 (Infuse, Medtronic Inc) include a marked inflammatory response, pain, therapeutic failures, ectopic bone, tissue degradation, and death. What is missing, despite the depth of literature on the subject, is a direct interrogation of rhBMP2, specifically for inflammation. Here we set out to determine if rhBMP2 alters traditional macrophage markers associated with pro-inflammatory responses, and pro-reparative responses to injury. Based on our previous work, we hypothesized there would be no direct effect of the peptide on macrophage polarization. Here we utilized commercially available murine macrophages, RAW 264.7, and treated these cells with rhBMP2 in standard growth media or macrophage polarizing media (M1 and M2) at several doses of the peptide. Our readouts were cell viability, apoptosis, gene expression of M1 and M2 markers, and ELISA for M1 marker iNOS, and M2 marker Arg1. Our data give very little evidence to support an alteration in macrophage phenotype by rhBMP2 alone, or alteration of the phenotype when cultured in enriched M1 or M2 media. These results further suggest that other factors associated with the clinical use of Infuse, likely supraphysiological rhBMP2 doses and off label usage, are more likely the culprit for poor outcomes. This further reinforces the utility of rhBMP2 and other peptides in tissue engineering therapies when conditions are tightly controlled.

The Effect of Ingredient Item Depiction on the Packaging Frontal View on Pre- and Post-Consumption Product Evaluations.

The current research focused on the (in)congruity between pictorial (ingredient item depiction) and textual (ingredient list) information on food packaging, namely, an apple–mango juice. Specifically, the influence of these information sources on expected and perceived flavor intensities, mismatched perceptions, perceived deception, and intention to purchase was studied by taking into account the possible moderating role of consumers’ thinking style. Three studies were performed, the first and third at a Dutch University by means of surveys and sensory tests, and the second via an online survey. The results showed that, overall, most consumers did not perceive the incongruity between pictorial and textual information as mismatching. However, a perceived mismatch from packaging, whether originated by the design manipulations or not, did increase perceived deception and lowered willingness to purchase. This effect was robust for both mismatches, among packaging elements (pre-consumption) and from expected and perceived flavor ratios (post-consumption), but was more substantial for the post-consumption mismatch. Although the moderating effect of cognitive processing style regarding expected and perceived flavor ratios from pictorial and textual (ingredient list) information was not confirmed, the results indicated that the effect of salient textual information is substantial, independent of a particular processing style or label usage.

A Mixed Methods Approach to Examining Mexican-Origin Adolescents’ Use of Ethnic-Racial Labels in Neighborhood Contexts

We employed a mixed method design to describe Mexican-origin adolescents’ ethnic-racial label usage in the context of ethnically/racially segregated neighborhoods. Data come from three sources: 26 semistructured interviews with 14 Mexican-origin adolescents (mean age = 15.43, SD = 1.22), 64.3% female, living in neighborhood environments predominated by Latinos; neighborhood ( N = 9) data from the U.S. Census Bureau; and systematic social observations of neighborhood block faces ( N = 256). Using Key-Word-In-Context analysis, we found that adolescents used a variety of labels to describe themselves and members of their ethnic-racial group while discussing the strengths and challenges associated with their residential neighborhoods. Semistructured interview themes included adolescents’ references to cultural and social resources within neighborhoods, neighborhood challenges, ethnic-racial biases, and normative developmental processes. We examined label usage across interview themes and neighborhood characteristics derived from the census and systematic social observation data. Two triangulated findings emerged: (a) diversity in ethnic-racial label usage in the context of neighborhood resources and (b) greater restriction to the use of panethnic labels in the context of neighborhood challenges. Our study suggests that adolescents may be internalizing messages and symbols in their neighborhoods in ways that have implications for their ethnic-racial labeling and identity development.

Nutritional knowledge, attitude, and use of food labels among Indian adults with multiple chronic conditions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the indirect effects of nutritional knowledge and attitude toward food label use on food label use through self-efficacy and trust, as well as whether gender moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A sample of Indian adults with multiple chronic conditions was surveyed about their nutritional knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and use of food labels. Hypotheses were tested using Hayes’s (2013) PROCESS macro for SPSS. Findings The results show that nutritional knowledge and attitude toward food label use positively predict food label use through self-efficacy and trust. However, these mediation effects are moderated by gender such that the indirect relationship is stronger among men than women. Practical implications Food marketers and government agencies engaged in nutrition education campaigns should aim to increase patients’ confidence in comprehending food label information. Social implications Since food labels can be a valuable tool to help patients with chronic diseases to make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle, regulators may consider mandating nutritional labels on foods to help them improve their food or dietary choices. Originality/value This study uniquely applies Fisher and Fisher’s (1992) information–motivation–behavioral skills model as a theoretical framework to examine the influence of nutrition knowledge and attitude toward food label use on food label usage of Indian patients with multiple chronic diseases.

Empowerment Model of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMES) Village Tourism Business in e-Commerce Transactions and Legal Protection

Producers of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Business Tourism Village, Tegal Waru, Bogor no one has a registered trademark, only label usage on perfunctory packaging, but there are low quality products that are similar to well-known trademark. Manufacturers also conduct conventional transactions. Producers have also not been touched by the regional government and related agencies optimally. The main objectives of this study are: examine the appropriate empowerment model for producers of MSMEs in e commerce transactions and examine the forms of legal protection needed to empower MSMEs producers in Tegal Waru, Bogor. This study uses a literary study and is supported by in depth interviews, with a statute approach, sociologish approach and historish approach, so that data is obtained from both the literature and interviews and support from the results of the questionnaire. The fix empowerment model for MSMEs in Tegal Waru, Bogor in e commerce transactions is to revitalize the role of the organization, the role of the village officials and producers as well as the organization and government's alignments with MSMEs producers in Tegal Waru, especially the Bogor Regency Cooperative Office. The form of legal protection needed to empower producers of MSMEs in Tegal Waru Bogor in e-commerce transactions is legal protection in buying and selling, protection of intellectual property in this case the trademark, and legality of business entities and legal certainty of online transactions.

Perceptions of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Minority Adolescents About Labels.

Young peoples' acceptance and use of nontraditional, descriptive identity labels (e.g., pansexual, genderqueer) require nurses to consider moving beyond use of traditional terms (e.g., gay, transgender). This mixed methods study explores (a) labels used by sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) minority youth, (b) their expressed importance and meaning of these labels, and (c) differences in label usage. Sixty-six SOGI minority adolescents in British Columbia, Minnesota, and Massachusetts (mean age = 16.6) participated in "go-along" interviews; during interviews, 42 (63.6%) commented on labels. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare traditional versus nontraditional labels across participant demographic categories. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify representative themes. Approximately, 1/3 of participants used nontraditional sexual orientation identity labels; this finding was associated with a trans identity and nontraditional gender labels. Using terminology that is meaningful and representative to the youth themselves has potential to facilitate representative research and welcoming environments in practice.

The effects of mandatory ingredient and nutrition labelling for wine consumers – A qualitative study

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how wine consumers react to ingredient and nutrition labelling. It examines how important this information is to consumers, how it affects their attitudes to wine as a natural product and whether it influences consumer demand for wine. MethodologyA qualitative approach with focus group discussions and an observation of back label usage was utilised to assess consumers’ reactions to this new information. Bias from artificial attention to back label information was thereby reduced compared to that found in direct quantitative research. Three focus groups, consisting of twenty-one wine-involved participants, were run in three different cities in Germany in September 2017. FindingsOnly one-third of consumers who looked at the back label detected new-to-them nutrition or ingredient information. Most consumers overestimated the caloric value of wine, and nutritional information was largely not perceived as useful. Consumers’ first reaction was to be insecure and confused about ingredient information. Ingredient lists negatively affected the degree to which consumers perceived wine as a natural product. Even though some consumers preferred wines with shorter ingredient lists, most would not exclude a wine when shopping because of labelling that gave nutritional values and ingredients. Practical implicationsNutrition labelling will likely not affect consumers’ wine choices, except when it competes for space with more meaningful back label information such as food pairings and sensory descriptions. There is a niche for wine producers to offer wine with short or no ingredient lists to concerned, high-involved wine consumers. Average or low-involved wine consumers are expected to be less concerned. The industry should inform consumers about typical production procedures before ingredient lists are introduced. LimitationsAlthough the observational qualitative study has high external validity, its results cannot be generalised due to the small non-representative sample involved. Thus, further validation is required.

An approach to support traffic engineering in IPv6 networks based on IPv6 facilities

IPv6 is an Internet protocol with the ability to provide a large number of addresses to allow the connectivity of each existing thing to the global network. It also allows the deployment of many technologies and services of the next generation. One of the major changes that occurred in the IP header with this new version is the addition of the IPv6 flow label field, which was created with the intention of labeling packets that belong to a particular flow to provide an appropriate treatment by routers. However, this field has not been widely exploited yet, and it is being set to zero in almost all IPv6 packets. The main Internet routing problem is that said routing is based on the shortest path algorithm, which leads to the possibility of some paths being congested while others are underused. To solve the congestion problem, many solutions aiming at traffic engineering support have been proposed, but this topic remains an open issue. This paper describes a new solution to support traffic engineering based on the usage of the IPv6 flow label for providing fast packet switching, which we have called PSA-TE6. In this document, we present the PSA-TE6 operation and evaluation regarding the label space reduction, label stacking cost and its minimization. The results show that PSA-TE6 is cheaper compared to the IP/MPLS solution when there is no label stacking, and that PSA-TE6 also outperforms IP/MPLS when the stacking is enabled until achieving a 40% presence of tunnels for encapsulation levels greater than 1.

Exploring the roles of motivation and cognition in label-usage using a combined eye-tracking and retrospective think aloud approach

This study investigates the factors affecting consumers' motivation to engage with food product labelling in the new product context. Using yogurt as a case food, due to its positive association with health, enjoyment and convenience, this study uses eye-tracking experiments, a retrospective think-aloud protocol and semi-structured interviews, to bring to light the conscious and subconscious mechanisms associated with label usage, in order to explore the cognitive processes underlying usage of labels for new product offerings and situate these within the participant's personal context. Key information usage and decision-making strategies and the factors which give rise to these are identified. Findings suggest that consumer involvement is being shaped by the perceived importance of negative consequences (i.e. risk importance) and is further reflected in the label usage strategies identified, which align to the negotiability and specificity of health-related goals. Integration of eye-tracking, retrospective think-aloud and interview data reveal that although labelling cues promoted non-volitional attention through design features, in the absence of ‘personal motivational relevance’, information attended to was discounted from the evaluation process, confirming the importance of needs-based information provision.

Batik Originality Marker As a Protection Model To The Manufacturer And Batik's Consumer

Such way from Pekalongan City Government in protecting the existence of crafstmen/batik seller and its consumer is by publishing region regulation of Pekalongan City Number 6 in year 2014. By that regulation, Pekalongan city government obligue all manufacturer/batik seller that produce and sell batik product in/from Pekalongan city should label their product with “ Batik Pekalongan”, hence it is not only functioned as a marker for consumer that is not able to identify the kinds of batik nor differentiate with printing batik, but also functioned as a protection model for the manufacturer/batik seller in Pekalongan. Nevertheless the absence of monitoring in the usage of label “Batik Pekalongan”, has been absorbed by certain manufacturer/batik seller to make fraud, thus the effort of Pekalongan city governmnt in giving protection to the manufacturer/batik seller and also their consumer hasn’t been well realized. The research resulted an e-label batik application that supports the effort of Pekalongan city government, by augmented reality technology utilization will make the label of “Batik Pekalongan” displaying such information about the kinds of batik, batik pattern/motif, the profile of the manufacturer/batik seller and other related information, if consumer scans that label by their smartphone, the information will be just displayed, and when the Pekalongan city government as the observer of the usage of batik label has done the validation based on the sustainability of the label certainty with the kinds of batik sold by the manufacturer/seller, the label of “Batik Pekalongan” will be functioned as the trusted mark