Usage Of Heating Research Articles

A Particular Case of Urban Sustainability: Comparison Study of the Efficiency of Multiple Thermal Insulations for Buildings

Achieving urban sustainability is a complex process that includes improving buildings’ resilience and energy efficiency by using the optimum thermal insulation solution. With the advent of new energy restrictions, it is very important to find the best compromise between the price of the thermal insulation material and energy savings because, sometimes, the initial cost of a thermal rehabilitation seems to be very high. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the variations in the amount of heat energy required by a multi-storey residential structure in Romania that uses 14 various kinds of thermal insulation materials. The energy demand is determined using the dynamic method using a building energy simulator that can evaluate the energy usage of lighting, warmth, ventilation, climate control, and water heating.

Design of low-energy buildings in densely populated urban areas based on IoT

As part of city planning and urban studies, it is customary to use the phrase urban density to describe people and other human activity and development throughout a certain area of land. Urban regions in affluent nations are not only more densely populated (DPUA), but they also have a greater population density per unit of land area than rural areas do as well. In densely populated urban areas, public transportation is more plentiful, reducing travel times making them more efficient. Greater affluent residents in metropolitan areas can also benefit from modern high-rise structures, which offer more breathing room. An energy-efficient design and features provide great living standards and comfort while using little energy and releasing minimal carbon dioxide in this sort of housing. In the absence of or rare usage of conventional active and passive heating and cooling systems, Smart sensors and other IoT devices make up the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT presents cities with new potential for using data from sensors in their infrastructure to improve traffic flow and reduce pollution. The more crowded and congested a city is, the more dissatisfied its residents are. There are numerous negatives to urban life, including high living costs, congestion, pollution, crime, and traffic, yet the benefits exceed the risks. Clean up the air by reducing the amount of energy used and using alternate modes of transportation. Provide services like garbage disposal and housing through private–public partnerships. Urban planning should include planting trees and the maintenance of municipal green areas. There are many advantages to living in densely populated places, such as better healthcare, better amenities, and faster emergency response times. The innovative DPUA-IoT approach proposed in this study is only one example of these advantages. Rapid population expansion is harmful to achieving economic and social progress and sustainably managing the natural resource base. However, there is still a large disparity between the interests of the commercial and public sectors when it comes to reducing fertility.

The contribution of the German building sector to achieve the 1.5 °C target

The melting greenhouse gas emissions budget of the German building sector for the 1.5 °C target requires fast counteraction. In this paper, an analysis of the applicable legal and regulatory framework, the funding situation as well as national and international strategies on a transformation towards climate neutrality elucidates that the suggested approaches do not take a holistic view into account. They neglect, that embodied emissions from construction and emissions from operations phases of buildings must be oriented on the remaining budget, as well as material and human resources associated with the required actions. Therefore a framework to decarbonise the German building sector with eleven recommendations for action, which addresses these findings, is developed with a panel of experts. The results clarify, that the focus must be on adapting the existing building stock since renovation processes release significantly fewer emissions than the construction of new buildings. Stricter legal requirements for building envelopes have no significant effect on the reduction of emissions. Instead, fast-acting measures, such as the usage of district heating, photovoltaics, heat pumps, the optimisation of building operation and digitalisation, must be implemented in a prioritised manner to save resources and maintain the emissions budget longer. To be able to align effective measures it is necessary to engage all Stakeholders and to establish reliable political guidance down to the building level.

Stress-Strain Distribution Within Rotary Swaged Tungsten Heavy Alloy

This study deals with thorough investigation of stress-strain parameters within an innovatively processed tungsten heavy alloy (THA). THAs are challenging materials featuring exceptional mechanical and physical properties and they are applicable in various demanding industrial fields, such as in the aeronautics, medicine, or military. The herein studied material is a WNiCo alloy prepared from original powders via powder metallurgy. The pre-sintered material was processed via plastic deformation, in particular hot rotary swaging with the usage of induction heating directly before a swaging pass. The experimental study was supplemented with numerical simulation of the deformation process, which was performed via the finite element method (FEM). The simulation was primarily focused on prediction of the development of effective imposed strain during the swaging process performed in multiple steps, and its correlation with stress distribution during swaging. The numerically predicted effective imposed strain development was subsequently verified via Vickers microhardness measurements, whereas the predicted results of stress distribution were validated via experimental observation of residual stress distribution performed via analysing scans acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, electron backscatter diffraction analysis). The results showed that the deformation technology consisting of induction heating and hot rotary swaging was well optimized as the swaged billets featured satisfactory surface roughness and no surface cracks. Also, the tungsten agglomerates within the structure exhibited deformation in the direction of the main acting swaging force, especially in the locations the effective imposed strain in which was the highest. The values of predicted effective imposed strain and microhardness correlated reliably with the experimentally acquired and predicted results of residual stress distribution. In other words, the locations the effective strain in which was the highest also exhibited a more significant presence of residual stress.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A SUSTAINABLE HYBRID HEATING SYSTEM IN A GREEN INFRASTRUCTURAL BUILDING

Traditional energy production from fossil fuel conversion process creates negative environmental impact and affects human health. Thus, the usage of solar space heating piques the interest of several countries and organizations because it can reduce fossil energy consumption and is environmentally friendly. This paper conducted a comparative study between the advantages and impacts of using a sustainable Hybrid Heating System (HHS) and a Conventional Heating System (CHS) in an infrastructural building. The Centre for the Built Environment and Infrastructure Studies (CBEIS), a GOLD LEED-certified building of Morgan State University (MSU) is currently using an HHS for heating and cooling of electricity production. Several testing and analysis were used to compare and evaluate the performance and advantages of the HHS. The results showed that HHS has a significant edge over the CHS and was able to reduce the annual cost of the electric bill for almost $25,000. The statistical results and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed that there was a significant difference during the months of winter and summer season in determining how much Kilowatt (kW) produced during the process.

The usage of Ohmic heating in milk evaporation and evaluation of electrical conductivity and performance analysis

The usage of Ohmic heating in milk evaporation and evaluation of electrical conductivity and performance analysis

From thermal comfort to conflict: The contested control and usage of domestic smart heating in the United Kingdom

The possible benefits of the ongoing digitization and enhancement of energy services with smart technologies has been extensively documented in the literature, but is there also scope for smart systems to lead to household conflicts? In this study, using data from the Energy Systems Catapult's Living Laboratory, we explore a fundamental energy service (heat) utilized in buildings from a novel angle: social conflict. We define social conflict as oppositional goals, aims, and values held by different people. We draw from three sets of primary data—diary studies and blogging via mobile ethnography, telephone interviews, and household interviews—involving 100 homes across Birmingham (West Midlands), Bridgend (Wales), Manchester (Greater Manchester), and Newcastle (Northumberland) in the United Kingdom. We identify five different forms of “thermal conflict”: parents versus children, hosts versus guests, roommates vs. each other, landlords vs. tenants, and couples vs. each other. After documenting the presence of 20 specific examples of conflict, we then discuss how they differ by location (intrinsic vs. extrinsic), type (preference, attitude, and variety) and values (hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, biospheric). We conclude with implications for energy and buildings research and policy more broadly, noting that thermal conflicts in the home differ in their location or cause. Moreover, thermal conflicts differ in their severity, with some occurring as more minor annoyances over preferences, but others relating attitudes, where heating actions or preferences become a proxy for something else, and emit strong feelings about how household members view another person as lazy, careless or wasteful. A variety of values remain attached to heating conflicts, with hedonic (self-comfort, self-pleasure), egoistic (saving money, control) and altruistic (helping others, making others comfortable) values almost evenly reflected across our examples.

GREEN SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DFT CALCULATIONS OF THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVES – A REVIEW

In the new millennium, we have novel biological targets which are defined at the molecular level, which have incredible success in comprehending human illness. On the other hand, the drug design processes are largely including pharmaceutical research study, scientific intuition, reaction and expertise to drive. Final thoughts attracted from this analysis can perform crucial function shaping the way our team believe concerning existing as well as future projects. With its origins rooted in natural synthesis as well as medicinal chemistry, heterocyclic compounds are existed themselves as a fundamental department of organic chemistry. IUPAC defined “cyclic compounds possessing ring members with atoms of at least two distinct elements" 1. Heterocyclic ring structures are core substances made up of components aside from carbon, where one of the most usual substituents is oxygen, nitrogen as well as sulphur 2, 3. According to the heteroatom(s) existing in the ring structure, heterocyclic could be recorded as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur based and within each and every class of compound is based on the size of the ring structure, determined by the total number of atoms 4. The type and size of the ring structures, as one with the substituent groups of the core scaffold, impact is strongly on the physico-chemical properties 5. 
 Heating responses with conventional devices, such as oil bath and also home heating mantles, are not only slow, yet additionally it produces a hot surface area on the reaction vessel where reagents, items and substrates are frequently disintegrate after at some time. Microwave power alternatively, is brought right into the chemical reactor from another location and travels through the walls of the response vessel, warming the catalysts and solvents directly. Microwave dielectric heating drives chain reactions by manipulating the benefit of the potential of some solids and liquids to change electromagnetic radiation into warm. Recently, a new technique has actually concerned the leading edge of chemical investigation, that is, microwave dielectric heating. In a similar method to the introduction of the isomantle, this technical advancement will no question need an adjustment in the drug store's mind set. In the future, the drug store will make use of fast blasts of microwave power to heat and also increase chemical reactions, as opposed to an alternate application in the very first circumstances for the mantle or hot plate. High-speed synthesis with microwaves has actually attracted a significant quantity of rate of interest in most recent years 6. Considering that, the very first reports on the usage of microwave home heating by Gedye and also Giguere / Majetich groups in speeding up organic chemical conversion in 1986, far more than 2,000 write-ups have been released in the area of Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis 7, 8.

Simultaneous heating and cooling system with thermal storage tanks considering energy efficiency and operation method of the system

This study is aimed to propose a Simultaneous Heating and Cooling System with Thermal Storage Tanks which performs based on the balanced heat recovery considering energy efficiency and to suggest the operation method of proposed system. To achieve these aims, the essential equipment to the system containing terminal system was determined and a method for applying a variety of heat sources and sinks with one plant was suggested. The operation strategy is suggested for a heat pump to select the heat source or sink while considering zone temperature stability and to maximize the usage of the simultaneous heating and cooling system as much as possible. To achieve this aim, reference points for control were set in order to prevent a lack of available energy, and the priority was given to balancing modes which is only performed by proposed simultaneous heating and cooling system. The simulation results show that all supply temperatures can satisfy the design temperature; therefore, the zone temperatures are controlled well with a small amount of energy input for the auxiliary system.

Running on Empty

This issue of IEEE Design&Test is about power for electric vehicles, a subject of increasing importance. One particularly interesting article for me was the one by Korosh Vatanparvar and Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque. This article notes that battery usage depends on speed and route, and that a slower route could save battery and thus extend the range of the car. The authors also note that this slower route might involve more usage of heating and air conditioning, which decreases range, and finding the energy-optimal route must include this factor. The authors generate energy-efficient routes as part of this work. This might be a nice addition to Google Maps and other route-finding apps, which find the fastest routes unless you tell the tool otherwise.

Assessment of energy efficiency measures using multi-objective optimization in Portuguese households

This paper presents an optimization model to identity the best set of retrofitting measures applied to four different regions of Portugal; Lisbon, Porto, Bragança and Évora. The main objective is to maximize the annual energy savings, expressed in Euros, while minimizing the initial investment expressed also in Euros, considering the retrofit strategies as decisions variables and evaluating their effect in the usage of space heating and cooling and costs, depending on the chosen technology. A multi-objective genetic algorithm coded in MATLAB© to solve the optimization problem. Different energy efficiency measures are considered, such as the improvement of U-values in external walls and windows through the application of insulation materials, the change of lighting fixtures and refrigerator model to reduce the electricity consumption, and the usage of PV panels for self-consumption, and the use of Heat Pumps for space heating and cooling. The fitness function is subjected to different constraints related with the fulfillment of the demand, the physical limitation of household space, the capacity to comply with the heating and cooling needs, and the non-negativity nature of the variables. The best set of retrofitting options are presented, the budget to implement them and the amount of achieved energy savings.

Feasibility Study of a Heating, Cooling and Domestic Hot Water System Combining a Photovoltaic-Thermal System and a Ground Source Heat Pump

Renewable energy systems have received a lot of attention as sustainable technology in building sector. However, the efficiency of the renewable energy systems depends on the surrounding conditions, and it could gradually decrease by excessive and long-term operation. As a solution, a hybrid system can increase the reliability of energy production and decrease investment costs through by reducing the system capacity. The hybrid system operates at the ideal performance, but the design and operation method for hybrid system have not been established. In this paper, the performance of the hybrid system combined with photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) system and ground source heat pump (GSHP) system was analyzed using TRNSYS 17 and feasibility was assessed. The energy consumption and performance efficiency of hybrid system were calculated according to operating modes. Furthermore, seasonal performance factor (SPF) of hybrid system was compared with that of conventional GSHP system. System performance was analyzed in various conditions such as the usage of storage tank heating and set temperature for solar heating. As a result, the average SPF of the developed system increased about 55.3% compared with the GSHP system.

PENGARUH PEMANASAN BAHAN BAKAR MELALUI PIPA BERSIRIP TRANSVERSAL PADA UPPER TANK RADIATOR DAN PENAMBAHAN ETANOL TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG PADA TOYOTA KIJANG

<p>The purpose of this study were to determine the effect usage of gasoline heating through a capillary<br />tube which is transversal finned in the upper tank of radiator on exhaust emissions of CO and HC in the engine<br />of Toyota Kijang. This study is experimental. The sample in this study was the machine of Toyota Kijang. Free<br />variable of the research is the usage of fuel heating with fin variations on the copper capillar tube consist of<br />copper capillar tube without fin, finned copper capillar tube with the ranges between the fins are 10 mm, 20 mm,<br />and 30 mm and variations of ethanol in premium 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Experimental<br />method to measure exhaust emissions of CO and HC in the engine of Toyota Kijang. The result of this research<br />shows that (1) The lowest carbonmonoxide gas emissions level was foundin the heating of copper pipe with 20<br />mm fins distance in the solution of fuel and ethanol 30% at 0.209 (% vol). (2) The lowest Hydrocarbon emissions<br />level was found in the heating of pipe with 10 mm fins distance in the solution of gasoline and ethanol 20% at<br />294.33 (ppm vol). (3)The heating of copper pipe with 20 mm spacing between the fins and the variation of<br />ethanol 30% is the best result of the entire treatments with CO gas at 0.209 (% vol) and HC at 310.00 (ppm vol).<br />(4) The heating in fuel mixture gasoline 75% and ethanol 25% through radiator upper tank with gap between<br />fins 10 mm is the best treatment than from other treatment in testing use with CO t 0,31 (%vol) dan HC at 340<br />(ppm vol).</p>

ANALISIS PENERAPAN HEAT TRANSFER PADA PEMANASAN BAHAN BAKAR BENSIN MELALUI PIPA KAPILER BERSIRIP RADIAL DI DALAMUPPER TANK RADIATOR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMANSI MESIN KIJANG

The purpose of this study wereto determine the effect usage of gasoline heating through a capillary tube which is radial finned in the upper tank of radiator on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of CO and HC in the engine of Toyota Kijang.This study is experimental. The sample in this study was the machine of Toyota Kijang with machine number 7855290. Free variable of the research is the usage of fuel heating with fin variations on the copper capillar tube consist of copper capillar tube without fin, finned copper capillar tube with the ranges between the fins are 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm and variations of engine speed at 1000 r.p.m., 2000 r.p.m., and 3000 r.p.m. Experimental method to measure the fuel consumption is done by recording the time required for spent fuel 50 cc and exhaust emissions of CO and HC in the engine of Toyota Kijang.The result of this research shows that the average consumption at engine speed 1000 r.p.m. on the normal condition Toyota Kijang has average fuel consumption 32,066×10-3 cc per cycle. In the usage of fuel heating using three copper tubes with the range between the fins is 10 mm fuel consumption by 25,174×10-3 cc per cycle. Fuel consumption decreased by 6,892×10-3 cc per cycle or 21,58%. At engine speed 2000 r.p.m. on the normal condition Toyota Kijang average consumption 38,487×10-3 cc per cycle. In the usage of fuel heating using three copper tubes with the range between the fins is 10 mm fuel consumption by 28,121×10-3 cc per cycle. Fuel consumption decreased by 10,366×10-3 cc per cycle or 26,93%. At engine speed 3000 r.p.m. on the normal condition Toyota Kijang average consumption 36,783×10-3 cc per cycle. In the usage of fuel heating using three copper tubes with the range between the fins is 10 mm fuel consumption by 31,187×10-3 cc per cycle. Fuel consumption decreased by 5,596×10-3 per cycle or 15,21%. The conclusion of this research is the usage of fuel heating using three copper tubes with the range between the fins is 10mm in the upper tank of radiator can reduce the biggest lowers fuel consumption on the Engine of Toyota Kijang 1989.This research also shows that: the usage of fuel heating use 3 finned copper tubes in the upper tank of radiator can reduce the highest level on exhaust emissions of CO and HC in the engine of Toyota Kijang. The different of CO exhaust emission is 2,54 % volume or 85 % while the HC exhaust emission is 139,667 ppm volume or 72 %.

Investigation on the Energy Status and Heating in Rural Areas of Shandong Province, China

Taking current situation of energy regarding winter heating and study on heating as an example, this paper is based on field measurement, investigation and study, discussing the current energy consumption and usage of winter heating of rural areas in Shandong Province, China. The paper reveals that the most regions in Shandong are utilizing furnaces to keep warming which is a relatively primitive method. Most of villagers are satisfied with the indoor environment although this is not the case, which is contributed by the farmers’ strong passive adaptability. With the constant improvement in living standard of Shandong rural people, simultaneously, energy quality and quantity are required higher and higher. Traditional biomass energy cannot meet their needs. Therefore, more effective and cleaner energy are necessary for them to advance daily living quality and level. The heating measure that will save more energy should be adopted.

Investigation of heat load calculation for air carrying energy radiant air-conditioning system

Radiant heating and cooling has been widely acknowledged as an important energy-saving technique for building air-conditioning. This paper put forward the concept of Air Carrying Energy Radiant-air-conditioning System (ACERS) to solve some of the limitations of existing radiant air-conditioning systems. Since the orifice plate of ACERS would enable radiant and convective heat transfer with indoor surfaces, using the traditional load calculation method could result in inaccuracy. Therefore, a correction coefficient method for load calculation for ACERS was developed. Based on experiments conducted in summer and winter, in a room installed with ACERS, the cooling and heating loads of the test room were calculated by traditional and newly developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method. Then the cooling and heating load calculation results of two methods were compared as the approximate correction coefficient of ACERS, which was validated as about 0.75 in summer cooling and 0.8 in winter heating. Furthermore, the components of air-conditioning load calculation are unrelated with room type, so this simplified load calculation method can be extended to other rooms with ACERS. The load calculation is the foundation of ACERS design and application, and should also contribute to energy conservation in usage of Heating, Ventilating, Air-conditioning (HVAC).

Dispersion of indoor air pollutants emitted at near-floor levels in rooms with floor heating and mixing ventilation

The usage of floor heating is increasing in low-energy buildings as it enables efficient applications of low-exergy level heat sources as well as provides a uniform distribution of air temperature and low air velocities in heated spaces. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of floor heating on the dispersion of gaseous pollutants emitted at the floor level, considering that carpets and flooring materials can be sources of such pollution. Mixing ventilation with high-level wall grille air supply and in-ceiling four-way air supply was tested numerically and experimentally in the full-scale chamber at the air change rate of 2 h−1. Three positions of a heated dummy in relation to the pollution source, cold surface and air supply diffusers were analysed. Both experiments and CFD predictions revealed the overall positive effect of floor heating on ventilation effectiveness and personal exposure. Floor heating increased pollutant removal effectiveness by 5% and reduced personal exposure by 22% on average.

Influence of the heating method on the particle characteristics of copper oxide powders synthesized from copper nitrate aqueous solutions

The influence of the heating method and rate on the morphology of CuO powders synthesized from Cu(NO3)2·3H2O aqueous solutions by denitration was investigated. The median diameter of the obtained powder was found to decrease as the heating rate increased, independent of the heating method. The microwave heating (MW) method remarkably reduced the particle size and enhanced the irregularity and disorder of the shape and surface of the particles, which were found to be more widely distributed. In contrast, the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) method (i.e., a combined usage of microwave and external heating) yielded the most spherical particles with the smoothest surface. It was also found that this heating method sharpened the particle size distribution and had higher energy efficiency than the MW method. Numerical simulations also indicated a difference in the energy efficiency between these two methods. The simulations also revealed that the MHH method could heat the whole reactor more uniformly with a lower microwave output. Moreover, the morphological difference of the powders obtained by these heating methods can be potentially explained by the difference in the simulated bulk temperature distribution and the intensity of the formed hot spot in the CuO particles caused by microwave irradiation.

Saving energy with light? Experimental studies assessing the impact of colour temperature on thermal comfort

We tested whether the colour temperature of the illumination (realised through manipulating the ceiling light) impacted on thermal comfort, based on the hypothesis that a lower colour temperature is associated with feeling warmer and a higher colour temperature with feeling cooler. If confirmed, then light might be a tool for energy-saving through allowing ambient air temperatures to vary over a wider range and hence reducing the need for space heating and cooling.Testing took place in a climate chamber. In Study 1, comfort ratings were collected using thermal comfort surveys (N=32). In Study 2, an observational design was used, where changes in clothing level, interpreted as thermal discomfort responses, were observed (N=32). We compared comfort ratings and changes in clothing level under light with a colour temperature of 2700K vs. 6500K. Results partly confirmed the hypotheses: both self-report and observation indicated higher comfort under the low colour temperature. Further research will need to replicate findings in a real-world setting to see if light might indeed be a tool to modulate thermal comfort, and hence reduce usage of heating and cooling.

Simulating Performance Risk for Lighting Retrofit Decisions

In building retrofit projects, dynamic simulations are performed to simulate building performance. Uncertainty may negatively affect model calibration and predicted lighting energy savings, which increases the chance of default on performance-based contracts. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a simulation-based method that can analyze lighting performance risk in lighting retrofit decisions. The model uses a surrogate model, which is constructed by adaptively selecting sample points and generating approximation surfaces with fast computing time. The surrogate model is a replacement of the computation intensive process. A statistical method is developed to generate extreme weather profile based on the 20-year historical weather data. A stochastic occupancy model was created using actual occupancy data to generate realistic occupancy patterns. Energy usage of lighting, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is simulated using EnergyPlus. The method can evaluate the influence of different risk factors (e.g., variation of luminaire input wattage, varying weather conditions) on lighting and HVAC energy consumption and lighting electricity demand. Probability distributions are generated to quantify the risk values. A case study was conducted to demonstrate and validate the methods. The surrogate model is a good solution for quantifying the risk factors and probability distribution of the building performance.